海寧查氏：耕讀傳家 慎獨(dú)自律

●陳 蘇

金庸先生曾言『家人間的活動(dòng)，多為下棋、看書(shū)』

都說(shuō)國(guó)有國(guó)法，家有家規(guī)。一個(gè)家族的家訓(xùn)力量到底有多大？

海寧的查氏家族證明了這股力量，“一門(mén)十進(jìn)士，叔侄五翰林”。

海寧查氏，既有康熙御筆親書(shū)“唐宋以來(lái)巨族，江南有數(shù)人家”的歷史傳奇，在近現(xiàn)代更有不勝枚舉的名士俊杰：

武俠小說(shuō)宗師、著名新聞報(bào)人、社會(huì)活動(dòng)家查良鏞（金庸）；

“百年中國(guó)第一詩(shī)人”、翻譯家查良錚（穆旦）；

實(shí)業(yè)家、社會(huì)活動(dòng)家查濟(jì)民；

……

查氏三世貧樂(lè)公查澄確立了“耕讀為務(wù)”的家訓(xùn)。此后，幾乎代代查氏先祖都傳下或長(zhǎng)或短的訓(xùn)言，告誡子孫。

浙江海寧金庸故居。 （CFP供圖）This is a view of the former residence of Jin Yong (Louis Cha). The four words in the center read “The Zha Family of Haining.” The couplet on either side is a copy of an inscription originally written by an emperor of the Qing Dynasty.

耕讀傳家，是從哪里開(kāi)始的

海寧查氏耕讀起家。查氏初遷海寧時(shí)，始遷祖查瑜以教書(shū)為業(yè)，致力耕讀，家業(yè)逐漸發(fā)達(dá)。

1490年，五世查煥考中進(jìn)士，為查家登科甲第一人。明朝海寧查氏第七代修訂家譜時(shí)，更確定以“秉志允大繼嗣克昌，奕世有人濟(jì)美忠良，傳家孝友華國(guó)文章，宗英紹起祖德載光”為字輩取名，從書(shū)面上確立海寧查氏帶著濃厚儒家思想烙印的家風(fēng)。

查氏后人讀書(shū)應(yīng)舉，代有人才。他們秉持“讀書(shū)為本”“耕讀為務(wù)”的家訓(xùn)，不斷將這一家訓(xùn)傳遞給后代，太和公（查秉彝）家訓(xùn)“不可不學(xué)，以延讀書(shū)種子”，至明中葉后“令子文孫，咸能讀書(shū)……于是循聲政績(jī)，儒林藝苑，磊落相望”。

查慎行，清代著名詩(shī)人，受學(xué)于黃宗羲，有《敬業(yè)堂詩(shī)集》50卷，頗有詩(shī)名，康熙帝親題“敬業(yè)堂”賜之。趙翼、紀(jì)曉嵐認(rèn)為他的詩(shī)可與陸游并駕齊驅(qū)，袁枚《隨園詩(shī)話》中對(duì)其詩(shī)歌的白描手法贊不絕口。圍繞他與前輩查繼佐（明末江南文壇名士），海寧查氏逐漸形成一個(gè)家族式的詩(shī)歌創(chuàng)作群體。

查慎行家道清貧，讀書(shū)卻如饑似渴，分秒必爭(zhēng)，他告誡子孫：“學(xué)未竟，日西入。明追今，終勿及。慢游者日失一日，敬業(yè)者不速而疾。”查嗣韓則“發(fā)憤誦習(xí)，十三年不拆家信。夜分欲睡，輒舉火灼兩臂，至無(wú)完膚”，甚至查氏的女子也多自幼飽讀詩(shī)書(shū)。

海寧查氏后人不負(fù)先祖厚望，大多勤奮嗜學(xué)，有成就者眾多。

據(jù)賴(lài)惠敏《明清海寧查陳兩家族人口的研究》統(tǒng)計(jì)，明清兩代“查氏獲得生員資格人數(shù)為800人，考取進(jìn)士、貢生者共133人”。

有明一代，查家中進(jìn)士者28人，其中查秉彝、查志立、查允元祖孫三代連中進(jìn)士，傳為盛事。

清代查家科甲更盛，有進(jìn)士16人、舉人59人。僅康熙一朝，就有十人中進(jìn)士，特別是查慎行兄弟三人相繼授翰林院編修，有“一朝十進(jìn)士，兄弟三翰林”之稱(chēng)?？滴跻蚨鵀椴榧翌}“唐宋以來(lái)巨族，江南有數(shù)人家”對(duì)聯(lián)，并賜匾“嘉瑞堂”。

金庸曾在《連城訣》的后記里記述，“我祖父此后便在故鄉(xiāng)閑居，讀書(shū)作詩(shī)自?shī)?，也做了很多公益事業(yè)。他編一部《海寧查氏詩(shī)抄》，有數(shù)百卷之多……”海寧查氏詩(shī)歌作品的豐富可見(jiàn)一斑。

