The U.S. has the dollar, Japan, the yen. Countries in the eurozone have the euro. Now some people have come up with a currency not tied to any country or government. It’s called bitcoin, and a number of online stores now accept bitcoins as payment.
David Kestenbaum (Reporter): Bitcoins don’t actually exist in the physical world. You can’t hold one in your hand. They’re just on computers.
Jacob Goldstein (Reporter): We wanted to try to buy lunch with bitcoins. So we talked with Gavin Andresen, a programmer who’s done a lot of work on bitcoin. He didn’t actually create the bitcoin system, though. In fact, he said there’s a strange story behind that.
Gavin Andresen: The idea started with a guy named Satoshi Nakamoto. He’s a bit of a mysterious figure. We’re not sure if Satoshi Nakamoto is his real name.
Kestenbaum: Whoever Satoshi Nakamoto is came up with a pretty clever system. Everybody who uses bitcoin has a digital wallet. And when you buy something, you send your bitcoins to someone else’s wallet. It’s what computer geeks call a 1)peer-to-peer system.
Goldstein: There’s no center to the whole thing. It’s not like there’s one computer somewhere storing all the information. The system is run by everybody. Bitcoin is money backed by the people who use it—independent of any government. For Gavin Andresen, that’s a big part of the appeal.
Andresen: For me, that’s more comforting than thinking that politicians or central bankers won’t screw it up. I actually trust the wisdom of the crowds more.
Kestenbaum: Bitcoin is a lot like cash—but an online version. There are no big fees. And 2)transactions are 3)anonymous. That makes it hard to know how many people are using bitcoins, but every day, hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of bitcoins are trading in online currency exchanges.
Goldstein: Satoshi set up the system so that there’s a finite number of bitcoins that can ever be created. In that way it’s a bit like gold.
Kestenbaum: Gavin Andresen says the best way for us to get some bitcoins is to buy some. In the same way you can trade dollars for British pounds, you can also trade dollars for bitcoins in online exchanges. The website 4)Gawker ran a story about an online market where you could use bitcoins to buy heroin, 5)LSD, and other illegal drugs. After that story ran, the exchange rate for bitcoins started rocketing up.
Goldstein: Then someone posted online that they’d had half a million dollars worth of bitcoins stolen.
Kestenbaum: A few days later, the main bitcoin exchange website got hacked and had to shut down for a while. So we couldn’t buy bitcoins there. Gavin gave us the name of a guy, who was actually just ten blocks away: Bruce Wagner.
Goldstein: We sit in Bruce Wagner’s office where he has two computers. He has me go to this website mybitcoin to set up an account. I signed up for an account at mybitcoin. All I had to do was create a username and password. I didn’t have to provide my name or any other personal information. Then I gave Bruce $40 in cash, and he looked up the exchange rate.
Wagner: That comes out, my calculator, to 2.352941176. You might wonder why we go that many 6)decimal places. And the reason is because we expect the bitcoin, one day, could be worth$100,000 a bitcoin. So those decimal places will matter in the future.
Goldstein: Oh there it is. My account balance is 2.35294117 bitcoins. We had our bitcoins. But before we used them, we had an important question. Are they legal? Can you just create and use some new currency?
Kestenbaum: We called Ronald Mann, at Columbia Law School. And he said, it is legal—for now. If it turns out bitcoins are used mostly for illegal stuff, the government could shut the whole thing down.
