譙曉南
(貴陽市 清華中學,貴州 貴陽 550025)
《英漢大詞典》(上海譯文出版社,1983. 8.;文中所稱《英漢大詞典》為2000. 1. 縮印本)是我國諸多高校和文化單位的學者們歷經十數(shù)年獨立研編而就的容量很大(收詞20萬條)、篇幅宏大(約2000萬字)、發(fā)行量大(至2000年發(fā)行近25萬冊)的權威性語文類雙語詞典。
人的共知,“智者千慮,必有一失;愚者千慮,必有一得”。近幾年來,我們較為認真地研究了《英漢大詞典》收錄的法學術語,發(fā)現(xiàn)有失偏頗的譯名數(shù)以百計,認定這是值得注意的。
有學者提出“雙語詞典……保證……源語言單詞及其目標譯詞具有真正的翻譯等價關系”,并定義為“一個翻譯等價單位是一個二元組合(STU,TTU),其中STU是一個源語言翻譯單位,TTU是一個目標語言翻譯單位,STU和TTU之間具有翻譯等價關系”[1]。還有學者提出雙語詞典“是根據(jù)原語詞的意義,采用恰當?shù)姆绞阶g為歸宿語的對應的詞語”[2]。兩者都涉及到的一個術語是translation equivalent,我們理解為“目標語言”對應詞語,或“歸宿語”的對應詞語。《英漢大詞典》中不少法學術語的譯名未能或未完全能與“源語言翻譯單位”或“原語詞”相對應,存在相當或一定差距。我們通過近幾年的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)《英漢大詞典》100余個法學術語譯名不確,即非原語詞的對應詞。我們擬將撰就4篇短文,力圖修正這些譯名。本文以19個法學術語為例描述《英漢大詞典》譯名方面存在的10個問題,與此同時,對這些術語的譯名提出修正意見。
《英漢大詞典》中有的譯名“浮于望文生義”[3],突出表現(xiàn)于“形容詞+名詞”或“名詞+介詞+名詞”結構術語的譯名,即將前后實詞可能的意義組合成為譯名,與該術語之所指相去甚遠。例如:
(1)private company被譯成“私人公司,不公開公司(指英國股權不向公眾開放的有限公司)”;據(jù)我們所知,該術語指的是:“A company incorporated under the Companies Acts which by its Articles of Association limits the number of its members to 50, restricts the right to transfer its shares, and prohibits any invitation to the public to subscribe for any of its shares debentures. Various provisions of the Companies Acts do not apply to private Companies. The great majority of companies incorporated are private companies.[1]”[4](受制于《公司條例》的股份有限公司,按其章程股東最多人數(shù)不得超過50人,限制股份轉讓,并禁止約邀公眾認購公司股卷?!豆緱l例》諸多條款并不適用于private companies。絕大多數(shù)股份有限公司都是private companies)。我們的譯名是:(股東人數(shù)設限的)有限公司。
(2)public company被譯成“公開招股公司”,“望文”痕跡同樣明顯。該術語指的是:
“A company which does not by its Articles of Association impose on itself the restrictions required of a private company, and which can accordingly be of any size and solicit public subscription for its shares. Only a small minority of companies are public companies, but these include nearly all the major commercial and industrial businesses.”[4](按其公司章程無有private company固有的限制,相對說來股東人數(shù)是不設限的。只有極少數(shù)公司是public companies,但這些公司近乎涵蓋所有較大的商業(yè)與工業(yè)部門)。我們的譯名是:(不限股東人數(shù)的)有限公司。
(3)《英漢大詞典》對court of record的譯名“記錄法院(指保存有法例和司法程序記錄并作為永久性依據(jù)的法院)”不乏望文痕跡。court of record是“A court whose acts and proceedings are enrolled for permanent record”[4](法庭活動與審判程序當庭制成法庭筆錄作為長久檔案的法庭)。我們提出的修正譯名為:法庭筆錄法庭。
《英漢大詞典》的不少譯名不“合乎規(guī)范”[5],即欠缺“法味”,或曰不能稱為地道的法學術語。例如:
(1)《英漢大詞典》對domicile, domicil的譯名“(正式戶口所在地的)原籍;(本人有意久住的)住所”,domicile of origin的譯名“(本人)出身時的住所”,domicile of choice的譯名“選定的住所(報本人選定該處為家的實際住所”就不屬于“規(guī)范化”。
