鄭 潔,郭海英,潘思京,張鵬飛
(1.南京中醫(yī)藥大學 第二臨床醫(yī)學院,江蘇 南京 210023; 2.陜西中醫(yī)學院 針灸推拿系, 陜西 咸陽 712046)
脂肪細胞因子與骨關(guān)節(jié)炎研究進展
鄭 潔1,2,郭海英1*,潘思京1,張鵬飛1
(1.南京中醫(yī)藥大學 第二臨床醫(yī)學院,江蘇 南京 210023; 2.陜西中醫(yī)學院 針灸推拿系, 陜西 咸陽 712046)
脂肪細胞因子是一類由白色脂肪組織分泌的內(nèi)源性活性多肽。近年來發(fā)現(xiàn),瘦素、脂聯(lián)素、內(nèi)脂素及抵抗素等脂肪細胞因子在骨關(guān)節(jié)炎病理生理過程中發(fā)揮了重要作用,既可作為促炎性細胞因子參與骨關(guān)節(jié)炎性反應(yīng)過程;也可獨立地或與一些炎性因子協(xié)同作用,通過MMPs等軟骨基質(zhì)降解酶加速骨關(guān)節(jié)炎后期軟骨退變過程。
脂肪細胞因子; 骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎; 瘦素; 脂聯(lián)素; 內(nèi)脂素; 抵抗素
骨關(guān)節(jié)炎(osteoarthritis, OA)是由多因素造成的關(guān)節(jié)退行性疾病,以關(guān)節(jié)軟骨破壞、軟骨下骨變化、骨贅形成以及滑膜炎性反應(yīng)為主要特征。OA通常被認為是一種非炎性疾病,炎性反應(yīng)過程只是加重OA臨床癥狀及進程的誘發(fā)因素。但研究發(fā)現(xiàn),炎性反應(yīng)在OA的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中起到了不可忽視的作用,炎性反應(yīng)可能是OA的原發(fā)事件,也可能是關(guān)節(jié)軟骨生化變化的繼發(fā)事件[1]。脂肪細胞因子(adipokines)是一類由白色脂肪組織分泌的內(nèi)源性活性多肽,被認為與肥胖、胰島素抵抗、糖尿病等多種代謝性疾病密切相關(guān)。近年來發(fā)現(xiàn),脂肪細胞因子除參與調(diào)節(jié)糖脂代謝,在免疫反應(yīng)、炎性反應(yīng)過程以及OA發(fā)病中均發(fā)揮了重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用[2]。一些脂肪細胞因子也因而被視為肥胖、炎性反應(yīng)及OA發(fā)生的潛在因素。
本文將近年來瘦素、脂聯(lián)素、內(nèi)脂素和抵抗素等脂肪細胞因子在OA發(fā)病中的研究進展作一綜述。
瘦素(leptin)是由肥胖基因編碼的肽類激素,主要由白色脂肪組織分泌。瘦素作用于下丘腦特異性受體(Ob-R),參與食欲及能量消耗的調(diào)節(jié),在脂肪代謝中發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵性作用。除調(diào)控脂代謝,瘦素還參與了炎性反應(yīng)、感染及免疫反應(yīng)等病理生理過程,尤其在OA、類風濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎等骨關(guān)節(jié)病的發(fā)生中起了重要作用[3]。正常軟骨通常不表達瘦素,而瘦素和瘦素受體在進行性O(shè)A患者軟骨及滑液中的表達顯著提高[2]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),瘦素通過誘導(dǎo)炎性介質(zhì)及基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMPs)的高表達參與OA炎性反應(yīng)過程及軟骨的降解[2]。瘦素誘導(dǎo)下的人軟骨細胞IL-8的表達量顯著提高[4],瘦素還可獨立或與白介素(IL)-1β協(xié)同作用,通過核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子κB (NF-κB)、蛋白激酶C和MAP激酶信號通路,上調(diào)MMP-1 和 MMP-3在OA患者軟骨的表達,這一機制與OA患者滑液中高濃度的MMP-1 和 MMP-3 直接相關(guān)[5]。瘦素上調(diào)大鼠關(guān)節(jié)軟骨MMP-2和MMP-9的基因表達及蛋白水平的同時,還可下調(diào)參與軟骨合成代謝的成纖維細胞生長因子(fibroblast growth factor,F(xiàn)GF)的表達[6]。還有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)瘦素干預(yù)后,軟骨細胞中血管細胞黏附分子 (VCAM)-1和蛋白聚糖酶(ADAMTS)-4 和ADAMTS-5的表達量顯著提高,而軟骨基質(zhì)中蛋白聚糖(軟骨降解產(chǎn)物)的含量顯著下降[6-7]。此外,瘦素與OA成骨細胞功能的異常改變也有密切關(guān)系,OA軟骨下骨成骨細胞瘦素的高表達與成骨細胞中堿性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, ALP)、骨鈣蛋白(osteocalcin, OC)、Ⅰ型膠原以及轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-β1(TGF-β1)等的異常高表達直接關(guān)系,提示瘦素在OA軟骨下骨成骨細胞功能的異常變化中發(fā)揮了作用[8]。臨床研究表明,瘦素與OA患者血清高濃度骨鈣蛋白(OC)、Ⅰ型膠原氨基端肽(procollagen type Ⅰ N-terminal propeptide PINP)等骨形成生化標志物以及軟骨容積缺損密不可分[9]。