金庸祖父查文清是海寧查氏最后的進(jìn)士。1890年任丹陽(yáng)知縣，任上發(fā)生“丹陽(yáng)教案”，他不愿無(wú)辜百姓獲罪，扛下“縱逸”罪名，辭官返鄉(xiāng)。

查文清正是海寧查氏的典型代表，詩(shī)禮傳家、科舉入仕、為官清正、人格清貴。

上世紀(jì)90年代，金庸與日本著名學(xué)者池田大作對(duì)話，提及對(duì)他影響最大的祖父查文清，“祖父設(shè)立了一座義莊，買(mǎi)了幾千畝地收租，租金用于資助族中的孤兒寡婦，使他們能夠平安過(guò)活，凡是上了中學(xué)、大學(xué)的人，每年都可以分兩次領(lǐng)一筆津貼，如果有人出國(guó)留學(xué)，津貼的數(shù)額更大。”

族內(nèi)開(kāi)辦義學(xué)，勸學(xué)助學(xué)之風(fēng)氣由來(lái)已久。查氏后人介紹，“義莊”明朝就有，鰥寡孤獨(dú)都有救濟(jì)，“尤其是讀書(shū)，有不同的檔次，張榜貼在祠堂里。受資助中了功名，有能力了要回報(bào)給家族”。

生于1936年的查乾伯對(duì)此記憶深刻。查氏不僅有“義莊”助學(xué)，前輩對(duì)提攜后輩人才也不遺余力。汪千里在《海寧世家》里記述，查繼佐每年都會(huì)在宗祠里對(duì)查氏子弟進(jìn)行考試、指導(dǎo)。堂侄查嗣韓，雖家境貧寒，但潛力深遠(yuǎn)，查繼佐便把他帶在身邊培養(yǎng)，查嗣韓不負(fù)所望，中了榜眼，成族內(nèi)最高功名獲得者。

上海查公館里，市民閱讀查濟(jì)民的資料。 （CFP供圖）A visitor views some photos of Zha Jimin on display at the former residence of Zha in Shanghai. Zha Jimin, a business tycoon in Hong Kong, was a descendent of the Zha clan of Haining.

2005年，海寧查氏21人到江西婺源尋根。Twenty-two members of the Zha family of Haining visit Wuyuan, Jiangxi Province in 2005 in search of their ancestral roots.

海寧查家因文而興，也因文獲罪。查繼佐被無(wú)端牽扯進(jìn)“明史案”，查嗣庭“科場(chǎng)案”獲罪，累及族人。但查家讀書(shū)之風(fēng)不減，只是不再把重心放在科舉上，而是專(zhuān)注文學(xué)，澤被后人。

查慎行建有“得樹(shù)樓”，與查家歷代傳下來(lái)的“澹遠(yuǎn)堂”“雙遂堂”“查浦書(shū)屋”等，組成了一個(gè)龐大的家族圖書(shū)館。

金庸曾說(shuō)：“家中藏書(shū)很多，幼時(shí)雖然看不懂，但找書(shū)很方便，不僅有古書(shū)，還有新書(shū)。家人間的活動(dòng)也很文雅，閑來(lái)多是下棋、看書(shū)?！?/p>

如今，海寧查氏依然以讀書(shū)為尊。

查乾伯之子查律，美術(shù)學(xué)博士，專(zhuān)攻書(shū)畫(huà)，現(xiàn)任教于北京師范大學(xué)書(shū)法系，碩士生導(dǎo)師。上世紀(jì)90年代初，查律曾想下海，“父親知道后，告訴我，祖上讀書(shū)為本，崇文不崇武，更少?gòu)纳??！彼爬^續(xù)求學(xué)，鉆研書(shū)畫(huà)?！安榧医?jīng)歷‘科場(chǎng)’案仍然繼續(xù)發(fā)展，就是家族內(nèi)在強(qiáng)大文化基因的體現(xiàn)，實(shí)質(zhì)上，這也正是家風(fēng)家訓(xùn)在起作用?！?/p>

查律最想教給孩子的也是讀書(shū)。他覺(jué)得祖訓(xùn)傳下來(lái)的都是儒家提倡的。當(dāng)今時(shí)代，像勤儉為先、兼知禮儀，這些都有好的影響。

查氏家訓(xùn)特別重視慎獨(dú)自律

海寧查氏對(duì)儒家文化有著深刻的自我認(rèn)同，歷代家訓(xùn)對(duì)“修身齊家治國(guó)平天下”這一儒家思想核心精神有著充分體現(xiàn)。