domicil (or domicile)是“The term in international private law for the territory having distinct legal system in which a person has, or is deemed to have, his permanent home…Domicile is distinct from nationality, and from country of actual residence, and is related to legal systems rather than states, so that a British subject may be domiciled in France, and a person is domiciled in England or in Scotland, not in United Kingdom.”[4][國際私法用語,指一個人在法律制度不同的地方有(或被視為有)永久(性)的家……,domicile既不同于國籍,也不同于實際居住的所在國,與其相關的是法律制度,而不是國家,所以,一個英國人可以定居于法國,一個人定居在英格蘭或蘇格蘭,但不是定居在聯(lián)合王國。]“A person’s domicile is a matter of law determined partly by inference from fact and partly by evidence of his expressed intention. Every person must have one domicile, and no person can have at any time more than one.”[4](一個人的domicile是一個部分由事實所作的推斷部分由其所示意向的證據(jù)加以確定的法律問題。每個人都必須擁有domicile,但沒有任何人在任何時候擁有一個以上的domicile)?!癟he law attributes to every person a domicile of origin, which persists until and unless he acquires a domicile of choice elsewhere, by residence elsewhere with the intention to reside with some permanence, and which revives if he abandons the domicile of choice. Dependent persons, such as children, have their domicile determined by there father.”[4](法律承認每個人的domicile of origin,在其意欲在他處永久居住而擁有domicile of choice之前,為domicile of origin的存續(xù)期,如果離開domicile of choice,法律只承認domicile of origin。兒童作為家屬的domicile按其父的domicile決定)?!癆nglo-American legal system generally prescribe that an individual’s personal law is that of his domicile, but European system commonly prescribe the law of his nationality.”(英美法律制度通常規(guī)定對個人適用的屬人法是domicile所在地的屬人法,而歐洲的法律制度普遍規(guī)定對個人適用的屬人法是按國籍決定的)。由此可見,這三個術語的規(guī)范稱名當為:domicil (domicile)—住所;domicile of origin—原始住所;domicile of choice—選定住所。
(2)《英漢大詞典》對contributory的譯名“(企業(yè)倒閉時)負連帶償還責任的人,負擔攤派人”也存在類似情況。該術語指的是“A person who is bound to contribute to the assets of a company when it is being wound up in order to pay its depts.. there are two categories, the A list, comprising members at the commencement of the winding-up, and the B list, comprising persons who had been members within one year prior to that date. The B list is required to contribute only if the existing members cannot satisfy the contributions required of them.”[4](公司結束業(yè)務清償債務時有義務提供資產給公司清償債務的人。這樣的人分為兩類:第一類為公司結束業(yè)務起始之時的所有成員,第二類為當日之前一年內的所有成員。如果現(xiàn)有成員提供的資產不足以清償全部債務,則要求第二類成員提供用以清償債務的資產)。其規(guī)范譯名當為:(公司破產時的)連帶債務人。
這里所稱譯名質量,僅指譯名未能展示該術語所示概念的確切內涵。例如:
(1)《英漢大詞典》給keelhual的譯名“把(人)縛在船底以施刑”便存在質量問題。該術語指的是:“To drag a person under the keel of a ship by means of ropes rigged from the yardarms, a form of punishment at one time in the Navy.”[4][讓人在船下隨船拖行,其辦法是用纜繩將其吊在船底正下方,纜繩的另一端則系于桁端(即桅桿橫桿端)。這是海軍部曾一度采用的一種處罰方式]。據(jù)此,我們將其譯作:吊于船下拖行(海軍部曾一度采用的一種處罰方式)。