脂聯(lián)素(adiponectin)由244個氨基酸組成,是白色脂肪組織分泌的內(nèi)源性生物活性多肽,被認為與肥胖、胰島素抵抗和糖尿病相關(guān)。近年的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),脂聯(lián)素可能參與了OA的發(fā)病過程,不僅扮演了前炎性因子的角色,還在后期軟骨基質(zhì)的降解中發(fā)揮了重要作用。相關(guān)研究顯示:OA患者關(guān)節(jié)液中的脂聯(lián)素水平和軟骨降解生物學標志物軟骨寡聚基質(zhì)蛋白(cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, COMP)呈正相關(guān)[10];重度OA患者血清脂聯(lián)素濃度和軟骨釋放出的脂聯(lián)素濃度顯著高于輕度OA患者[11]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),脂聯(lián)素可誘導(dǎo)人軟骨細胞分泌MMP-3,并與激活P38絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(P38 MAPK)、腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)和NF-κB等相關(guān)[12]。脂聯(lián)素誘導(dǎo)滑膜成纖維細胞的實驗發(fā)現(xiàn):脂聯(lián)素能通過刺激滑膜成纖維細胞釋放血管內(nèi)皮生長因子 (vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)、 MMP-1和/ MMP-13等軟骨破壞因子[13];還可通過環(huán)氧合酶 (cyclooxygenase 2, COX)-2和膜相關(guān)型前列腺素E合成酶 (microsomal prostaglandin E synthase, mPGES)-1促進前列腺素E2(prostaglandin E2, PGE2)的合成[14]。然而,與以上研究結(jié)果不同,一些研究顯示脂聯(lián)素在OA進程中可能具有保護作用:如,STR/ort 小鼠(一種自發(fā)性O(shè)A模型)血清脂聯(lián)素水平明顯低于正常小鼠[15];膠原誘導(dǎo)性關(guān)節(jié)炎小鼠模型接受脂聯(lián)素治療后關(guān)節(jié)滑膜組織腫瘤壞死因子 (tumor necrosis factor, TNF)-α、IL-1和MMP-3的表達均明顯下調(diào),關(guān)節(jié)炎性反應(yīng)程度有所減輕[16]。
內(nèi)脂素(visfatin)是由471個氨基酸構(gòu)成的肽類激素,最早發(fā)現(xiàn)于肝臟、骨髓和肌肉,后來發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)臟脂肪組織也可分泌內(nèi)脂素。肥胖癥患者血循環(huán)中內(nèi)脂素水平明顯高于正常人,粒細胞和單核細胞可能是其主要來源[17]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn), IL-1β誘導(dǎo)后的人軟骨細胞內(nèi)脂素表達水平明顯提高;同時,軟骨細胞經(jīng)內(nèi)脂素干預(yù)后,其MMP-3、MMP-13、ADAMTS-4和ADAMTS-5的表達量顯著升高,而蛋白聚糖表達量明顯下降,提示內(nèi)脂素有促關(guān)節(jié)軟骨降解作用[18]。在IL-1協(xié)同下,內(nèi)脂素可促進人膝關(guān)節(jié)軟骨及半月板的降解[19]。OA患者髕下脂肪墊和滑液中內(nèi)脂素含量均顯著增高[20-21],且滑液中內(nèi)脂素水平與軟骨降解產(chǎn)物II型膠原和蛋白聚糖含量呈正相關(guān),提示內(nèi)脂素參與了OA軟骨基質(zhì)的降解過程[21]。由以上研究可推測出,在OA發(fā)病過程中,炎性因子誘導(dǎo)關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)內(nèi)脂素水平升高,內(nèi)脂素通過上調(diào)MMPs的表達及活性加速關(guān)節(jié)軟骨的降解過程。此外,內(nèi)脂素對軟骨合成代謝影響的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),內(nèi)脂素可通過抑制人軟骨胰島素樣生長因子-1(insulin-like growth factor-1, IGF-1)功能,進而抑制軟骨細胞蛋白聚糖的合成[22]。
