席建紅,張素芳,李雪梅,王君玲,白培萬(wàn)
(山西大同大學(xué)化學(xué)與環(huán)境工程學(xué)院,山西大同037009)
生物擾動(dòng)對(duì)沉積物中污染物遷移轉(zhuǎn)化影響的研究進(jìn)展
席建紅,張素芳,李雪梅,王君玲,白培萬(wàn)
(山西大同大學(xué)化學(xué)與環(huán)境工程學(xué)院,山西大同037009)
生物擾動(dòng)可以改變沉積物的理化性質(zhì)和生物地球化學(xué)作用,從而促進(jìn)或減弱污染物從沉積物向水中的釋放,而沉積物中污染物的遷移轉(zhuǎn)化規(guī)律對(duì)于指導(dǎo)環(huán)境修復(fù)以及評(píng)價(jià)污染物的潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)均大有裨益。本文介紹了生物擾動(dòng)的定義,并綜述了近年來(lái)關(guān)于生物擾動(dòng)對(duì)沉積物中污染物遷移轉(zhuǎn)化影響方面的研究。
生物擾動(dòng);沉積物;污染物;遷移;轉(zhuǎn)化
隨著現(xiàn)代工農(nóng)業(yè)的高速發(fā)展,越來(lái)越多的重金屬和有機(jī)污染物通過(guò)大氣沉降、廢水排放、地表徑流等多種途徑進(jìn)入水體,并與顆粒物發(fā)生一系列物理化學(xué)反應(yīng),如物理吸附、化學(xué)吸附和再分配等,使得水中溶解態(tài)污染物濃度下降轉(zhuǎn)入顆粒物,并隨顆粒物一起進(jìn)入沉積物,在沉積物中逐漸積累,使沉積物成為環(huán)境中污染物的蓄積庫(kù)[1]。而沉積物中的污染物在沉積物再懸浮過(guò)程中又有可能重新釋放到水體當(dāng)中[2]。以往普遍認(rèn)為自然條件和人為活動(dòng)的物理擾動(dòng)引起的沉積物再懸浮過(guò)程是導(dǎo)致沉積物中污染物二次釋放的主要過(guò)程,在此過(guò)程中,顆粒態(tài)的污染物會(huì)二次釋放進(jìn)入水體,溶解態(tài)的污染物也會(huì)部分溶出進(jìn)入水體當(dāng)中[3]。最近的研究表明底棲生物的擾動(dòng),可以將上層沉積物中顆粒態(tài)和孔隙水混合,從而影響污染物的歸趨,可能是影響污染物的二次釋放更為重要的過(guò)程[3]。
生物擾動(dòng)可以定義為生長(zhǎng)在沉積表面和表層內(nèi)部生物的底棲、挖洞、捕食、呼吸等活動(dòng)所引起的結(jié)果。20世紀(jì)80~90年代,生物擾動(dòng)作為水層-沉積物界面耦合過(guò)程的一個(gè)重要機(jī)制受到人們重視,并取得了一些突破性進(jìn)展[4],生物擾動(dòng)的直接作用結(jié)果是對(duì)沉積物的垂直搬運(yùn)和混合,加速間隙水與上覆水的物質(zhì)能量交換,以及微型生物和小型生物對(duì)有機(jī)質(zhì)的分解礦化和代謝過(guò)程。生物擾動(dòng)導(dǎo)致沉積物物理、化學(xué)性質(zhì)的變化,并給水層-底棲界面的生物地球化學(xué)過(guò)程造成重大影響[5],如深海底的動(dòng)物捕食、運(yùn)動(dòng)和挖掘洞穴都能將含氧水引入到深海底缺氧的沉積物中[6]。
生物擾動(dòng)的環(huán)境效應(yīng)較復(fù)雜。一方面生物擾動(dòng)可以促進(jìn)污染物從沉積物向水中的釋放[7],另一方面也可以通過(guò)掩埋來(lái)去除表層沉積物中的疏水性有機(jī)污染物[8]。因此生物擾動(dòng)可以促進(jìn)或者減少污染物從沉積物向水體中的釋放。實(shí)際的環(huán)境效應(yīng)還依賴于具體的環(huán)境條件,如污染物的位置、生物種類、污染物的性質(zhì)以及擾動(dòng)的模式等[2]。
C.fluminea和H.rigida 2種生物在沉積物中的擾動(dòng)可以使沉積物中的鋅和鎘以懸浮態(tài)的形式進(jìn)入到上覆水中來(lái)[9]。顫引在沉積物中引起的生物擾動(dòng)也能增加上覆水中懸浮顆粒物中重金屬的濃度,從而使沉積物中的鎘釋放到上覆水中,不過(guò)這種形式的鎘幾乎都是顆粒態(tài)的,很難被C.fluminea這種生物得用[10]。沉積物中的汞主要以硫化物的形式沉淀下來(lái),與鐵錳氧化物或有機(jī)質(zhì)結(jié)合,因此生物擾動(dòng)對(duì)汞從沉積物到水中的遷移不產(chǎn)生影響[11]。
與受試生物共存的底棲動(dòng)物的擾動(dòng)也會(huì)響沉積物污染物的環(huán)境效應(yīng)。底棲動(dòng)物的埋孔、攝食、呼吸、排出和運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程可能改變沉積物的孔隙度、壓實(shí)程度、氧化還原電位和酸堿度分布等,從而影響疏水性有機(jī)污染物在沉積物、孔隙水和上覆水之間的相互交換[12]。環(huán)節(jié)多毛綱底棲動(dòng)物導(dǎo)致的生物擾動(dòng)不僅使吸附疏水性有機(jī)污染物的沉積物顆粒再懸浮,而且顯著地增加沉積物孔隙水中自由溶解的疏水性有機(jī)污染物。
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Advance in Bioturbation Effect on Transformation and Migration of Contaminants in Sediments
XI Jian-hong,ZHANG Su-fang,LI Xue-mei,WANG Jun-ling,BAI Pei-wan
(School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering,Shanxi Datong University,Datong Shanxi,037009)
Bioturbation could change the physical and chemical properties of sediments and biogeochemistry process,and then promote or inhibit release of contaminants from sediments into water,which plays an important role in environmental modification and environmental risk assessment of contaminants.The definition of bioturbation was given and recent advances of bioturbation effect on migration and transformation of contaminants in sediments were comprehensively reviewed.
bioturbation;sediment;contaminant;migration;transformation
X142
A
1674-0874(2014)04-0028-02
2014-05-24
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目[21107063];山西大同大學(xué)博士科研啟動(dòng)項(xiàng)目[2010-B-05]
席建紅(1974-),女,山西繁峙人,博士,副教授,研究方向:環(huán)境污染化學(xué)。
〔責(zé)任編輯 楊德兵〕