海藻多糖生物活性的研究進展

李文武 殷光文 黃志堅

（福建農(nóng)林大學(xué)動物科學(xué)學(xué)院福建省動物藥物工程實驗室福州350002）

海藻多糖生物活性的研究進展

李文武 殷光文 黃志堅＊

（福建農(nóng)林大學(xué)動物科學(xué)學(xué)院福建省動物藥物工程實驗室福州350002）

近年來，海藻多糖的生物活性得到深入研究，新的生物功效也逐漸被發(fā)現(xiàn)。為更好地利用海藻多糖，本文就海藻多糖的生物活性研究進展情況進行綜述。

海藻多糖免疫調(diào)節(jié)抗凝血抗病毒抗氧化抗腫瘤

海洋天然活性成分的研究是海洋藥物開發(fā)的基礎(chǔ)和源泉。海洋幅員遼闊，生物資源豐富多樣，藻類品種繁多，是海洋生物多糖來源的巨大寶庫。海藻多糖作為來源廣泛、無毒或低毒且功效廣泛的海洋天然活性多糖，在動物營養(yǎng)和健康方面應(yīng)用廣泛，深受科研人員的垂青。

1 海藻多糖的組成成分

海藻多糖主要來自海帶、鹿尾菜（羊棲菜）、巨藻、泡葉藻、墨角藻等海藻，是一類多組分的混合物，主要包括褐藻中的藻酸、褐藻糖膠、硫酸多糖、紅藻中的瓊膠、卡拉膠。

2 海藻多糖的生物活性研究情況

2.1 海藻多糖的免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能藻類多糖對動物體的免疫調(diào)節(jié)主要基于多糖對機體巨噬細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答機制的調(diào)控。巨噬細(xì)胞是先天免疫系統(tǒng)中重要的免疫細(xì)胞，具有強大的吞噬活性，對機體內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)也具有調(diào)節(jié)作用。炎癥反應(yīng)中，巨噬細(xì)胞能極化M1細(xì)胞，維持Th1依賴性免疫反應(yīng)，誘發(fā)IL-1、IL-6、NO、TNF-α等炎性介質(zhì)的產(chǎn)生，提高對微生物或病變細(xì)胞的吞噬能力[1]。近來研究表明，大多數(shù)的生物活性多糖具有促進巨噬細(xì)胞M1極化[2-5]，刺激巨噬細(xì)胞釋放炎性介質(zhì)（IL-1、IL-6、IL-12等），促進Th1導(dǎo)向的適應(yīng)性免疫應(yīng)答[6]。多糖的免疫調(diào)節(jié)機理是增強或活化巨噬細(xì)胞的免疫應(yīng)答，提高機體的免疫調(diào)節(jié)能力，提高抗腫瘤活性，促進傷口愈合等[6]。同時，藻類多糖可以與淋巴細(xì)胞表面的受體CR3結(jié)合，通過影響胞內(nèi)Ca2＋、cAMP、cGMP、NO等信息分子而參與淋巴細(xì)胞的活化、增殖，促進細(xì)胞因子和抗體的產(chǎn)生、釋放[7]。

2.2 海藻多糖的抗氧化作用動物機體行使生物功能時會產(chǎn)生具有強氧化活性的自由基，可對機體的組織和細(xì)胞造成損傷，導(dǎo)致諸如癌癥、神經(jīng)退化和炎癥等疾病[8-10]?？寡趸镔|(zhì)對機體的健康具有積極的影響，它可以保護機體組織免受活性氧自由基的損傷。海藻硫酸多糖不僅是功能的膳食纖維，也是海藻內(nèi)的抗氧化活性成分。其抗氧化活性與多糖自身結(jié)構(gòu)有關(guān)，多糖的構(gòu)型、硫酸化度、分子量等都決定了多糖的抗氧化活性[11-13]。Rocha de Souza等[14]研究證實褐藻糖膠、海帶多糖和海藻酸都是有效的抗氧化活性成分。

2.3 海藻多糖的抗腫瘤作用癌細(xì)胞可以通過機體內(nèi)自由基對組織的損傷誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生，海藻多糖具有抗氧化性，能減少自由基對機體的損傷，間接減少腫瘤細(xì)胞的產(chǎn)生。近年來，有研究報道海藻多糖在體外可抗腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖、抑制小鼠內(nèi)腫瘤細(xì)胞生長[14-15]。H.A.Rocha等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn)海藻多糖能封閉癌細(xì)胞與基底膜交互，以阻止癌細(xì)胞的擴散轉(zhuǎn)移，但其確切作用機制尚未完全了解。Yamamoto等[17]早年已報道，口服海藻多糖能顯著降低癌癥的發(fā)病率。Kwon等[18]通過細(xì)胞凋亡發(fā)現(xiàn)，一定劑量的紫菜硫酸多糖能在不影響正常細(xì)胞的情況下誘導(dǎo)癌細(xì)胞的死亡。此外，Athukorala等[19]用純化的昆布硫酸多糖刺激人白血病單核細(xì)胞性淋巴癌細(xì)胞時發(fā)現(xiàn)，昆布硫酸多糖能誘導(dǎo)體外癌細(xì)胞凋亡，同時又具有潛在的抗癌細(xì)胞增殖作用。