抵抗素(resistin)又稱脂肪細胞分泌因子(adipocyte-secreted factor, ADSF),被認為是肥胖癥與糖尿病的紐帶。除脂肪組織,中性粒細胞、巨噬細胞等也可分泌抵抗素。越來越多的資料表明,抵抗素在多種炎性反應(yīng)性疾病的發(fā)病中起到了重要的調(diào)控作用。有人認為,抵抗素的促炎特性以及與肥胖癥的密切聯(lián)系表明,抵抗素可能又是一個將OA與炎性反應(yīng)和肥胖聯(lián)系在一起的脂肪細胞因子[3]。創(chuàng)傷性關(guān)節(jié)炎患者血清和滑液抵抗素的含量均明顯提高[23]。體外實驗發(fā)現(xiàn):重組抵抗素可促進小鼠股骨頭蛋白多糖降解,誘導(dǎo)炎性細胞因子和PGE2的合成,還可抑制人軟骨組織合成蛋白多糖[23];經(jīng)抵抗素誘導(dǎo)后,人軟骨細胞中多種趨化因子和細胞因子的基因表達均上調(diào),提示抵抗素可能作為致炎因素參與了OA炎性反應(yīng)反應(yīng),并加速了軟骨的降解過程[24]。然而,未發(fā)現(xiàn)血清抵抗素水平與軟骨骨量丟失有直接關(guān)系[25]。
綜上所述,脂肪細胞因子在OA病理生理過程中發(fā)揮了重要作用,既可作為前炎(和/促炎)細胞因子參與OA炎性反應(yīng)過程;也可獨立地或與一些炎性因子協(xié)同作用,通過MMPs等軟骨基質(zhì)降解酶加速OA后期軟骨退變過程。此外,脂肪細胞因子在OA發(fā)病中的作用提示,機械因素可能并不是肥胖引發(fā)OA的唯一原因,瘦素、脂聯(lián)素、內(nèi)脂素和抵抗素等脂肪細胞因子可能是更為重要的聯(lián)系肥胖與OA的生物因素。
[1] Rainbow R, Ren WP, Zeng L. Inflammation and Joint Tissue Interactions in OA: Implications for Potential Therapeutic Approaches[J]. Arthritis, 2012, 2012: 741582.
[2] Conde J, Scotece M, Gomez R,etal. Adipokines and osteoarthritis: novel molecules involved in the pathogenesis and progression of disease[J]. Arthritis, 2011, 2011: 203901.
[3] Scotece M, Conde J, Gómez R,etal. Beyond fat mass: exploring the role of adipokines in rheumatic diseases[J]. Sci World J, 2011, 11:1932-1947.
[4] Gomez R, Scotece M, Conde J,etal. Adiponectin and leptin increase IL-8 production in human chondrocytes[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2011, 70:2052-2054.
[5] Koskinen A, Vuolteenaho K, Nieminen R,etal. Leptin enhances MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-13 production in human osteoarthritic cartilage and correlates with MMP-1 and MMP-3 in synovial fluid from OA patients[J]. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 2011, 29:57-64.
[6] Bao JP, Chen WP, Feng J,etal. Leptin plays a catabolic role on articular cartilage[J]. Mol Biol Rep, 2010, 37:3265-3272.
[7] Conde J, Scotece M, López V,etal. Adiponectin and leptin induce VCAM-1 expression in human and murine chondrocytes[J]. PLoS ONE, 2012, 7: e52533.
[8] Mutabaruka MS, Aoulad Aissa M, Delalandre A,etal. Local leptin production in osteoarthritis subchondral osteoblasts may be responsible for their abnormal phenotypic expression[J]. Arthritis Res Ther, 2010,12:R20.
[9] Berry PA, Jones SW, Cicuttini FM,etal. Temporal relationship between serum adipokines, biomarkers of bone and cartilage turnover, and cartilage volume loss in a population with clinical knee osteoarthritis[J]. Arthritis amp; Rheumatism, 2011, 63:700-707.
[10] Hao D, Li M, Wu Z,etal. Synovial Xuid level of adiponectin correlated with levels of aggrecan degradation markers in osteoarthritis[J]. Rheumatol Int, 2011, 31: 1433-1437.