美國(guó)有美元,日本有日元。歐元區(qū)國(guó)家有歐元。如今有人創(chuàng)立了一種不依附于任何國(guó)家或政府的貨幣。人們稱(chēng)之為“比特幣”,現(xiàn)在有不少網(wǎng)上商店都接受比特幣作為支付貨幣。
大衛(wèi)·克斯滕鮑姆(記者):比特幣其實(shí)并不存在于物質(zhì)世界里。你不能拿捏把玩。那只是存于電腦中的貨幣。
雅各布·哥爾德斯坦(記者):我們想試試用比特幣來(lái)買(mǎi)份午餐。于是,我們和加文·安德烈森進(jìn)行了交談。他是一名程序師,在比特幣上花了很多的工夫。不過(guò),他其實(shí)并沒(méi)有創(chuàng)立比特幣系統(tǒng)。事實(shí)上,他說(shuō)那個(gè)系統(tǒng)背后有個(gè)奇怪的故事。
加文·安德烈森:這個(gè)想法始于一個(gè)名叫中本聰?shù)娜恕K莻€(gè)身份神秘的人物。我們不確定中本聰是不是他的真名。
克斯滕鮑姆:不管中本聰是誰(shuí),他想出了一個(gè)極為聰明的系統(tǒng)。每個(gè)使用比特幣的人都有一個(gè)電子錢(qián)包。當(dāng)你購(gòu)物時(shí),你就將你的比特幣發(fā)送到別人的錢(qián)包里。這種做法被電腦極客們稱(chēng)為對(duì)等系統(tǒng)。
哥爾德斯坦:整個(gè)系統(tǒng)并沒(méi)有中心。并不是某臺(tái)電腦在某處儲(chǔ)存所有的信息。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)由眾人共同運(yùn)作。比特幣是一種用家本位的貨幣——獨(dú)立于任何政府。對(duì)于加文·安德烈森來(lái)說(shuō),那是最具吸引力的地方。
安德烈森:對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō),這更為令人寬慰,因?yàn)椴挥萌ハ胝突蛘咧醒脬y行會(huì)把它搞砸。我其實(shí)更相信群眾的智慧。
克斯滕鮑姆:比特幣跟現(xiàn)金有許多相似之處——不過(guò)是在線(xiàn)版本。不會(huì)有大筆的交易費(fèi)用。交易過(guò)程是匿名的。這樣使得人們很難知道有多少人在使用比特幣,但是每天,都有價(jià)值數(shù)以十萬(wàn)美元計(jì)的比特幣于在線(xiàn)貨幣兌換場(chǎng)所進(jìn)行交易。
哥爾德斯坦:中本建立的這個(gè)系統(tǒng),限定了比特幣的數(shù)量。這種情況有點(diǎn)像黃金。
克斯滕鮑姆:加文·安德烈森說(shuō),我們要得到比特幣的最好方法就是去買(mǎi)幾個(gè)。就像你可以用美元兌換英鎊,你也可以在在線(xiàn)交易所用美元兌換比特幣,其道理是一樣的。高客網(wǎng)曾登過(guò)一篇報(bào)道,關(guān)于一個(gè)在線(xiàn)市場(chǎng)可以用比特幣來(lái)購(gòu)買(mǎi)海洛因、迷幻藥LSD和其他非法毒品。這個(gè)報(bào)道刊出以后,比特幣的兌換率隨即開(kāi)始飛速飆升。
哥爾德斯坦:接著就有人在網(wǎng)上發(fā)帖稱(chēng),他們有價(jià)值50萬(wàn)美元的比特幣遭盜竊。
克斯滕鮑姆:幾天后,主要的比特幣兌換網(wǎng)站被黑,不得不關(guān)閉數(shù)天。所以我們就無(wú)法從那里買(mǎi)來(lái)比特幣了。加文給了我們一個(gè)人名——布魯斯·瓦格納,他就在離我們只有十個(gè)街區(qū)遠(yuǎn)的地方。
哥爾德斯坦:我們坐進(jìn)布魯斯·瓦格納的辦公室,里面有兩臺(tái)電腦。他讓我登錄網(wǎng)站“mybitcoin”,建立一個(gè)賬戶(hù)。我就在mybitcoin上注冊(cè)了一個(gè)賬戶(hù)。我所要做的只是建立一個(gè)用戶(hù)名和密碼。并不需要提供我的姓名和其他任何個(gè)人信息。然后我給了布魯斯40美元現(xiàn)金,他就去查看兌換率。
瓦格納:我的計(jì)算器得出是2.352941176。你可能覺(jué)得奇怪,為什么我們要用那么多的小數(shù)位?原因是我們希望比特幣有一天能價(jià)值10萬(wàn)美元一個(gè)。所以,這些小數(shù)位在未來(lái)就很有意義了。
哥爾德斯坦:噢,看到了。我的賬戶(hù)余額是2.35294117個(gè)比特幣。我們有比特幣了。但在使用之前,我們有一個(gè)重要的問(wèn)題。它們合法嗎?你可以就這么創(chuàng)造和使用一些新的貨幣?