在歷代海寧查氏先祖的家訓(xùn)遺訓(xùn)中，幾乎對(duì)子嗣后代的修身齊家之道都事無(wú)巨細(xì)地詳細(xì)規(guī)誡。

《海寧袁花查氏》作者汪千里認(rèn)為，在家訓(xùn)中，查澄指明家族的發(fā)展方向是“讀書(shū)為本”，興家之道是男讀女織，“勤儉為先”，修身之道為“兼知禮儀”，并勸誡子孫四事警之戒之：“毋貪于酒”“毋貪于色”“毋學(xué)賭博”“毋好爭(zhēng)訟”。

此后，查氏先祖對(duì)后人修身齊家留下嚴(yán)格而規(guī)整的家訓(xùn)。

查氏家訓(xùn)特別強(qiáng)調(diào)慎獨(dú)自律，寬以待人。查志隆要求后人“責(zé)己宜重以周，責(zé)人宜輕以約”；查祥提醒后人，“盡情話不可說(shuō)，傷心事不可做?？吹米约憾嗖皇翘?，便是老大進(jìn)境；看得他人多不是處，便是老大退境?！?/p>

查氏尤其重視禮教。查秉彝指出，“教幼先教學(xué)禮，毋使怠惰，自任己意”。后世查云標(biāo)強(qiáng)調(diào)，“人而有禮也則榮，無(wú)禮則辱。家而有禮也則全，無(wú)禮則覆”，“禮根信而出，則禮非虛器。故人能守禮，又能主信，則立身之道盡矣，即保世延家之道亦盡矣”。

查澄要求子孫“出則有方，入則孝悌”，后世查遊更指出，“孝友乃以傳家”。查氏孝子賢孫更是層出不窮。查嗣珣母親生病，即“星馳歸侍湯藥，人以是稱(chēng)孝”；查嗣韓母親失明，“每舐母目，失而復(fù)明，人以為孝感所致”；查嗣琪母親生病，他“衣不解帶者逾月，倚廬三年，笑不見(jiàn)齒”。

查昇是清康熙年間三朝國(guó)史纂修官，善詩(shī)詞，工書(shū)法，精小楷，得董其昌精髓，深得康熙帝賞識(shí)，入值南書(shū)房長(zhǎng)達(dá)38年，康熙帝曾為其手書(shū)“澹遠(yuǎn)堂”匾。查昇事親至孝，他自幼家貧，跟父兄學(xué)習(xí)，18歲才去私塾讀書(shū)，康熙二十六年（1687年）考中舉人，第二年中進(jìn)士。此時(shí)，他39歲，父母年事已高，遂請(qǐng)假回家侍奉父母，假滿后，也不肯回去，父親強(qiáng)迫他才離去。父母去世時(shí)，他回家奔喪，憑棺慟哭，險(xiǎn)些昏絕，“哭泣毀瘁之容，唁者所不忍見(jiàn)也”。臨終前，查昇對(duì)子女說(shuō)：“爾輩男讀書(shū)女紡織，還我澹遠(yuǎn)堂門(mén)風(fēng)足矣！”

查氏后人對(duì)先祖訓(xùn)誡身體而力行。

實(shí)業(yè)家查濟(jì)民將孔夫子教導(dǎo)弟子的“修身、齊家、治國(guó)、平天下”改為“修身、齊家、愛(ài)國(guó)、和天下”做座右銘，“我想這兩句話今天完全可以用得上。人要嚴(yán)格要求自己，努力奮斗；要尊重婚姻、愛(ài)護(hù)家庭；要愛(ài)自己的國(guó)家，有能力就要奉獻(xiàn)一點(diǎn)；要支持人類(lèi)進(jìn)步，推動(dòng)世界和平。”

他以為，“待人寬厚一點(diǎn)，待人好一點(diǎn)就是仁。人活在社會(huì)上必須彼此尊重、互相容忍……所謂‘為富不仁’，在中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)是一件很差很差的事。”熟悉他的人，在他和家人身上看不到有錢(qián)人的驕奢跋扈，鋪張浪費(fèi)也是嚴(yán)格禁止。跟他們接觸過(guò)的家鄉(xiāng)人都覺(jué)得他們行事低調(diào)，“每次都悄悄來(lái)，悄悄回，不驚擾地方?！?/p>

查氏后人在提及查氏家風(fēng)時(shí)，常以查濟(jì)民為例。

浙江海寧金庸故居。 （CFP供圖）A view of the sitting room of the former residence of Jin Yong in Haining, Zhejiang

查氏良字輩后人、《中華查氏總譜》浙江卷主編查杰慧認(rèn)為，查濟(jì)民低調(diào)，熱心公益和教育，是海寧查氏家風(fēng)的典型代表。

查澄家訓(xùn)（錄自《查氏宗譜》）

我今年老，戒爾諸孫：凡為童稚，讀書(shū)為本。勤儉為先，兼知禮儀。及其成人，五常莫廢，出則有方，入則孝悌。兄弟之間，本同一氣，切勿相爭(zhēng)，自相棄矣。妯娌之間，紡織為最，雖云異姓，和如姐妹。