(2)《英漢大詞典》給power of appointment的譯名“(決定財產歸屬的)指名權”也可歸入此類問題。該術語指“A power given by a deed or will to a person to direct that an interest in property is to devolve on a person or persons, or on one or more of those within a designated and limited group of persons.”[4][證書或遺囑賦予讓與或遺贈財產權益給一人或數(shù)人,或特定范圍內的一人或數(shù)人的授權]。我們據(jù)此將其譯為:(財產權益讓與或遺贈的)指名權。
此文所稱的數(shù)量問題指的是《英漢大詞典》給某些法學術語兩個或數(shù)個譯名,但是,這些譯名與這些術語所示概念的內涵存在某種距離。例如:
(1)《英漢大詞典》將full age譯作“成年(期)”,將majority譯作“成年,法定年齡;資格”,值得商榷。法學中,full age與majority為同義詞 ,指的是:“At common law the age of 21, reduced by statute as from 1970 to 18. At common law in England majority was attained at the commencement of the day preceding the twenty-first birthday but by statute it is now attained at the commencement of the eighteenth birthday. There remain some instances, such as membership of Parliament, for which a persion is disqualified until he attains 21.”[4](普通法規(guī)定為21歲,從1970年起,法律規(guī)定為18歲。在英國原為年滿21歲,現(xiàn)為年滿18歲,但存在保持不變的一些例外,例如英國議會滿21歲才具備議員資格)。我們以為,將其譯作“法定成年年齡”為妥。
(2)《英漢大語典》對coownership的兩個譯名“共同所有(權),共有(權)”同樣存在類似問題。該術語的內涵為:“Two forms of co-owership of property exist, joint property or joint tenancy, where two or more persons jointly hold the same title for the same duration and seisin or possession is vested in all; and common property or tenancy in common, where each co-ower has his own title and interest to a share in the property though it is held undivided. Another form, ownership in coparcenery, was formerly possible, where two or more persons took hereditaments by the same title by descent.”[4][財產co-ownership存在兩種形式。兩個或兩個以上的人共有(或占有)財產,在相同存續(xù)期間共同享有同一所有權,并共同占有;這種共有財產(或共同占有)是指各共同所有人對不能進行分割的財產份額享有自己的權益。另一種形式為共同享有所有權,在從前是可能的,即是說,兩個或兩個以上的人按血統(tǒng)確定的相同資格繼承財產]??梢?,co-ownership指的是:共有(存在兩種共有形式:按份共有,共同共有)。
這里指的是《英漢大詞典》中有的法學術語譯名不完整;我們有根據(jù)認定這是由于下述兩種原因促成:或者由于編纂人員(或編寫工作人員)使用英語原文參考書時取舍不當或者由于相關法學百科知識欠缺。例如:
(1)《英漢大詞典》給wayleave的譯名為“(礦主、電力公司等使用私人土地作通道用的)通行權,通道土地使用權”,我們以下述原文釋義為依據(jù):“A right of way under, across or over land, as for running a pipeline under it, carrying goods across it, or suspending wires or cables above it.”[4](地下、地面及其上空的通行權,即用于鋪設地下管道,在地面安裝相關設施,在其上空安裝電纜或在地下安裝地下電纜)。將其譯作:(管道、電纜地下、地面及其上空的)通行權。
(2)《英漢大詞典》給know-how的譯名“技術”,“竅門”,亦為有殘缺的譯名。該術語特指:“The information, practical knowledge, techniques, and skill required for the achievement of some practical end, particularly in industry or technology. It has come to be recognized as virtually a kind of incorporeal property, saleable like a patent right.”[4][實現(xiàn)某一有價值的目標(特別是工業(yè)上或技術上)所需的信息、有實用價值的知識、技巧與專門技術。事實上已被確認為一種無形財產,象專利權一樣可予出售]。know-how對應于漢語中的專有技術(亦稱“技術秘密”、“技術訣竅”)。