[11] Koskinen A, Juslin S, Nieminen R,etal. Adiponectin associates with markers of cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis and induces production of proinflammatory and catabolic factors through mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways[J]. Arthritis Res Ther, 2011, 13: R184.
[12] Tong KM, Chen CP, Huang KC,etal. Adiponectin increases MMP-3 expression in human chondrocytes through adipor1 signaling pathway[J]. J Cell Biochem, 2011,112:1431-1440.
[13] Choi HM, Lee YA, Lee SH,etal. Adiponectin may contribute to synovitis and joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis by stimulating vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase-1, and matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression in fibroblastlike synoviocytes more than proinflammatory mediators[J]. Arthritis Res Ther, 2009, 11: R161.
[14] 左偉, 吳志宏, 蘇新林, 等.脂聯(lián)素促進OA滑膜細胞PGE2合成及其機制的初步研究[J]. 中國骨與關(guān)節(jié)外科, 2012, 5:425-428.
[15] Uchida K, Urabe K, Naruse K,etal. Hyperlipidemia and hyperinsulinemia in the spontaneous osteoarthritis mouse model, STR/Ort[J]. Exp Anim, 2009, 58: 181-187.
[16] Lee SW, Kim JH, Park MC,etal. Adiponectin mitigates the severity of arthritis in mice with collagen-induced arthritis[J]. Scand J Rheumatol, 2008, 37: 260-268.
[17] Catal′an V, G′omez-Ambrosi J, Rodr′ 1guez A,etal. Association of increased Visfatin/PBEF/NAMPT circulating concentrations and gene expression levels in peripheral blood cells with lipid metabolism and fatty liver in human morbid obesity[J]. Nutr, Metabolism Cardiovasc Dis, 2011, 21:245-253.
[18] Gosset M, Berenbaum F, Salvat C,etal. Crucial role of visfatin/pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor in matrix degradation and prostaglandin E2 synthesis in chondrocytes: Possible influence on osteoarthritis[J] Arthritis amp; Rheumatism, 2008, 58:1399-1409.
[19] McNulty AL, Miller MR, O’Connor SK,etal. The effects of adipokines on cartilage and meniscus catabolism[J]. Connect Tissue Res, 2011, 52: 523-533.
[20] Duan Y, Hao D, Li M,etal. Increased synovial fluid visfatin is positively linked to cartilage degradation biomarkers in osteoarthritis[J]. Rheumatol Int, 2012, 32:985-990.
[21] Klein-Wieringa IR, Kloppenburg M, Bastiaa nsen-Jenniskens YM,etal. The infrapatellar fat pad of patients with osteoarthritis has an inflammatory phenotype[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2011, 70:851-857.
[22] Yammani RR, Loeser RF. Extracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT/visfatin)inhibits insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling and proteoglycan synthesis in human articular chondrocytes[J]. Arthritis Res Ther, 2012, 14:R23.
[23] Lee J H, Ort T, Ma K,etal. Resistin is elevated following traumatic joint injury and causes matrix degradation and release of inflammatory cytokines from articular cartilageinvitro[J]. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2009,17:613-620.
[24] Zhang Z, Xing X, Hensley G,etal. Resistin induces expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in human articular chondrocytes via transcription and messenger RNA stabilization[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2010, 62:1993-2003.
[25] Berry PA, Jones SW, Cicuttini FM,etal. Temporal relationship between serum adipokines, biomarkers of bone and cartilage turnover, and cartilage volume loss in a population with clinical knee osteoarthritis[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2011, 63: 700-707.
Advance in the study of adipokines in osteoarthritis
ZHENG Jie1,2, GUO Hai-ying1*, PAN Si-jing1, ZHANG Peng-fei1
(1.the Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Universtiy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023;2.Dept. of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shanxi Universtiy of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China)
Recent studies demonstrated that adipokines produced by white adipose tissue functions as endogenous bioactive peptides and may have play critical role in pathogenesis of osteoarthritis(OA). It have been showed that adipokines, involving leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, and resistin, may contribute not only to inflammation process of OA as proinflammatory factors but also to cartilage degeneration of OA late stage by metalloproteinases alone or in combination with inflammatory mediators.
adipokines; osteoarthritis; leptin; adiponectin; visfatin; resistin
2013-06-25
2013-09-24
*通信作者(correspondingauthor): ghying63@126.com
1001-6325(2014)04-0562-04
短篇綜述
R683
A