漢陽(yáng)陵帝陵外藏坑保護(hù)展示廳，西安，陜西，中國(guó)

項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)：劉克成/西安建筑科技大學(xué)

漢陽(yáng)陵帝陵外藏坑保護(hù)展示廳，西安，陜西，中國(guó)

項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)：劉克成/西安建筑科技大學(xué)

漢陽(yáng)陵始建于公元前153年，位于涇渭交匯的五丈塬，是漢景帝劉啟與王皇后同瑩異穴的合葬陵園，以及第五批全國(guó)重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位。

漢陽(yáng)陵規(guī)模宏大，格局完整，文物埋藏豐富。古人依據(jù)“視死如生”的理念，圍繞帝陵封土建設(shè)有84道大型外藏坑。2001年，西安建筑科技大學(xué)古跡遺址保護(hù)工程技術(shù)研究中心通過(guò)國(guó)際競(jìng)賽獲得漢陽(yáng)陵帝陵外藏坑A段保護(hù)展示廳建筑設(shè)計(jì)權(quán)。

由于項(xiàng)目緊鄰帝陵封土，為了更好地保護(hù)文物及陵園環(huán)境，設(shè)計(jì)將整個(gè)建筑置于地下，充分體現(xiàn)了保護(hù)文物及其歷史環(huán)境完整性和真實(shí)性的國(guó)際先進(jìn)理念，達(dá)到了“大象無(wú)形，氣象萬(wàn)千”的環(huán)境意象，開(kāi)創(chuàng)了中國(guó)新一代的遺址博物館模式。

設(shè)計(jì)還運(yùn)用先進(jìn)科技，創(chuàng)造性地將遺址環(huán)境與參觀(guān)環(huán)境分離，封閉模擬文物埋藏環(huán)境，為文物保護(hù)和考古提供了良好的條件，為國(guó)內(nèi)外同類(lèi)型文物遺址保護(hù)以及遺址博物館建設(shè)提供了新的典范。

設(shè)計(jì)始終以文物為主體，以文化為主線(xiàn)，根據(jù)漢陽(yáng)陵文物的特點(diǎn)，通過(guò)精心的路線(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)、材料選擇和燈光照明，有意識(shí)淡化了建筑本體，為游客提供了觀(guān)察文物的不同角度，從多層次揭示了文物的文化內(nèi)涵，營(yíng)造了一個(gè)充滿(mǎn)吸引力的文化環(huán)境。

該項(xiàng)目是我國(guó)第一座近帝陵封土，對(duì)遺址實(shí)現(xiàn)全封閉保護(hù)的現(xiàn)代化全地下遺址博物館。國(guó)際古跡遺址理事會(huì)主席米歇爾·佩賽特先生題詞盛贊此項(xiàng)目：“這是一項(xiàng)杰出的成就，是國(guó)際古跡遺址保護(hù)的典范?！?/p>

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

業(yè)主/Client：漢陽(yáng)陵博物苑/Museum of Yangling Emperor Mausoleum of Han Dynasty

總建筑面積/Gross Floor Area：6931m2

建筑高度/Building Height：13.1m（全地下）/13.1 m (all underground)

建筑層數(shù)/Building Stories：地下局部3層/Partially 3 floors underground

Situated at Wuzhangyuan Town where the Jing River and the Wei River converge, the Yangling Mausoleum built in 153 B.C. is a joint tomb of Liu Qi, Emperor Jingdi, and his express, Empress Wang. It is listed as the fifth batch of important heritage site under state protection.

Featuring majestic scale and complete layout, the Yangling Mausoleum is rich in underground relics. The ancient Chinese believed that "a person after death would continue his life in another world" and so they built 84 large-scale burial pits around the mound. In 2001, the Research Center of Monuments and Sites Preservation Engineering and Technology of Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology obtained the opportunity to design a section of the preservation exhibition buildings of the outer burial pits for the Yangling Mausoleum via international competitions.

Since the project is situated in the immediate vicinity of the mound, the buildings are designed entirely underground for better protection of the relics and Mausoleum's environment. This fully reflects the advanced international concepts of protecting relics and its integrity and reality in view of historic environment, and presents an environmental image that "the universe is invisible but all-inclusive and spectacular", creating a model for new generation of Chinese site museums.

Furthermore, creative separation of the site environment from the visit space to seal and simulate the original appearances of the buried relics with the use of advanced technology in design not only provides a preferable condition for the preservation of relics and the implementation of archaeological work but also sets up a typical example for the construction of the relic sites and museums of the same kind, both domestic and abroad.

