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      老年射血分?jǐn)?shù)保留心力衰竭患者危險(xiǎn)因素分析

      2014-04-23 01:29:22黃櫻碩
      中華老年多器官疾病雜志 2014年9期
      關(guān)鍵詞:射血左室心衰

      黃櫻碩,張 健,王 丹,白 麗,楊 旭,黃 蔚,李 敏,孫 穎*

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      老年射血分?jǐn)?shù)保留心力衰竭患者危險(xiǎn)因素分析

      黃櫻碩1,張 健1,王 丹2,白 麗1,楊 旭1,黃 蔚1,李 敏1,孫 穎1*

      (首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京友誼醫(yī)院:1醫(yī)療保健中心心血管內(nèi)科,2輸血科,北京 100050)

      回顧性分析老年射血分?jǐn)?shù)保留心力衰竭(HFpEF)患者的臨床及超聲心動(dòng)圖參數(shù),與無(wú)癥狀舒張功能不全的非心衰患者比較,明確HFpEF的危險(xiǎn)因素。入選2011年12月至2012年12月在首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京友誼醫(yī)院醫(yī)療保健中心心血管內(nèi)科就診的234例患者(年齡≥60歲),分為無(wú)癥狀舒張功能不全組(ADD組)104例和射血分?jǐn)?shù)保留心力衰竭組(HFpEF組)130例。通過(guò)回歸分析明確HFpEF的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。與ADD組相比,HFpEF患者的平均年齡較大,估測(cè)的腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率較低。logistic回歸分析表明冠心病、高血壓和慢性阻塞性肺疾?。–OPD)是HFpEF的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(=0.001,0.031,0.003)。老年患者中,冠心病、高血壓和COPD與HFpEF相關(guān)。

      老年人;射血分?jǐn)?shù)保留心力衰竭;舒張功能不全

      心力衰竭(簡(jiǎn)稱心衰)是全世界老年人住院和死亡的主要原因之一。研究表明≥65歲老年人占心衰死亡>80%[1]。目前認(rèn)為,射血分?jǐn)?shù)保留心力衰竭(heart failure with preserved ejection fraction,HFpEF)在心衰患者中所占的比例約50%(40%~71%)[2],2012年歐洲心臟病學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)(European Society of Cardiology,ESC)心衰指南指出沒(méi)有證據(jù)證明任何治療能夠減少HFpEF患者的發(fā)病率和病死率[3]。明確和了解從無(wú)癥狀舒張功能不全發(fā)展為心衰的過(guò)程尤其重要,通過(guò)早期預(yù)防和干預(yù)危險(xiǎn)因素可能降低發(fā)病率及病死率[4,5]。既往研究往往將慢性阻塞性肺疾?。╟hronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)作為排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但臨床實(shí)際中,COPD是老年HFpEF患者常見(jiàn)的合并疾病[6,7]。本研究旨在通過(guò)比較無(wú)癥狀舒張功能不全和HFpEF的臨床特點(diǎn)及超聲心動(dòng)圖特點(diǎn),分析包括COPD在內(nèi)的HFpEF老年患者的危險(xiǎn)因素。

      1 對(duì)象與方法

      1.1 研究對(duì)象

      入選2011年12月至2012年12月在首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京友誼醫(yī)院醫(yī)療保健中心心血管病房住院的234例老年患者(年齡≥60歲),所有患者入院時(shí)行超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查,基線左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)均≥45%,記錄患者的一般情況,合并疾病,實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)和用藥情況。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):LVEF<45%,瓣膜性心臟病,限制性心肌病,心肌炎,心包疾病。根據(jù)HFpEF診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分為無(wú)癥狀舒張功能不全組(asymptomatic left ventricular diastolic dysfunction,ADD組)和射血分?jǐn)?shù)保留心力衰竭組(HFpEF組)。

      1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)

      實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)項(xiàng)目包括血常規(guī),估測(cè)腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR),血脂,糖化血紅蛋白(glycated hemoglobin A1c,HbA1c),血清N端腦鈉肽前體(N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide,NT-proBNP),超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白(high-sensitivity C-reactive protein,hs-CRP)。

      1.3 經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖檢測(cè)

