On May 29th 2014, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the PRC and Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention released a Survey Report on Tobacco Use among Chinese Youth 2014, which is the first of the same kind that is nation-wide and also the result of the largest-scale survey in this field in the world. To everyone's shock, the smoking rate (smoky tobacco) among Chinese junior school students already exceeded 6%, which means that, six of every hundred junior school students are smokers…
2014年5月29日,中國(guó)國(guó)家衛(wèi)生和計(jì)劃生育委員會(huì)、中國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心發(fā)布了《2014中國(guó)青少年煙草調(diào)查報(bào)告》。這是中國(guó)首個(gè)具有全國(guó)代表性的青少年煙草調(diào)查國(guó)家報(bào)告,也是全球青少年煙草調(diào)查史上最大規(guī)模的調(diào)查。然而令人觸目驚心的是,中國(guó)初中生現(xiàn)在吸煙率(有煙煙草)已經(jīng)超過(guò)了6%,這意味著,每100個(gè)初中生中,就有6個(gè)是煙民……
Youth smoking: a severe problem
青少年吸煙問(wèn)題嚴(yán)重
Since 1990s, smoking became more common and prevalent among Chinese teenagers. China Tobacco Control Report 2008 showed that, four million Chinese youth among their 130 million peers have already tried their first cigarette. However, for youth, occasional smoking could easily decline to addiction. Till 2014, the number reached 9.4 million, one third of who have become tobacco users. Among the students who have tried cigars, 82.3% started this experimental behavior before the age of 13.
The 24-year-old Chen already has a 14-year-long history of smoking. Now, he at least carries 2 packs of cigarettes with him every day, not only satisfying him but also others. He started smoking at 10 years old. He first contacted cigarettes by buying a cheap pack of cigarette with a couple of his friends in his village, which was shared by the group. “At that time, we thought smoking quite cool, as a symptom for maturity.” His experience is quite typical.
20世紀(jì)90年代以來(lái),吸煙現(xiàn)象在中國(guó)青少年中不斷蔓延并呈加重趨勢(shì)。《2008年中國(guó)控?zé)焾?bào)告》中顯示,中國(guó)1.3億青少年中嘗試吸煙者約為400萬(wàn)。然而對(duì)青少年而言,即使只是偶爾抽煙也可能很快成癮。到了2014年,這一數(shù)值已經(jīng)達(dá)到了940萬(wàn),并且其中的三分之一已經(jīng)成為煙草使用者。在嘗試吸過(guò)卷煙的學(xué)生中,82.3%的嘗試行為發(fā)生在13歲及之前。
今年24歲的陳某已有14年的煙齡?,F(xiàn)在,他每天至少要帶兩包煙,不光自己抽還得分給其他人。陳某從10歲開(kāi)始吸煙,第一次接觸卷煙時(shí),他和同村的四五個(gè)小伙伴掏出零花錢(qián)湊在一起,買(mǎi)了一包廉價(jià)香煙,每人分了幾支?!爱?dāng)時(shí)學(xué)抽煙就覺(jué)得是一件很酷的事,是成熟的標(biāo)志?!彼慕?jīng)歷十分具有代表性。
Smoking among female teenagers is worth the same alert. The Survey Report 2014 showed that, smoking rate among girls in second-year and third-year junior school are respectively 2.1% and 2.2%. Now the smoking rate of junior school girls in eight provinces already surpassed that of women at and above the age of 15.
Abundant research indicates that, rare people start smoking or become habitual smokers after adolescence. With strong curiosity, youth are less aware on the chronic harm of tobacco to health, and once starting smoking, most of them would become life-long smokers. Half of Chinese daily smokers started smoking before 20. Nearly nine out of ten adult smokers started smoking before 19. At this age, a majority of youth who smoke are becoming or in the process of becoming habitual smokers. Once smoking becomes a habit and an addiction, smoking control and prevention requires tremendous efforts and strength.
女性青少年吸煙問(wèn)題同樣值得警醒。根據(jù)《2014中國(guó)青少年煙草調(diào)查報(bào)告》顯示,初二和初三女生的現(xiàn)在吸煙率分別為2.1%和2.2%,全國(guó)有8個(gè)省份初中女生現(xiàn)在吸煙率已經(jīng)超過(guò)了15歲及以上女性的吸煙率。
大量研究顯示, 現(xiàn)在很少有人是在青少年期以后開(kāi)始吸煙或成為習(xí)慣性吸煙者。青少年好奇心強(qiáng),不易建立對(duì)長(zhǎng)期慢性健康危害的認(rèn)識(shí),一旦開(kāi)始吸煙,大部分會(huì)成為終身吸煙者。中國(guó)一半以上的每日吸煙者在20 歲以前開(kāi)始吸煙。美國(guó)幾乎十分之九的現(xiàn)今成年吸煙者是在19歲以前開(kāi)始養(yǎng)成的吸煙習(xí)慣。在這個(gè)年齡,大多數(shù)要吸煙的青少年已經(jīng)成為或正處在變成習(xí)慣吸煙者的過(guò)程中。吸煙一旦形成習(xí)慣和產(chǎn)生煙癮,要想控?zé)熀徒錈?,就需要花費(fèi)巨大氣力。
External factors should
not be ignored
外界影響不容小覷
Youth are the hope of a nation. They should be provided with a benign smokeless environment for their growth and learning, but outside factors which seduce youth to smoke are present everywhere.
