不同土壤管理措施下土團聚體的大小分布及其穩(wěn)定性

李 婕， 楊學(xué)云， 孫本華， 張樹蘭

(西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)，農(nóng)業(yè)部西北植物營養(yǎng)與農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境重點實驗室， 陜西楊凌 712100)

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗地概況

1.2 試驗設(shè)計

1.3 樣品采集與分析

2011年冬小麥收獲后，將各小區(qū)劃分為3部分，每個處理采集3個重復(fù)。采取0—10，10—20，20—30 cm土層的原狀土。將采集的原狀土樣在室內(nèi)沿自然結(jié)構(gòu)輕輕掰成小土塊，過10 mm篩，自然風(fēng)干，備用。

1.4 數(shù)據(jù)處理

各大小機械穩(wěn)定性或水穩(wěn)性團聚體的含量(%)=各大小機械穩(wěn)定或水穩(wěn)性團聚體質(zhì)量(g)/土壤樣品總質(zhì)量(g)×100，土壤團聚體穩(wěn)定性以團聚體破壞率(PAD)衡量，參照陳山[16]的方法計算，公式如下：

PAD(%) =(Wd-Ww)/Wd×100

式中：Wd為機械穩(wěn)定團聚體中>0.25 mm團聚體所占的比例；Ww為水穩(wěn)性團聚體中>0.25 mm團聚體所占的比例。

不同土壤管理措施對團聚體的影響采用單變量方差分析，當(dāng)方差分析結(jié)果顯著時，采用LSD法進行處理間平均值的多重比較，所有數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 16.0進行分析。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 不同土壤管理措施對土團聚體分布的影響

表1 不同土壤管理措施下機械穩(wěn)定團聚體的組成(%)Table 1 The composition of dry aggregates under different soil management practices

注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示同一層土壤不同管理模式間差異達5%顯著水平 Values followed by different letters in a column are significant among management practices in the same soil layer at the 5% level.

表2 不同土壤管理措施下水穩(wěn)性團聚體的組成(%)Table 2 The composition of water stable aggregates under different soil management practices

注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示同一層土壤不同管理模式間差異達5%顯著水平 Values followed by different letters in a column are significant among management practices in the same soil layer at the 5% level.

2.2 長期施肥對土團聚體分布的影響

表3 長期不同施肥下不同土層土壤機械穩(wěn)定團聚體的組成(%)Table 3 The composition of dry aggregates of different soil layer under different fertilizations

注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示同一層土壤不同處理間差異達5%顯著水平 Values followed by different letters in a column are significant among treatments in the same soil layer at the 5% level.

2.3 不同土壤管理措施團聚體破壞率差異

表5顯示，長期不同土壤管理措施對團聚體破壞率有很大的影響。在0—10 cm土層，與作物體系相比，休閑和撂荒顯著降低了團聚體破壞率，并且休閑和撂荒之間沒有顯著差異。10—20 cm土層，撂荒措施的團聚體破壞率顯著低于作物體系和休閑， 休閑與作物體系相似。20—30 cm土層，休閑、 撂荒與作物體系相比，團聚體破壞率均沒有顯著差異。

從表6可以看出，長期不同施肥對土壤團聚體破壞率有一定影響。0—10 cm土層，與CK處理相比，M1NPK顯著降低了團聚體破壞率，而其它處理團聚體破壞率沒有明顯變化。10—20 cm土層，除NPK處理較CK的團聚體破壞率顯著提高外，其它處理的團聚體破壞率也沒有顯著變化。20—30 cm土層，除NK、 NP較CK處理顯著增加團聚體破壞率外，其它處理的團聚體破壞率也沒有明顯的變化。

3 討論

3.1 不同土壤管理措施對團聚體分布的影響

不同土壤管理措施對土壤機械穩(wěn)定性或水穩(wěn)性團聚體分布的影響主要限于表層和亞表層(0—10，10—20 cm)(表1，表2)，這可能主要與耕作擾動以及植物根系主要集中在該區(qū)域有關(guān)。

表4 長期不同施肥下不同土層土壤水穩(wěn)性團聚體的組成(%)Table 4 The composition of water stable aggregates of different soil layer under different fertilizations

注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示同一層土壤不同處理間差異達5%顯著水平 Values followed by different letters in a column are significant among treatments in the same soil layer at the 5% level.

表5 不同土壤管理措施下土壤團聚體破壞率(%)Table 5 The values of PAD under different soil management practices

注(Note): PAD—Percentage of soil aggregate disruption. 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示同一層土壤不同管理模式間差異達5%顯著水平 Values followed by different letters in a column are significant among management practices in the same soil layer at the 5% level.

表6 長期不同施肥處理下土壤團聚體破壞率(%)Table 6 The values of PAD under different fertilizations

注(Note): PAD—Percentage of soil aggregate disruption. 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示同一層土壤不同處理間差異達5%顯著水平 Values followed by different letters in a column are significant among treatments in the same soil layer at the 5% level.

3.2 長期施肥對團聚體分布的影響

4 結(jié)論

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