      經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖檢測(cè)包括M型、二維、多普勒及組織多普勒(tissue Doppler images,TDI)[8],采用Vivid7超聲心動(dòng)儀(GE Medical Systems,美國(guó))。由同一名有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的超聲心動(dòng)醫(yī)師進(jìn)行檢測(cè),患者的臨床資料對(duì)超聲心動(dòng)醫(yī)師保密。測(cè)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參考美國(guó)超聲協(xié)會(huì)(American Society of Echocardiography)推薦[9]。左室質(zhì)量根據(jù)Devereux公式計(jì)算[10]。左室質(zhì)量指數(shù)(left ventricular mass index,LVMI)以左室質(zhì)量除以體表面積計(jì)算。

      1.4 診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

      HFpEF的診斷根據(jù)2013年美國(guó)心臟病學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)基金會(huì)(American College of Cardiology Foundation,ACCF)/美國(guó)心臟聯(lián)合會(huì)(American Heart Association,AHA)心力衰竭診治指南[11]:(1)心衰癥狀或體征;(2)保留或正常的LVEF值;(3)通過(guò)多普勒超聲或心臟導(dǎo)管證實(shí)的異常左室舒張功能不全。COPD根據(jù)GOLD指南[12]診斷,冠心病根據(jù)冠狀動(dòng)脈造影或冠狀動(dòng)脈CT血管成像術(shù)(CTA)診斷。

      1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

      所有數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS13.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,組間比較采用檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料采用頻數(shù)及百分?jǐn)?shù)表示,組間比較采用2檢驗(yàn)。建立logistic回歸模型,采用逐步向后法分析HFpEF的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。以<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

      2 結(jié) 果

      2.1 兩組患者一般情況比較

      兩組患者間的一般情況、合并疾病、目前用藥情況比較見(jiàn)表1。兩組患者男女比例、BMI、合并高脂血癥、糖尿病、房顫的發(fā)生率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05)。HFpEF組患者年齡、吸煙比例、合并冠心病、高血壓、慢性腎病、COPD發(fā)生率以及阿司匹林、硝酸酯類(lèi)、利尿劑、血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑(angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor,ACEI)/血管緊張素受體拮抗劑(angiotensin receptor blockers,ARB)、β阻滯劑、醛固酮拮抗劑、鈣通道阻滯劑、他汀類(lèi)藥物應(yīng)用比率顯著高于ADD組,且差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(<0.05,<0.01)。

      表1 無(wú)癥狀舒張功能不全及射血分?jǐn)?shù)保留心力衰竭患者的一般情況

      ADD: asymptomatic left ventricular diastolic dysfunction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARBs: angiotensin receptor blockers; CCBs: calcium channel blockers. Compared with ADD group,*<0.05,**<0.01

      2.2 兩組患者實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)比較

      與ADD組比較,HFpEF組患者NT-proBNP水平較高(=0.004),eGFR、總膽固醇、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇和血紅蛋白水平較低(分別為=0.000,0.009,0.007及0.001;表2)。

      2.3 超聲心動(dòng)圖指標(biāo)

      同ADD組相比,HFpEF組患者的左房?jī)?nèi)徑、左室舒張末內(nèi)徑、左室收縮末內(nèi)徑、左室間隔厚度、左室后壁厚度、二尖瓣早期血流速度(E)/二尖瓣環(huán)的早期運(yùn)動(dòng)速度(e’)比值、左室質(zhì)量、左室質(zhì)量指數(shù)較高(<0.05,<0.01),LVEF、E/二尖瓣晚期血流速度(A)比值、e’較低(<0.05,<0.01;表2)。

      表2 無(wú)癥狀舒張功能不全及射血分?jǐn)?shù)保留心力衰竭患者的實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)及超聲心動(dòng)圖參數(shù)比較

      ADD: asymptomatic left ventricular diastolic dysfunction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin A1c; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; AAD: ascending aorta diameter; LAD: left atrial diameter; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVST: left ventricular septal thickness; LVPWT: left ventricular posterior wall thickness; RVDD: right ventricular diastolic diameter; E: peak early mitral flow velocity; A: peak late mitral flow velocity; e’: velocity of mitral annulus early diastolic motion; E/A: ratio of E to A; E/e’: ratio of E to e’; LVM: left ventricular mass; LVMI: left ventricular mass index. Compared with ADD group,*<0.05,**<0.01