克斯滕鮑姆:我們致電哥倫比亞法學(xué)院的羅納德·曼恩。他說(shuō),那是合法的——目前來(lái)說(shuō)。要是比特幣被發(fā)現(xiàn)主要用來(lái)做非法的事,政府就可能封殺整個(gè)體系。
·小資料·
比特幣“掃盲”須知
符號(hào)
BTC或?
起源
2008年,一個(gè)署名為“中本聰”的人在一個(gè)密碼學(xué)網(wǎng)站的郵件組列表中發(fā)表了一篇論文,描述了比特幣的電子現(xiàn)金系統(tǒng)。2009年1月3日,中本聰發(fā)行了有史以來(lái)的50個(gè)比特幣。
生成方式
比特幣沒(méi)有中央發(fā)行機(jī)構(gòu),任何人都可以下載運(yùn)行比特幣客戶(hù)端,通過(guò)處理全網(wǎng)的交易數(shù)據(jù),得到比特幣作為獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。整個(gè)過(guò)程被稱(chēng)之為“挖礦(Mining)”,而參與者就是“礦工(Miner)”。
交易方式
比特幣的交易雙方需要類(lèi)似于電子郵箱的“比特幣錢(qián)包”和類(lèi)似于電郵地址的“比特幣地址”。和收發(fā)電子郵件一樣,匯款方通過(guò)電腦或智能手機(jī),按收款方地址將比特幣直接支付給對(duì)方。
兌換方式
國(guó)內(nèi)外有很多網(wǎng)上的比特幣交易機(jī)構(gòu),接受比特幣與法定貨幣的兌換。2013年10月底,世界首部比特幣ATM機(jī)在加拿大投入使用。用戶(hù)可以通過(guò)ATM機(jī)上的掃描儀掃描掌紋,開(kāi)設(shè)一個(gè)數(shù)碼錢(qián)包,然后只需通過(guò)掃描智能手機(jī)上的一個(gè)方形條碼,便可完成比特幣的匯兌。
Goldstein: But Ronald Mann said bitcoin faces a much more basic challenge. For it to take off, a critical mass of people has to prefer using bitcoins to using dollars.
Mann: That’s why I see its future as a real currency as being very limited.
Goldstein: We used our bitcoins to buy lunch, which you can do in Midtown Manhattan at Meze Grill. At the cash register, it took me a few minutes to log in on my iPhone and send my bitcoins to the restaurant. But eventually it worked.
Kestenbaum: The owner says he gets a handful of people paying in bitcoins every day.
哥爾德斯坦:但羅納德·曼恩說(shuō)比特幣面臨一個(gè)更為基本的挑戰(zhàn)。它要流行起來(lái),就得有足夠多的人喜歡使用比特幣多于美元。
曼恩:那就是我認(rèn)為它未來(lái)作為真實(shí)貨幣的前景非常有限的原因。
哥爾德斯坦:我們用比特幣購(gòu)買(mǎi)午餐,這在曼哈頓市中心的梅澤烤肉餐廳可以做得到。在收銀臺(tái)前,我花了幾分鐘才能用我的蘋(píng)果手機(jī)登錄,然后將我的比特幣發(fā)給餐廳。但最后都成功了。
克斯滕鮑姆:店主說(shuō),每天都會(huì)有幾個(gè)人用比特幣來(lái)付費(fèi)。