Tobacco adverts and promotions are ubiquitous. According to a survey, 48.5% of Chinese students are exposed to tobacco adverts and promotions through at least one channel. Tobacco products are easy to come by. Despite the prohibitions in China like “Do not sell cigarettes to youngsters” and “No cigarettes packs can be sold at the nearby of school”, 80.5% of students under 18 are not declined when purchasing cigarettes; 64.3% can buy cigar at the whereabouts of their schools. Beyond campus, tons of tobacco adverts can be seen everywhere. Worse still, 2% of students obtained free cigars at the promotion campaigns of tobacco companies. U.S. experts pointed out that, the U.S. tobacco industry spend 8.8 billion US dollars (one million per hour) every year to promote products which are lethal and highly addictive into the market and ceaseless rounds of new products to seduce youth, including sweet, cheap and electronic cigarettes.
青少年是國(guó)家的希望,本應(yīng)給其創(chuàng)造一個(gè)良好的無(wú)煙成長(zhǎng)和學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境,然而鼓勵(lì)并吸引青少年吸煙的外部因素卻廣泛存在。
煙草廣告和促銷(xiāo)隨處可見(jiàn)。調(diào)查顯示,一個(gè)月的時(shí)間內(nèi),48.5%的中國(guó)學(xué)生至少通過(guò)一種渠道看到過(guò)煙草廣告或促銷(xiāo)。煙草制品方便易得。雖然中國(guó)有相關(guān)法律法規(guī)要求“不向未成年人售煙”“學(xué)校周?chē)坏觅u(mài)煙”,但調(diào)查顯示,80.5%的吸煙學(xué)生在購(gòu)買(mǎi)卷煙時(shí)沒(méi)有因?yàn)椴粷M(mǎn)18歲而被拒絕;64.3%的吸煙學(xué)生可以在學(xué)校周邊買(mǎi)到卷煙。校園外,大量的煙草廣告促銷(xiāo)隨處可見(jiàn)。更為惡劣的是,還有2%的學(xué)生從煙草公司的促銷(xiāo)活動(dòng)中免費(fèi)獲得卷煙。美國(guó)專(zhuān)家也曾指出,美國(guó)煙草行業(yè)每年花費(fèi)88億美元(每小時(shí)100萬(wàn)美元)用于市場(chǎng)推廣其致命且上癮的產(chǎn)品,還在不斷推出新產(chǎn)品來(lái)引誘青少年,包括甜味、廉價(jià)香煙和電子香煙等。
Influence of portents and teachers in this aspect cannot be underestimated. Director of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Wang Yu said, over half of the students’ fathers are smokers and it exerted great impact on youth. Substantial research show that, compared with those kids with non-smoker parents, kids with smoker parents are more likely to become smokers. And teachers also play a part in this aspect. Research shows that, in the past week, 72.9% of students saw people smoke at home and public space at doors or outside. 57.5% claimed that at least one of their parents is smoker, and 13.3% saw their teacher smoke at school almost every day.
Tobacco is cheap and quite available. In China, one pack of cigarette usually costs 5 RMB, which gives an easy access to youth. Compared with other countries, 80% of Chinese students are not declined when purchasing cigarettes on the grounds of under 18-year-old. Moreover, due to the cheap price of tobacco, about one fourth of junior school students buy cigarettes by “piece”, and over half of the students are exposed in second-hand smoking environment in campus.