Relics-based and culture-centered concerns are always given during design. The well-designed routes, selective materials and lightings in line with the characteristics of the relics in Yangling Mausoleum of Han Dynasty make a conscious reduction in the buildings themselves so as to unveil the relics from different perspectives for the visitors, thereby revealing the cultural connotation beneath the relics at different levels and creating an attractive cultural environment.

This project is the first domestic case in which a mound is close to the Emperor's tomb chamber and also a whole modern underground site museum is under protection in a fully closed manner. Mr. Michelle Petzet, the president of the International Council on Monuments and Sites, praised it in his inscription that "This is an outstanding achievement and a typical example of the international protection of Monuments and Sites."

1-主入口/Main entrance

2-下沉庭院/Sunken garden

3-門(mén)廳/Lobby

4-坡道/Rampway

5-遺址展示廳序廳/Front hallof exhibition hall for the site

6-遺址展示廳/Exhibition hall for the site

7-外藏坑/Outer burial pits

8-環(huán)廊/Corridor

9-空中廊橋/Air lounge bridge

10-上通廊/Upper corridor

11-下通廊/Lower corridor

12-虛擬成像影視廳/Virtual imaging cinema

13-展示廳/Exhibition hall

14-休息廳/Lounge

15-衛(wèi)生間/Toilet

16-設(shè)備用房/Equipment room

17-緊急出口/Emergency exit

18-預(yù)留未來(lái)接口/Future interface

19-主出口/Main exit

評(píng)論

朱光亞：和以往的保護(hù)展示廳相比，該項(xiàng)目確實(shí)是開(kāi)辟了我國(guó)新一代的考古遺址保護(hù)展示模式，整個(gè)建筑隱于地下，保持了漢陽(yáng)陵周?chē)諘?、雄渾的原野氣氛，將遺址考古和參觀(guān)游覽組織成各自獨(dú)立的游線(xiàn)和互不干擾的空間，既有利于考古工作獲得良好工作條件且不受干擾，又使游客親歷考古環(huán)境獲得對(duì)古代歷史的神秘與深沉的感受，建筑師對(duì)古代文化的深刻理解和尊重使他不必再為風(fēng)格、形式糾纏，而關(guān)注更為深層問(wèn)題的探討。

孟建民：先進(jìn)科技，保護(hù)為本

漢陽(yáng)陵帝陵外藏坑保護(hù)展示項(xiàng)目，經(jīng)過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)者的精心考量和設(shè)計(jì)，達(dá)到了完整、真實(shí)地再現(xiàn)歷史文物和歷史環(huán)境的目的。

項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)理念先進(jìn)，處理方式得當(dāng)，使得遺址環(huán)境和參觀(guān)環(huán)境相分離。路線(xiàn)、材料、燈光的選擇和設(shè)計(jì)，運(yùn)用先進(jìn)科技的優(yōu)勢(shì)，使得建筑空間虛實(shí)結(jié)合。根據(jù)漢陽(yáng)陵文物的特點(diǎn)，以文化為主線(xiàn)，重在文物，淡化建筑本體。這些設(shè)計(jì)做法，利于參觀(guān)者多視角觀(guān)賞歷史文物，多層次感受歷史文化的內(nèi)涵，也利于管理者的管理和保護(hù)。

這個(gè)項(xiàng)目是國(guó)際古跡遺址保護(hù)的典型案例。

Comments

ZHU Guangya: Compared to other protection exhibition halls, this project established a brand-new model for protecting archaeological sites in China. Hidden under the ground, the entire building remains the openness and wildness of the area around the Hanyang Mausoleum. The Hall is divided into two separated spaces respectively for the relics and tourism, which is not only conducive to create an undisturbed working condition for archaeologists, but also allows visitors to personally experience the archaeological environment, feeling the mysterious and rich ancient history. The architect who has deeper understanding and respect for the ancient culture attaches more importance to the in-depth issues instead of its style and form.

MENG Jianmin: Advanced technologies for heritage conservation

After the designer's elaborative design, the project successfully realizes its goal of representing the heritage and environments in a comprehensive and authentic way.

Supported by advanced design concept and appropriate method, the design separates the heritage environment from the visit environment. The selection and design of the route, material, and luminaire, in combination with advanced technologies, realizes an architectural space composed of both solid and illusory elements. Based on the characteristics of Hanyang Mausoleum, the design highlights the cultural relics with the relevant culture as the main line, and dilutes the architecture body. All these design methods not only make it possible for visitors to appreciate the historic cultural relics from different perspectives so that they can feel the connotation of the history and culture at multiple levels, but also provide convenient conditions for managers' management and protection of the site.

The project can be regarded as a typical case of international heritage conservation.

Preservation Exhibition Hall for the Outer Burial Pits of Imperial Mausoleum in Yangling of the Han Dynasty, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, 2006

Project Design: LIU Kecheng/Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology