延安新聞紀念館，延安，陜西，中國

項目設(shè)計：侯衛(wèi)東/陜西省古建設(shè)計研究所

延安新聞紀念館，延安，陜西，中國

項目設(shè)計：侯衛(wèi)東/陜西省古建設(shè)計研究所

展示建筑與原文物古跡、地形的有機結(jié)合

延安新聞紀念館位于延安精神城區(qū)清涼山南麓，由中宣部、廣電總局、新華社、人民日報社、新聞出版署等部門（單位）共同籌資修建而成，是全國唯一的新聞事業(yè)專題紀念館，展館總建筑面積3000m2，其中陳列面積1580m2。紀念館的外型呈窯洞形，意寓著黨的新聞事業(yè)是從延安的土窯洞里創(chuàng)建和發(fā)展起來的。陳列共分5個單元，分別在4個展廳進行展出。共展出文物180余件，珍貴歷史照片、文獻、的各類圖表資料400余幅，陳列大量運用場景復原、景像合成等展示，并配合以聲、光、電等現(xiàn)代化高科技展示手段，生動地再現(xiàn)了延安時期新中國新聞出版事業(yè)的發(fā)展歷程和輝煌業(yè)績，成為進行愛國主義、革命傳統(tǒng)和延安精神三大教育的生動課堂。

該紀念館建設(shè)用地緊貼清涼山，山的東面早期開鑿有石質(zhì)的洞窟，具體開鑿的歷史和意義已無法考證，當年延安時期的紅軍就是利用這些開鑿于山坡的洞窟作為印刷車間和工作場所進行宣傳物的印刷，成為紅軍較早的印刷工廠，為當時的革命事業(yè)作出了貢獻，因此也被后來的新聞出版行業(yè)視為行業(yè)的勝地。

也就是說，這些洞窟本身就是歷史和近代革命的紀念古跡，應(yīng)該妥善保存和展示。

陜西省古建設(shè)計研究所承擔該項目的設(shè)計任務(wù)，當時的目的就是在清涼山東側(cè)建設(shè)新聞紀念館。

由于延安處在狹窄川道的特殊地形，城市建設(shè)用地較為緊張。新聞局舊址當時也未被列入保護名單，因此將新的新聞紀念館建設(shè)于這些窯洞作坊前面的空地上，當時并未產(chǎn)生異議。

如何處理好這些有價值的巖體和新的建筑，成為一個有趣的挑戰(zhàn)。經(jīng)過充分的推敲，最后形成基本的設(shè)計原則：

（1） 尊重地物現(xiàn)場的形態(tài)和風貌，山形較為圓滑自然，并非一個幾何的形體。

（2） 周邊是延安典型的窯洞建筑群。

（3）緊鄰的山體和洞窟這樣一個歷史古跡。

這三者成為了設(shè)計所需考慮的3個主要因素。

首先將建筑平面隨山形而轉(zhuǎn)，成為與山體走向相隨的和諧一體，其次將建筑物的外表采取層疊窯洞的構(gòu)圖要素。最后主要的一點是將原有的窯洞納入了設(shè)計的統(tǒng)一空間。

建成后的延安新聞紀念館從外觀到內(nèi)部成為一個有機的組合，最值得品味的是走進紀念館，原始的巖洞山壁成為紀念館的天然背景和幕布，產(chǎn)生一種時空穿梭的感覺。將建筑物的層高與原有窯洞的高度巧妙結(jié)合，使得在二層的展廳既可瀏覽新的陳列展覽的內(nèi)容，同時又可直接體驗當時延安時期新聞工作者的工作場景，取得了較好的效果。

項目信息/Credits and Data

設(shè)計團隊/Project Team：趙志建，等/ZHAO Zhijian, et al.

Presentation on organic combination of the buildings with the original monuments, sites and terrain

Situated at the southern foot of the Qingliang Mountain of Yan'an spirit urban, Yan'an News Memorial is the only memorial for journalism and publication in China. It is co-financed by the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the CPC, the State Administration of Radio Film and Television, the Xinhua News Agency,the People's Daily, the Press and Publication Administration, etc., and covers a total construction area of 3000m2, including 1580m2. of display area. The memorial is shaped as a cave, implying that the Party's journalism and publication was derived and developed from Yan'an caves. There are five exhibition units in four exhibition halls, displaying a total of nearly 180 pieces of cultural relics and around 400 pieces of historical photos, documents and various graphic data. By means of scenes restoration, scene synthesis in combination with modern hi-tech such as sound, light and electricity, it vividly re-presents the development process and the brilliant performance of the journalism and publication of the new China, and so functions as a lively classroom for three education programs including patriotism, revolutionary tradition and Yan'an Spirit.

The construction site of the Memorial is located in the immediate vicinity of the Qingliang Mountain. To the east of the Mountain are old excavated stone caverns, whose history and meanings cannot be verified. The Red Army in Yan'an Period used these caverns in the hills as printing workshops for publicity materials. These early printing plants of the Red Army made a significant contribution to the revolutionary cause of the time and are therefore regarded as an industrial sacred place by later journalists.