戒爾子孫：毋貪于酒，酒能亂性，亦能招禍；毋貪于色，色能喪身；毋學(xué)賭博，賭則敗家；毋好爭(zhēng)訟，訟則受辱。凡此四事，警之戒之。

和于鄰里，睦于親切。擇良而交，見(jiàn)惡責(zé)己，毋墮農(nóng)事，毋失祖業(yè)，順之則行，逆而則止。言必?fù)裆?，行必和緩，毋以暴怒，招其禍衍?/p>

食但充口，毋貪美味；衣但蔽寒，毋貪綾絹。非禮勿取，量力節(jié)儉。凡使奴婢，亦當(dāng)寬緩。凡此數(shù)事，斟酌而行。

戒爾子孫，謹(jǐn)守良規(guī)，從之者昌，逆之者殃，成敗之際，如在反掌。

Family Mottos Keep the Zha Family Prosperous

By Chen Su

In Jiangnan (the south of the Yangtze River Delta), some prominent families used to play a central role in local communities and contribute scholars who served well in government. The Zha family in Haining, Jiaxing, the biggest city in northern Zhejiang Province, was considered the first family in this part of the province during the Ming (1368-1644) and the Qing (1644-1911) dynasties. There were also the Chen family in Haining, the Qian family in Haiyan, the Lu family in Pinghu, and the Shen family in Jiaxing. These big-name families had something in common: they produced scholars who passed imperial examinations. Some became government officials who brought justice, peace and prosperity to places where they served. Some stayed home to be community leaders. Some were generous donators to public welfare projects.

武俠小說(shuō)宗師金庸（查良鏞）是海寧查氏中的名士俊杰。（CFP供圖）Jin Yong (Louis Cha), a novelist of Chinese martial arts, is one of the best known members of the Zha family of Haining.

中華查氏總譜。Some volumes of the General Genealogy of the Zha Clan of China

Wondering about these families which thrived for such a long time, Pan Guangdan(1899-1968), a scholar who wrote a book exploring the lasting eminence and prosperity of the big families in Jiaxing during the Ming and the Qing, stated that all these families that maintained their social status and reputation upheld tradition and culture as the foundation and that family mottos were religiously carried on.

Pan is right to put his finger on the significance of family mottos that kept these families together and prosperous.

Zha as a surname originated more than 2,000 years ago. The Zha people in Haining started with Zha Yu who moved his family from Wuyuan,which was in Anhui Province back then and now in Jiangxi Province, to Haining where he worked as a teacher. He had no idea that this decisive migration gave his family an opportunity to thrive in the east.

The Zha family in Haining was honored by Emperor Kangxi (who ruled from 1661-1722)of the Qing Dynasty who wrote an inscription for the family. The family prospered and became a clan. The clan produced numerous scholars during the two dynasties. The best known celebrities from the family in the 20th century included Zha Liangyong (Louis Cha or best known as Jin Yong, a Wuxia novelist, 1924-2018), Zha Jimin (a Hong Kong business tycoon and social activist, 1914-2007) and Zha Liangzheng (best known as Mu Dan, a poet and translator, 1918-1977).

The family's mottos started with Zha Cheng, who was a third-generation descendent in Haining. He lived in poverty, but he worked hard. The mottos ran in the family from one generation to another and accrued as more contributions came in from younger generations. It is not hard to understand why education stands out in all the family mottos of the Zha family, as the imperial examination system which existed in China for more than 1,000 years was a guaranteed gateway for successful scholars to step from the society's bottom into top societal echelons.

It was in 1490 that Zha Huan, a fifth-generation descendent of the family in Haining,attained a Jinshi degree in the top imperial examination. He was the first top scholar the family in Haining produced. According to Lai Huimin, a modern scholar who examined the census data of the Zha clan in Haining during the Ming and the Qing, 800 passed imperial examinations at various levels and 133 of them qualified for the Imperial College in the capital and 44 of the 133 came out first as Jinshi in highest imperial examinations.

Jin Yong talked about the contribution his grandfather Zha Wenqing made to the education undertaking of the clan in an interview with a Japanese scholar in the 1990s:“My grandfather set up a foundation to help orphans and widows of the Zha clan. The funds came from the rentals of farmlands he had bought. The funds helped these people live respectfully. Those who were able to go to middle school or university could get scholarships twice a year. Those who went to study overseas were given a more generous scholarship.”

The Zha clan in Haining provided free education for children from poverty-stricken families as early as in the Ming. Those who passed imperial examinations and served as government of ficials gave back by helping students of the clan. Zha Jizuo, an elderly of the family, held a test every year at the clan memorial temple to find out how all young students of the clan fared academically. Hopefuls would receive additional attention and care of the clan.