2.4 海藻多糖的抗病毒作用海藻多糖的抗病毒活性首次得到證實是在20世紀(jì)60年代，Gerber等[20]人研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，從石花菜中提取的多糖物質(zhì)能提高雞胚對乙型流感病毒的抗感染能力。Witvrouw等[21]證實許多種類的海藻多糖都含有大量結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的硫酸多糖，能抑制黃病毒、囊膜病毒、彈狀病毒等莢膜病毒的復(fù)制。隨后，Huheihel等[22]研究證實具有抗病毒活性的海藻多糖都經(jīng)高度硫酸化，低度硫酸化海藻多糖的抗病毒活性通常不活躍[23]。Witvrouw等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn)海藻多糖中硫酸酯基團是抗HIV活性的必要基因，并與硫酸化程度有關(guān)，佐證了Huheihel和Damonte等[23]人的研究結(jié)果。由此，海藻多糖的抗病毒機制可能是，硫酸酯基的陰離子電荷可有效抑制病毒逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶的活性，從而具有抗病毒活性。

2.5 海藻多糖的抗凝血作用血液凝固按其形成途徑可分為內(nèi)源性凝血和外源性凝血，凝血過程中均有大量凝血因子參與，例如外源性凝血時，組織釋放凝血因子III與因子Ⅶ和Ca一起形成復(fù)合物，催化因子X變成活化因子X（Xa）。Xa、V、Ca及血小板磷脂共同形成凝血酶原激活物?？鼓獎┲饕ㄟ^滅活或抑制凝血因子的激活，延長或阻止血液凝固[24]。自Kylin[25]研究褐藻的抗凝血活性至今，海藻多糖的抗凝血研究已得到廣泛關(guān)注[26]。彭波等[27]通過內(nèi)源性和外源性凝血途徑證實，褐藻多糖硫酸酯（FPS）能延長小鼠凝血酶時間（TT）和凝血酶原時間（PT），且隨多糖濃度增加而作用增強。王春玲等[28]對小鼠和大鼠灌胃FPS發(fā)現(xiàn)，F(xiàn)PS具有抗凝血活性，并對靜脈血栓形成具有明顯的抑制作用。汪艷秋等[29]研究刺松藻多糖發(fā)現(xiàn)，刺松藻多糖能顯著延長家兔APTT（活化部分凝血酶時間）、PT和TT，顯著抑制ADP（二磷酸腺苷）引起的血小板凝集。此外，也有研究報道，綠藻、紅藻等提取的藻類多糖同樣具有抗凝血活性[30-32]。

2.6 其他生物活性除上述活性外，海藻多糖還具有降血糖、抗高血壓、抗動脈粥樣硬化、抗衰老和抗輻射等[33-36]生物活性。近年來，隨著對海洋藻類多糖研究的深入，一些新的藥物活性被相繼報道。Dai L等[37]發(fā)現(xiàn)海藻多糖能抑制風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎患者成纖維細(xì)胞樣滑膜細(xì)胞的凋亡。Nagaoka M等[38]、Shibata H等[39]發(fā)現(xiàn)巖藻多糖在功能性食物中具有潛在的抗?jié)兓钚?。ChoY S等[40]從裙帶菜中提取的巖藻多糖被證實能誘導(dǎo)成骨細(xì)胞的分化。也有相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，海帶多糖對肥胖和糖尿病有緩解和治療作用[41]。

3 總結(jié)

海藻多糖是海洋天然活性多糖，具有廣泛的生物活性。近年來，國內(nèi)外專家均致力于海藻多糖的藥理功能、生物活性功能的研究，取得了長足的進展。我國海藻資源十分豐富，生物活性物質(zhì)的種類也很多，這為我們對海藻多糖的深入研究提供了保障，有利于我們進一步開發(fā)和研究。

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Advances in the biologicalactivity of seaweed polysaccharides

Lee Wenwu Yin Guangwen Huang Zhijian*
(Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,College of Animal Science,Engineering Laboratory Animal Pharmaceuticals of Fujian Province,Fuzhou 350002)

In recent years,the biological activities of seaweed polysaccharides have got depth study,new biological effects have been gradually found.To get better utilization of seaweed polysaccharides,we reviewed the progress of the biological activities of seaweed polysaccharides in this paper.

Seaweed polysaccharides immune regulation anticoagulant antiviral activity antioxidant anti-tumor

A

1003-4331（2014）04-0019-04

福建省海洋高新產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展專項（閩海漁高科合同[2012]科28號）資助。

李文武(1989-)，男，碩士研究生；研究方向：動物疾病與保健。E-mail:xiaowen-521@qq.com。

＊通信作者：黃志堅(1963-)，男，教授，碩士生導(dǎo)師；研究方向：動物疾病防控與保健。E-mail:huangzj1999@sina. com。