      2.4 HFpEF的危險(xiǎn)因素

      logistic回歸分析結(jié)果見(jiàn)表3。經(jīng)過(guò)調(diào)整混雜變量,冠心病、高血壓和COPD是HFpEF的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。

      表3 HFpEF的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素

      HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; CAD: coronary artery disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

      3 討 論

      本研究中,HFpEF組患者的年齡偏大(82.01±7.24)歲,舒張功能不全和HFpEF的發(fā)生均隨增齡而增加。既往研究表明,50~70歲和>70歲患者則分別高達(dá)33%和50%左右[13]。在洋地黃研究組試驗(yàn)(the Digitalis Investigation Group trial,DIG)中[14],年齡是HFpEF死亡最重要的預(yù)測(cè)因素。本研究中,HFpEF組合并高血壓、冠心病和糖尿病的比例與既往研究[7]類(lèi)似,分別為87.6%,69.8%和54.3%。合并用藥的差異與合并疾病的差異一致,即HFpEF組高血壓、冠心病等疾病比例更高,心功能更差,故服用阿司匹林、硝酸酯類(lèi)、利尿劑、ACEI/ARB、β阻滯劑、鈣通道阻滯劑、醛固酮拮抗劑比例更高。

      NT-proBNP與心衰的程度和預(yù)后密切相關(guān)。本研究中HFpEF組的NT-proBNP水平高于ADD組,符合心衰的進(jìn)展過(guò)程。eGFR的顯著差異提示腎功能不全與舒張功能不全及HFpEF有關(guān),在美國(guó)醫(yī)師健康研究(Physicians Health Study,PHS)中[15],早期腎臟疾病與心衰發(fā)生率增加相關(guān)。HFpEF組的總膽固醇、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇、血紅蛋白均低于ADD組(均<0.01),提示血脂代謝異常、貧血等與心衰發(fā)生有關(guān)。貧血是心衰常見(jiàn)的合并癥,CHARM研究的亞組分析中,HFpEF合并貧血的比例為27%[16]。心衰患者通常處于高代謝狀態(tài)而藥物治療如利尿劑的使用會(huì)進(jìn)一步加重營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良狀態(tài)。

      在多因素分析中,冠心病和高血壓均是HFpEF的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,同既往研究[17]及指南[3]一致。由于已有多項(xiàng)研究證明上述結(jié)果,在此不做贅述。下面重點(diǎn)討論COPD與HFpEF。

      很多關(guān)于HFpEF的研究將COPD作為排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4,18],然而事實(shí)上COPD是老年HFpEF患者最常見(jiàn)最重要的合并疾病之一,約1/3的心衰患者合并COPD,并且COPD患者往往合并左室舒張功能不全。本研究中,HFpEF組患者COPD的發(fā)生率為29.5%,與既往研究(33.9%)接近[19]。Funk等[20]報(bào)道的COPD患者中左室舒張功能不全發(fā)生率>50%,Boussuges等[21]報(bào)道的發(fā)生率為76%,最近1項(xiàng)研究表明[22],COPD患者中輕度左室舒張功能不全發(fā)生率更是高達(dá)88%,并且獨(dú)立于COPD嚴(yán)重程度的分級(jí)。另一研究[23]發(fā)現(xiàn)在門(mén)診的重度COPD患者(FEV130%~50%)中,穩(wěn)定期重度COPD患者左室舒張功能不全達(dá)90%。根據(jù)上述研究,COPD對(duì)左室舒張功能確實(shí)存在影響,與左室舒張功能不全和HFpEF有密切關(guān)系,因此,研究包含COPD在內(nèi)的HFpEF人群有重要意義。

      已有研究表明[19],COPD是HFpEF患者全因死亡率的預(yù)測(cè)因子(OR 1.23,95% CI 1.11~1.37)。因此,既往除外COPD的HFpEF的相關(guān)研究不能代表老年群體的實(shí)際情況。在本研究中,COPD與HFpEF的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加有關(guān),并且是HFpEF的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,說(shuō)明了COPD對(duì)HFpEF的重要影響。在分析HFpEF的發(fā)展和預(yù)后時(shí),應(yīng)考慮到COPD的因素。反之,對(duì)于COPD患者,除了右室功能,也要考慮到左室舒張功能不全的可能性。