另外,父母和教師吸煙對(duì)青少年的影響不可低估。中國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心主任王宇說(shuō),一半以上的學(xué)生父親是吸煙者,由于從小耳濡目染,對(duì)青少年的吸煙行為有很大的影響。大量研究表明,與父母不吸煙的孩子相比,父母吸煙的孩子更容易成為吸煙者,教師的行為對(duì)孩子也有明顯的示范作用。根據(jù)調(diào)查顯示,過(guò)去一個(gè)星期內(nèi),72.9%的學(xué)生在家、室內(nèi)外公共場(chǎng)所見(jiàn)到有人吸煙。57.5%的學(xué)生聲稱(chēng)自己的父母至少有一方是吸煙者,13.3%的學(xué)生幾乎每天在學(xué)校見(jiàn)到教師吸煙。
煙草價(jià)格低廉,門(mén)檻較低。在中國(guó),5元就能買(mǎi)到1包香煙,相對(duì)低廉的價(jià)格讓青少年有了購(gòu)買(mǎi)能力。與其他國(guó)家相比,中國(guó)80%的學(xué)生買(mǎi)煙時(shí)沒(méi)有因?yàn)椴粷M(mǎn)18歲而遭到拒絕。且煙草價(jià)格低廉,約1/4的初中生是按“支”購(gòu)買(mǎi)卷煙,超過(guò)一半的學(xué)生在校園里暴露在二手煙中。
Keep teenagers from
the harm of tobacco
保護(hù)青少年免受煙草危害
May 31st, 2014, is the 27th World No-Tobacco Day with the theme of “Raising the Tobacco Taxes to Protect the Next Generation”. According to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) of the World Health Organization (WHO), price and tax are effective and important ways for reducing tobacco consumption: if tobacco tax is rose by 10%, the tobacco consumption would be reduced by 4% in high-income countries and by 8% in most medium and low income countries. According to the demand elasticity theory, if the cigarette consumption tax is added for 1 RMB each package, it would affect the consumption of 10% teenagers.
Theoretically, there are three functions for decreasing teenager tobacco consumption through raising cigarettes’ price by tax: some teenagers would drop smoking; some would reduce the quantity and others would never start their first cigarette. Hu Dewei, professor of University of California said that, to raise tobacco price by tax is the most effective way for smoking control, especially when targeting teenagers. At the beginning of 2013, Obama proposed that the congress must improve the enforcement of federal taxes on tobacco remarkably and constantly carry out the media campaign of promoting lower rates of smoking… These effective management and measures made the teenager smoking rate fall to a new low in 2013 to 9.6% from 10.6% in 2012.
2014年5月31日是第27個(gè)世界無(wú)煙日,主題為“提高煙草稅,保護(hù)下一代”。按照世界衛(wèi)生組織《煙草控制框架公約》,價(jià)格和稅收是減少煙草消費(fèi)的有效和重要手段:如果煙草稅提高10%,在高收入國(guó)家會(huì)減少大約4%的煙草消費(fèi),在大多數(shù)中、低收入國(guó)家會(huì)減少高達(dá)8%的煙草消費(fèi)。根據(jù)需求彈性理論,如果卷煙消費(fèi)稅每包增加1元錢(qián),就會(huì)影響10%青少年的煙草消費(fèi)行為。
理論上, 通過(guò)稅收增加香煙價(jià)格來(lái)減少青少年煙草消費(fèi)有以下3個(gè)作用:一些青少年將停止吸煙;一些青少年將減少吸煙數(shù)量;一些將永不吸第1支煙。美國(guó)加州大學(xué)胡德偉教授表示,煙草提稅加價(jià)是所有控?zé)煷胧┲凶钣行У?,尤其是?duì)青少年人群更為有效。奧巴馬在2013年初提議國(guó)會(huì)必須顯著提高對(duì)聯(lián)邦煙草稅的征收力度,降低吸煙率的媒體宣傳活動(dòng)持續(xù)開(kāi)展……透過(guò)完全開(kāi)展相關(guān)工作,這些有效的監(jiān)管和措施使得美國(guó)青少年吸煙率在2013年降至新低,從2012年的10.6%降到了9.6%。
In terms of preventing minors smoking, Japan has formulated and implemented the Prohibiting Minors from Smoking Law, stipulating: people under the age of 20 cannot smoke; it is not allowed to sell cigarettes to minors; parents would be fined if they do not stop their minor children smoking; people would be fined 500,000 yen if they sell cigarettes, matches and lighters to minors. The vending machine can be seen everywhere in Japan. In order to prevent minors from buying cigarettes, the Japanese government issued an electronic card this year which can only be applied by adults, so that it needs to confirm the identity card when buying cigarettes on vending machine. This measure successfully put an end to the cigarettes-buying of teenagers in this way.
Singapore launches anti-smoking campaigns for adolescent smoking problem. On the “World No-Smoking Day” in 2010, the Singapore Health Promotion Department held an activity on Wujie Road, the most prosperous street. 1200 high school students and college students danced in designated movements and waved stimulated money to convey the message of no-smoking is good for health and saving money. On that day, more than 400 cigarette retailers promised to stop business and called for adolescents to love the life without cigarettes. Since those activities in 1970s, the Singapore government has carried out anti-smoking actions like maintaining high taxes on tobacco and providing smoking cessation counseling and it also publishes photos of yellow teeth and black lung on the cigarette case to warn the harm of smoking.