堅持“吾國固有其名,雖具體而微,仍以固有者為譯名”[3]的譯名原則需要具備一個“重要條件”是“譯名須恰合原文意義”[3]?!队h大詞典》對有的術語的譯名所使用的漢語中的現(xiàn)成用語并不對應于英語術語,即是說,出現(xiàn)了適用不當(或曰適用錯誤)。例如:“邊界”一詞指的是“地區(qū)和地區(qū)之間的界限(多指國界)”[5],而《英漢大詞典》卻將其作為metes and bounds的譯名。
metes and bounds指的僅僅是:“The limits or boundaries of a tract of land, as marked by natural features, manmade structures, or markers. Where a widow was intitled, at common law, to dower, her share was set apart to be held in severalty and she was said to hold it by metes and bounds. In the U. S. metes and bounds descripitions of land are common where survey areas are irregularly shaped and of varied sizes. The boundaries are stated by directions and distances, and identifiable features or marks at corners.”[4][以天然地形地物、人造建筑或標識為標記的一大片土地的所在的范圍或分界線。按照普通法規(guī)定,寡婦有權繼承亡夫遺產,她所得的那塊土地是由metes and bounds界定的。在美國,勘測中通用metes and bounds界定形狀各異、大小不同的土地(地域或地方),分界線為方向、距離以及可識別的地形地物及各個角的標記]。其譯名當為:地界。
“翻譯名詞,以簡短而使人易記為宜”,這(簡稱為“簡短易記”)也是譯名的一個重要條件[3]。所謂詞長,指的僅僅是譯名所用的字數(shù)的多少,是否冗長。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)《英漢大詞典》中某些譯名用字太多,過于冗長,即不簡短。例如:
foreclosure的譯名“(抵押人)回贖抵押品權利的取消”過于冗長。該術語指的是:“The process whereby a mortgagee may make effectual his ownership of the lands mortgaged, which arises as soon as the day fixed for redemption is past. On bringing an action for foreclosure a further day is appointed for payment, and, if the money is not than paid, the property is adjudged to belong to the mortgagee absolutely for the whole interest of the mortgagor, and any subsequent legal mortgage is extinguished. The effect is to bar the mortgagor’s equity of redemption.”[4]指下述過程:超過原定回贖期日產生的抵押權人有效擁有的抵押土地所有權。提起foreclosure之訴,回贖期日就是清償之日,若不付款清償,抵押物便被認定絕對歸抵押權人充抵債權人的產權,后續(xù)抵押已不復存在。其結果便是阻止了抵押權人的回贖權)。我們提出的修正譯名為:抵押權消滅。
有學者提出:“雙語詞典要做到完全等值對譯,必須深入理解原文詞典對詞的釋義內容,然后在譯語中找出其對應詞?!盵2]《英漢大詞典》對某些術語的譯名未能以權威性原文詞典的釋義為據(jù),加之理解又有失偏頗,未能在譯語中找出其對應詞,例如對capacity的譯名“[律]能力(法律上得享受某種權利、得作出某行為或得負某種責任的資格)”,不公譯名不當,括注部分亦欠妥?!癘ne of the attributes of a person or entity having legal personality, denoting legal ability to bear and exercise rights or to be affected by legal duties or liabilities. According to a person’s status he may have full legal capacity or capacity qualified in certain respects. Thus an infant or minor or person of unsound mind has restricted legal capacity as compared with the person of full age and sound mind.”[4](一個人或具有法律的屬人性的實體的屬性之一,表示享受權利或法律義務或責任受到影響的能力。按其身份可有完全capacity或在某些方面受限制的capacity。因此,與心理健全的成年人比較起來,心理不健全的未成年人只具有受到限制的capacity)。這正好對應于漢語中的“行為能力(是民事行為能力的簡稱)”[6]。