Needless to say, these caverns, being memorials of history and modern revolution in their own right, are in desperate need of careful restoration and representation.

The project is commissioned from the Design and Research Institute for Historic Buildings of Shaanxi Province. The purpose was to build the News Memorial on the east side of the Qingliang Mountain.

The special terrain of Yan'an on a narrow plain results in a relative constriction on urban construction land and the former Information Bureau was also not included in the preservation list at that time, and so the proposal on building the new News Memorial on the open space in front of these cave workshops was not rejected.

How to properly deal with the valuable rock mass and the building complex is an interesting challenge. After sufficient and repeated deliberation, the basic design principles are concluded as follows:

(1) Follow the styles and features on the site where the mountain is shaped smoothly and naturally without geometric objects.

(2) There are typical Yan'an cave building complex around.

(3) The historical site is located in the immediate vicinity of the mountain and cave.

Three elements have become main concerns in design.

First, the plan is laid out in line with the mountain shape to form a harmonious whole with the orientation of the mountain; secondly, the superimposed caves are adopted on the surface of the buildings as elements of composition; eventually the original caves are incorporated into the unified space to be designed.

Upon completion, the Yan'an News Memorial will become an organic combination of exterior and interior. Most interestingly, the cave wall, serving as a natural background and curtain of the Memorial, will leave the visitor an impression of time travelling. The ingenious combination of the height of the building with that of the cave unveils the new contents from the exhibition hall on the second floor while the visitor is led to experience the workplace of the correspondents in Yan'an period. These features contribute to the whole design's excellent effect.

評論

谷云瑞：延安，紅色圣地。新聞，眾所欲知應(yīng)知而未知的重要事實。紀念館，為紀念有卓越貢獻的人或重大歷史事件而建立的紀念地。

延安新聞紀念館的設(shè)計者將新建筑與自然地形、歷史空間及觀者行徑分者合一，合理并用。外立面選用當?shù)丨h(huán)境色，疊層退進及扇形窗的民居式構(gòu)成，力求表現(xiàn)本土風格。

圣：崇高、智慧。把中國革命圣地“延安”的新聞紀念館與崇高、智慧聯(lián)系在一起并不為過，如何能讓觀者見此紀念館的第一感覺便聯(lián)想到崇高與智慧的神圣光輝，而超越地方符號的美感索引。此話談則易，踐行者難。

魏浩波：在特殊的革命遺址地與亂象的地域現(xiàn)實中，作為“他者”的紀念館當以怎樣的狀態(tài)介入呢?最終的選擇則是“以出世的精神過入世生活”的方式，由此類民居作為一種當然的選擇：（1）是對從土窯洞里創(chuàng)建和發(fā)展起來的黨的新聞事業(yè)的這段歷史的形態(tài)觀照；（2）以多類型民居元素融于一身的立面組織方式，試圖與周圍變化中的窯洞群建立一種動態(tài)的共生關(guān)系；（3）當代條件下，普適性社會結(jié)構(gòu)與傳統(tǒng)地域社會結(jié)構(gòu)，這對呈互逆關(guān)系的特殊的二元結(jié)構(gòu)不可避免地投射在新建之上。

Comments

GU Yunrui: Yan'an: a holy land of red revolution. News: significant and unrevealed facts that the public wants and needs to acquire. Memorial hall: a place established to memorize either people who made remarkable contributions or major historical incidents.

The designer rationally utilized and integrated the new building, the natural land form, the historic space, and the route for visitors. At the same time, the distinctive local features are presented on the building through the local environmental color applied on the facade, the overlaid structure, and the fan-shape windows.

Holy: lofty and wise. It is natural to link the news memorial hall in Yan'an, the recognized revolution holy land in China, with the notions of "lofty" and "wise". However, it is easier to describe than practice on how to give visitors the first impression of "lofty" and "wise" that is beyond the aesthetic index composed of local symbols when they see the building.

WEI Haobo: In this particular revolutionary site and a complicated geographical condition, what state should the Memorial Hall as an "otherness" be in? It was ultimately built like what it is in the manner of "living a worldly life with an unworldly spirit," which is a natural choice. 1) It is an echo in morphology with the history that the Chinese communist party's journalism was created and developed from the loess cave dwelling. 2) That its facade is integrated with elements of multi-type vernacular dwellings is trying to establish a dynamic and symbiotic relationship with the changing cave dwellings in the surroundings. 3) Under the contemporary conditions, it is inevitable for the Memorial Hall to represent both the universal social structure and traditional regional social structure, a special dual structure with reciprocal relationship.

Yan'an News Memorial Hall, Yan'an, Shaanxi, China, 2005

Project Design: HOU Weidong/Shaanxi Provincial Institute for the Design and Conservation of Ancient Architecture