      COPD與左室舒張功能不全及HFpEF之間的關(guān)系尚不十分明確。既往研究多考慮到COPD對(duì)右心功能的影響,但事實(shí)上,COPD可能對(duì)左心功能同樣存在影響??赡艿牟±砩頇C(jī)制主要包括:COPD與HFpEF共同參與炎癥反應(yīng),炎癥反應(yīng)是COPD發(fā)生發(fā)展的重要機(jī)制,同時(shí)也促進(jìn)粥樣硬化斑塊的形成,而后者與心肌缺血和左室舒張功能不全密切相關(guān)。除了上述機(jī)制外,COPD可能導(dǎo)致左室前后負(fù)荷的變化:COPD可引起右室壓力負(fù)荷增加,右室壓力增高后能夠使室間隔向左室偏移,影響左室結(jié)構(gòu)和降低左室舒張期充盈的順應(yīng)性[24,25];肺過(guò)度充氣(hyperinflation)繼發(fā)肺氣腫,可能影響左室充盈(前負(fù)荷)[26];Smith等[27]的研究也證明了COPD和肺氣腫患者的肺靜脈直徑下降,支持上游肺靜脈充盈不佳導(dǎo)致左室充盈不良的結(jié)論;另有研究表明[28],在輕度氣流阻塞(沒(méi)有肺過(guò)度充氣)的患者中可以觀察到,左房早期折返波能夠影響左室后負(fù)荷。此外,主動(dòng)脈舒張壓的降低會(huì)引起內(nèi)皮下缺血[29]。這些機(jī)制共同作用,影響了心室肌的松弛。

      本研究是一項(xiàng)回顧性觀察研究,關(guān)于HFpEF與COPD內(nèi)在關(guān)系和病理生理機(jī)制的相關(guān)研究有待大樣本量和更加深入的基礎(chǔ)研究明確。另外本研究入選患者以男性為主(72.4%),入選者為病例資料齊全的患者,部分房顫患者因未測(cè)量e’而未入選,導(dǎo)致本研究中房顫患者比例(3.3%)低于一般老年人群。女性和房顫是HFpEF的重要危險(xiǎn)因素,本研究中由于入選女性和房顫比例少而未得到相應(yīng)結(jié)果??傊?,本研究的人群中,老年HFpEF的發(fā)生率隨著增齡而增加,冠心病、高血壓和COPD與老年HFpEF患者有關(guān)。

      [1] Bui AL, Horwich TB, Fonarow GC. Epidemiology and risk profile of heart failure[J]. Nat Rev Cardiol, 2011, 8(1): 30?41.

      [2] Owan TE, Hodge DO, Herges RM,. Trends in prevalence and outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction[J]. N Engl J Med, 2006, 355(3): 251?259.

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      (編輯: 周宇紅)

      Risk factors for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in the elderly

      HUANG Ying-Shuo1, ZHANG Jian1, WANG Dan2, BAI Li1, YANG Xu1, HUANG Wei1, LI Min1, SUN Ying1*

      (1Department of Geriatric Cardiology,2Department of Blood Transfusion, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China)

      To determine the risk factors for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in the elderly by retrospectively analyzing their clinical features and echocardiographic parameters of HFpEF patients and comparing with those of non-heart failure patients with asymptomatic diastolic dysfunction.A total of 234 consecutive patients (≥60 years old) admitted in our department from December 2011 to December 2012 were enrolled in this study. They were divided into asymptomatic left ventricular diastolic dysfunction group (ADD group,=104) and HFpEF group (=130). Risk factors of HFpEF were analyzed by logistic regression.Compared with ADD group, the patients in HFpEF group were older and had a lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (<0.05). Logistic regression analysis indicated that coronary artery disease(CAD), hypertension, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were independent risk factors of HFpEF (=0.001, 0.031, 0.003, respectively).CAD, hypertension and COPD are associated with HFpEF in this cohort.

      elderly; heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; diastolic dysfunction

      (13JL48)(2011D003034000026).

      R541.6; R592

      A

      10.3724/SP.J.1264.2014.000156

      2014?06?03;

      2014?08?21

      首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)-臨床合作基金(13JL48);北京市優(yōu)秀人才培養(yǎng)基金(2011D003034000026)

      孫 穎, E-mail: ysun15@163.com

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