有些術語涉及的人或情況存在主次之別;《英漢大詞典》的譯名存在或者主次相混或者表述不夠理想的現(xiàn)象,例如:
(1)《英漢大詞典》給corespondment的譯名“[律](夫或妻因對方與人通奸而提起離婚訴訟中的)共同被告(指與配偶通奸者)”屬于主次相混。該術語指“a person named as guilt of adultery with the defendant in a divorce suit””[7][離婚訴訟中通奸的被告人被貫此名(的人)];“a person charged with having commited adultery with the wife or husband from whom a divorce is being sought”[8](被控告與其妻或夫通奸并導致與其夫或妻離婚的人)。這里僅指“一個人”,即指第三者,不存在“共同被告”。還有一種英語原文辭書對該術語的釋義為:“Prior to 1969 when a husband sought to divorce his wife on the ground of her adultery he normally had to cite the other man as a co-respondent. The co-respondent might be held liable in damage to the husband.”[4](1969年前,當丈夫以其妻子與人通奸而與其離婚時,他通常會指出被稱之為co-respondent的另外一個男人。此人因對他造成傷害而負法律責任)。此術語含義的主體部分是“the other man”——另外一個男人,即《英漢大詞典》譯名括注中的“與配偶通奸者”。該詞典將其作為括注欠妥。我們將此術語譯為:(離婚訴訟中通奸的)第三者。
(2)《英漢大詞典》將disorderly house的譯名“[律]1、妓院2、賭場”,以排序方式表示主、次關系;我們以為,這種表述方式不夠理想。該術語指的是:“A brothel, common gaming house, or a disorderly place of entertainment. The term is most commonly used of premises used as a brothel.”[4](妓院,賭場或妨礙治安的娛樂場所)。該術語常指妓院。據(jù)此,我們暫將disorderly house譯為:妓院(該術語也可用賭場或其它妨礙社會安寧之地)。
此處所稱遣詞問題,指譯名中遣詞不當?!队h大詞典》譯名遣詞不當現(xiàn)象并不難覓。例如:
(1)《英漢大詞典》給open court的譯名“公開法庭(指正式開庭處理司法審理事務的法庭,或者準許公眾旁聽的開放法庭)”,以“公開”修飾法庭欠妥。
必須強調,“對案件的審理,實行公開審判的制度”,稱為“公開原則”,“公開審判”指法院的審判活動向公眾公開,準許公眾旁聽[6]。open court指的就是“A court-room open to any member of the public, as contrasted with proceedings in chamber. The general rule is that all courts in which judicial proceedings are heard are open courts, but exceptionally the public may be excluded, if statute or the interests of justice require it.”[4][(審判活動)向公眾任成員公開的法庭,與秘密審判室相對,其一般規(guī)則是審判活動讓公眾旁聽。所有法庭都是open court,僅相關法規(guī)規(guī)定或審判不需要公開進行除外]。此文據(jù)些將其譯作:公開審判庭。
(2)《英漢大詞典》給count的譯名“[律](被控告的)罪狀”,遣詞不當突出地表現(xiàn)在以“被控告的”修飾“罪狀”。
我們知道,狹義的控告必然寫明“控告對象和被控告人的犯罪事實”;“罪狀”是“犯罪行為的名稱和犯罪過程特征的描述”[6],可見,“罪狀”是不能“被控告的”。count指:“In criminal procedure a count is a distinct paragraph of an indictment charging a distinct offence. One indictment may contain any number of counts charging separate crimes.”[4](count是指控一種犯罪的公訴書中指控犯罪的那單獨的一段。一份公訴書可含數(shù)種指控的犯罪)。我們將其譯作:(公訴書中的)罪狀。
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[5] 中國社會科學院語言研究所.現(xiàn)代漢語詞典[M].北京:商務印書館,1973.
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[7] Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary, Springfield, Massachusetts, U. S. A., G&C Merriam Company, 1973.
[8] Webster’s New World dictionary of the American Language, USA, William Collins + World Publishing Co. INC. 1980.