The Evaluation Princip les，Indicator System and Methods for Environment-friendly Utilization of County-level Land Resources

Nanzhu LI，Tianyou YUAN

1．School of Economics，Henan University，Kaifeng 475004，China；2．Soil and Fertilizer Station of Henan Province，Zhengzhou 450002，China

Land is the material basis of human survival and development．Special attributes of land resources have made the land resources occupy the basic position in the three elements of population，resources and environment［1－2］．Whether the land resources are rationally used is directly related to the sustainable development of human society［3］．For the limited land use，the sustainable development of the traditional model has many limitations，ignoring the value and sustainable development of the spatial environment．There is an urgent need for the environment-based land use pattern which can promote harmonious development of environment，natural resources，human production and life．The unique characteristics of China's county economy determine that its development will inevitably have a direct or indirect impact on the composition and dynamic changes of regional land use，thus determining the degree of the environment-friendly land resources utilization［5－6］．

At present，China's socialist new rural construction has entered a period of full implementation．The environment-friendly land use and socialist new rural construction complement each other，and the county plays a connecting role in China's socialist new rural construction．Therefore，it is important to research the studies of county-level environment-friendly utilization of land resources．The county scale is the optimal scale for the environment friendly use，management and planning of China's land resources［7－8］．There is an urgent need to carry out in－depth study of evaluation，planning and management of county-level environment-friendly utilization，to ensure the building of county and national environmental-friendly society and successful implementation of sustainable land use strategy．

From the researches at home and abroad，the current study on the assessment of sustainable land use has not yet established the evaluation indicator system and methods for achieving the organic combination of ecological sustainability，economic sustainability and social sustainability，and coordinating the dialectical relationship among production development，affluent life and good ecology［9］．Since the mid－1900s，the environment-friendly land use thinking has emerged in the world，but there are few special studies on the environment-friendly land use patterns．Especially for the＂environmental friendly land use model＂in China，there are basically a handful of qualitative descriptive studies on it［10－11］．

In this paper，taking the study of county-level environment friendly land utilization as the goal，we discuss the concept，connotation，evaluation indicator system，environment friendliness calculation and other methods for the county-level environment friendly utilization of land resources，aimed at using new concept of ecological civilization development to regulate and restrain people's behavior and way of land development and utilization，achieve the fundamental change from＂environmentally unfriendliness＂to＂environmentally friendliness＂；providing a basis for establishing the evaluation indicator framework for county-level environment-friendly utilization of land resources，and further building the environment-friendly land use pattern，to ensure the construction of environment-friendly society and new rural construction，improve environment and resource protection and ultimately achieve sound and rapid development of county economy．

1 Principles and methods

1．1 Evaluation concepts and connotation of county-level environment-friendly utilization of land resources

1．1．1The concept of county-level environment-friendly utilization of land resources．Based on some studies［4，9，12］，this paper believes that environment-friendly land use is a land use pattern in pursuit of harmony between man and nature，without generating negative externalities or with the smallest negative externalities under existing conditions．

Environment-friendly land use is a friendly land use pattern using the eco-friendly development and use modes and measures to maintain the ecological，economic and social sustainability of land use，and achieve the human development，rational use of natural resources，and harmonious development of environment．

1．1．2The connotation of county-level environment-friendly utilization of land resources．China's environmental friendly land use is an important part of building environment-friendly society，and a part of environment-friendly society．The connotation of environmental friendly land use is as follows：（i）Environment-friendly land use is the space－time extension of sustainable land use，posing higher requirement on land us and laying more emphasis on the natural environment．（ii）The environment-friendly land use is coordinated with the carrying capacity of resources and environment，and takes following the laws of nature as a criterion．（iii）The environment-friendly land use and construction of new socialist countryside complement each other，having historic limitations．The characteristics of the Chinese environment-friendly land use pattern［12］are as follows：pursuit of unification of ecological and economic benefits；combination of modern science and traditional experience of Chinese agriculture；combination of natural regulation and artificial regulation；combination of comprehensiveness and regionality；emphasis on building model based on regional characteristics and land types．（iv）The environment-friendly land use pattern and intensive use of land or land saving complement each other［10，12］．Environment-friendly land use is the unification of utilization objective and connotation．By saving land，we can free up more land for ecological construction，thus creating excellent environmental conditions for land use；by intensive use of land，we can not only obtain good economic returns，but also improve the efficiency of resource use，reduce the emission of pollutants，there by maintaining good land ecological conditions．

1．1．3Evaluation of county-level environment-friendly utilization of land resources．The evaluation of environment-friendly land use borrow ideas from the studies of sustainable land use［8］，and the basic content can be summarized as three aspects：（i）Ecological sustainability（ie，ecological friendliness）；（ii）Economic feasibility（reflecting economic sustainability）；（iii）Social acceptability（characterizing social sustainability）．The eco-friendly evaluation plays an important role in environment-friendly utilization of land，and is the basis for the evaluation of environment-friendly land use［13］．The core of evaluation of environment-friendly land use lies in the comprehensive assessment of degree of environmental friendliness of land use．

1．1．4The evaluation indicator system framework for the county level environment-friendly utilization of land resources．Based on the connotation of county-level environment-friendly utilization of land resources and the characteristics of county land use，this article builds the evaluation indicator system framework for county level environment-friendly land use（Table 1）．

Due to the different concepts and models for＂multi-indicator collective measurement method＂，there are great differences in the selected indicators．In the specific application，different counties（cities）can choose the appropriate indicators to build the indicator system suitable for sustainable land use strategies of the land resources，according to land use characteristics in different types of regions as well as the actual situation of natural，social，and economic conditions［8］．

讓歷史銘記一個人的英名很難,讓后人自發(fā)地緬懷一個人更難。有一個人卻解決了這兩難,他就是擔任過湖南學政和湖南巡撫的大學士劉崐。劉崐,字玉昆，號韞齋，云南普洱市景東彝族自治縣人，清嘉慶十三年三月十七日(公元1808年3月17日)生于瀾滄江邊的一個偏遠小山村,光緒十三年十二月二十日（1888年2月1日）卒于湖南省長沙市，享年80歲。歷史和后人為什么會記住劉崐？劉崐是一個什么樣的人？劉崐有些什么感人故事？云南人劉崐在湖湘大地留下過什么政績？

Table 1 The indicator system framework for county-level environment-friendly utilization of land resources and data acquisition approach

（Table 1）

1．1．5Evaluation methods for county-level environment-friendly utilization of land resources．Based on the previous studies［8］，this article proposes a both quantitative and qualitative composite index method and amulti-angle single indicator evaluation method．The ultimate goal of the evaluation is to identify unfriendly factors in the process of land use［13］，propose solutions to the problem，and put forth the improved model for environment-friendly utilization of land resources．

（i）Composite index method．Composite index evaluation method，namely，the effects of dimension are eliminated so that all indicators have the same utility，and different weights are given to different indicators，to finally get a composite evaluation index value：

where Xiis the comprehensive evaluation value；Uiis the score of evaluation indicator i；Wiis the weight of evaluation indicator i．

There are some methods for determining the indicator weight，such as Delphi method and hierarchical analysis method．Composite index method is to evaluate the three individual indicators of eco-friendliness，economic feasibility and social acceptability of land use（including composite indicators），focused on the evaluation of changes in the environment-friendly utilization of land resources．However，the composite index method is not easy to expose the specific problems．

（ii）Multi-angle single indicator evaluation method［8］．Although using composite index method，we can get the general situation of environment-friendliness of county-level land resources，some specific problems are covered up in the land use．In order to identify the obstacle factors in the sustainable land use，we use the qualitative method for evaluation，namely the multi-angle single indicator evaluation method．

Multi-angle single indicator evaluation method is to evaluate various indicators concerning eco-friendliness，economic feasibility and social acceptability of land use one by one，namely to evaluate the individual indicators that can reflect the evaluation object（including composite indicators）．From different aspects，different angles，it is to evaluate whether they meet the requirements of friendliness；if any one of the three aspects is unfriendly，then it is believed that this land use pattern is non-friendly．

2 Grading of environment-friendliness of county-level land use

Table 2 The grading standards for evaluation of county-level environment-friend ly utilization of land resources and the basic meaning

3 Conclusions

（i）Based on the seriousness of increasingly deteriorating environment and importance of importance，it is necessary to carry out the evaluation study on the county-level environment-friendly land use．Using new concept of ecological civilization to regulate and restrain people's land development and utilization behavior，we can promote the fundamental change of land use from＂environmentally unfriendliness＂to＂environmentally friendliness＂，and provide a basis for establishing evaluation system for sustainable environment-friendly use of county land resources and further building the environment-friendly land use pattern，to ensure the construction of environment-friendly society and new rural construction，improve the capacity of resources and environment protection，and further achieve sound and rapid development of county economy．

（ii）On the basis of discussing the necessity of carrying out evaluation study on county-level environment-friendly land use，this article proposes the concept and connotation of county-level environment-friendly utilization of land resources；points out that the key to evaluation of environment-friendly land use lies in the eco-friendliness evaluation；from the ecological，economic and social aspects，builds the basic framework for the evaluation of county-level environment-friendly utilization of land resources．

On the basis of previous studies，this article proposes the evaluation methods comprising composite index method and multi angle single indicator evaluation method．According to the characteristics of environment-friendly land use，this article establishes the grading system and grading standards for the environment friendliness of county-level land use．The environment-friendliness of county-level utilization of land resources is divided into four stages： non-environment-friendly， critically environment-friendly，basically environment-friendly and highly environment-friendly．And finally the basic meaning of each grade is determined．

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