在防范未成年人吸煙方面,日本已經(jīng)制定并實(shí)施《禁止未成年人吸煙法》,規(guī)定未滿(mǎn)20歲者不能吸煙;不準(zhǔn)向未成年人販賣(mài)香煙;父母知曉未成年子女吸煙而不加以制止的,將被處以罰款;向未成年人出售香煙、火柴和打火機(jī)等相關(guān)器具者,將被處以50萬(wàn)日元罰款。在日本,自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)隨處可見(jiàn)。為防止未成年人購(gòu)買(mǎi)香煙,日本政府今年發(fā)行了一種電子卡片,此卡只有成年人才能申請(qǐng)領(lǐng)取,在自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)上購(gòu)買(mǎi)香煙時(shí)需要刷卡確認(rèn)身份。此舉有效杜絕了青少年通過(guò)自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)購(gòu)買(mǎi)香煙。
新加坡針對(duì)青少年吸煙問(wèn)題推出反吸煙運(yùn)動(dòng)。在2010年“世界無(wú)煙日”當(dāng)天,新加坡保健促進(jìn)局在新加坡最繁華的商業(yè)街道烏節(jié)路上舉行活動(dòng),1200名中學(xué)生和大學(xué)生在街道上按指定動(dòng)作跳舞,揮動(dòng)模擬鈔票,傳達(dá)不吸煙既有益健康又省錢(qián)的信息。此外,當(dāng)天還有超過(guò)400家香煙零售商承諾停止?fàn)I業(yè),倡導(dǎo)青少年熱愛(ài)“無(wú)煙”生活。自上世紀(jì)70年代新加坡開(kāi)展反吸煙運(yùn)動(dòng)以來(lái),政府采取了維持高煙草稅、提供戒煙輔導(dǎo)等反吸煙措施,并在煙盒上刊登牙齒發(fā)黃、肺發(fā)黑的照片來(lái)警示吸煙的危害。
In China, there are more and more preventive and controlling strategies that are planned and implemented. On June 1st, 2007, the revised Law of Protection Minors was practiced officially. Selling tobaccos to minors is prohibited and the operators should set the sign of not selling cigarettes and alcohols to minors at an outstanding place; for those cannot be told whether are adults or not, operators need ask them to show their ID cards.
However, Cui Li, Deputy Director of China’s National Health and Family Planning Commission, said that, to further protect teenagers from the harm of tobaccos, besides the comprehensive measures including raising tobacco taxes, it also needs to mobilize all social forces.
在中國(guó),越來(lái)越多的預(yù)防和控制策略正在計(jì)劃和實(shí)施。2007年6月1日開(kāi)始正式實(shí)施修訂后的《未成年人保護(hù)法》規(guī)定,禁止向未成年人出售煙酒,經(jīng)營(yíng)者應(yīng)當(dāng)在顯著位置設(shè)置不向未成年人出售煙酒的標(biāo)志;對(duì)難以判明是否已成年的,應(yīng)當(dāng)要求其出示身份證件。
然而,中國(guó)國(guó)家衛(wèi)生計(jì)生委副主任崔麗指出,進(jìn)一步保護(hù)青少年免遭煙草煙霧危害,除了要采取包括提高煙草稅在內(nèi)的綜合性措施以外,還需要?jiǎng)訂T全社會(huì)的力量。
Postscript
后記:
It is a long-term, complicated and arduous project of profound affects to control youth smoking, which should be realized by starting from teenagers themselves, families, schools and societies. Since family is an environment that they contact most and the behavior of parents has great influence on their healthy actions, so to create a healthy family environment is especially important for safeguarding healthy growth of teenagers. Other measures like prohibiting the promotion and sponsor of tobacco advertisements, forbidding selling cigarettes to minors and strengthening the smoking-control work of schools are all effective for reducing adolescents smoking rate. We hope that, in the near future, 300 million teenagers in China and their counterparts around the world can study and grow up in a safe, healthy and smokeless environment.
控制青少年吸煙是一項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)期、復(fù)雜、艱巨且影響深遠(yuǎn)的工程,要從青少年自身、家庭、學(xué)校和社會(huì)多方位入手共同實(shí)現(xiàn)。由于家庭是青少年接觸最多的環(huán)境,父母的行為對(duì)青少年的健康相關(guān)行為影響巨大,因此,營(yíng)造一個(gè)健康的家庭環(huán)境對(duì)于維護(hù)青少年的健康成長(zhǎng)尤為重要。此外,禁止煙草廣告促銷(xiāo)和贊助、禁止向未成年人售煙、加大學(xué)???zé)煿ぷ髁Χ鹊却胧┒喙荦R下也可以有效減少青少年吸煙。我們希望,在不久的未來(lái),中國(guó)三億青少年以及世界其他各國(guó)的青少年都能在安全、健康、無(wú)煙的環(huán)境中學(xué)習(xí)并成長(zhǎng)!