劉震軍,王曉玲
(河北聯(lián)合大學(xué) 外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院,河北 唐山 063009)
言語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)述(speech reporting)在新聞報(bào)道中起著至關(guān)重要的作用。一方面,轉(zhuǎn)述話語(yǔ)的使用中“隱含了報(bào)道者對(duì)新聞事件的立場(chǎng)、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度”(徐濤,賈麗莉,2007);另一方面,“報(bào)道者重現(xiàn)話語(yǔ)的風(fēng)格能對(duì)讀者接受和解讀方式產(chǎn)生影響”(Caldas-Coulthard,2008)
目前,對(duì)新聞?wù)Z篇言語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)述的研究中,主要是以批評(píng)語(yǔ)篇分析方法對(duì)語(yǔ)篇中的言語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)述所體現(xiàn)出的權(quán)力和意識(shí)形態(tài)進(jìn)行分析(Xie2006,Kuo2007,張楊靜2011);或從轉(zhuǎn)述語(yǔ)言的分布特點(diǎn)和語(yǔ)用功能角度考察分析(辛斌1998,辛斌2006,Wu2006);但是從功能角度對(duì)新聞?wù)Z篇的言語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)述和其對(duì)話性關(guān)系分析相對(duì)較少,僅見(jiàn)于辛斌對(duì)2004年《光明日?qǐng)?bào)》中出現(xiàn)的事件消息和轉(zhuǎn)述性消息報(bào)道中轉(zhuǎn)述引語(yǔ)與對(duì)話性的分析。(辛斌,2007)本文從中國(guó)English.news.cn(新華網(wǎng)),英國(guó)BBC News(英國(guó)廣播公司)和美國(guó)WASHINGTON POST(華盛頓郵報(bào))三家新聞機(jī)構(gòu)于2012年5月7日所作的關(guān)于普京再次出任俄羅斯總統(tǒng)的就任儀式的報(bào)道中分別選取一篇,著重從對(duì)話性程度和轉(zhuǎn)述方式與轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞方面對(duì)中、英、美三方所做報(bào)道進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析,以研究對(duì)話性特征與言語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)述之間的關(guān)系及其對(duì)事件消息報(bào)道的影響程度。
從報(bào)道主旨出發(fā),報(bào)道可分為“事件消息(event news)”和“轉(zhuǎn)述性消息(speech-reporting news)”兩種,前者“旨在向讀者展示發(fā)生于外部世界中的事件或現(xiàn)象,后者則旨在在‘投射’(Project)重要人物、權(quán)力機(jī)構(gòu)或社會(huì)組織的話語(yǔ)?!保ㄐ帘?,2007)不管是事件消息還是轉(zhuǎn)述性消息,都會(huì)由于言語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)述的應(yīng)用而出現(xiàn)多個(gè)聲音相互交織、呼應(yīng)的現(xiàn)象,因而也就產(chǎn)生了巴赫金語(yǔ)篇理論中的“對(duì)話性”(dialogism)(Bakhtin,1981)。因此,報(bào)道又可根據(jù)其對(duì)話性程度分為獨(dú)白式和對(duì)話式兩種。兩者區(qū)別在于獨(dú)白式報(bào)道中報(bào)道者以向讀者描述再現(xiàn)事件或?qū)υ挒槟康模^少評(píng)論,因此在報(bào)道者的聲音與被報(bào)道者的聲音間不存在對(duì)話關(guān)系;而對(duì)話式報(bào)道中會(huì)出現(xiàn)報(bào)道者評(píng)論性的聲音,或是多個(gè)被報(bào)道者的聲音,“而且這些聲音之間形成內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,例如同意或反對(duì),肯定或補(bǔ)充,問(wèn)或答等”。(辛斌,2007)以出現(xiàn)在本研究所選取的美方報(bào)道中的一個(gè)段落為例:“Others would be dramatic — if they could be taken at face value.Putin ordered the government to prepare legislation by October that would make the court system independent.In a country where the courts are used by the government and by those who can buy access to them as weapons against political foes and business rivals,that would be a reform bordering on the revolutionary.”三個(gè)句子中,存在著兩種聲音:首先是報(bào)道者的評(píng)論性聲音,“Others would be dramatic…”;其次是以間接引語(yǔ)的方式呈現(xiàn)了普京的話語(yǔ),“Putin ordered…”;最后一句“In a country where…”又是報(bào)道者承接上一句普京的話語(yǔ)而做出的評(píng)論性話語(yǔ)。因此,在報(bào)道者與被報(bào)道者之間就出現(xiàn)了對(duì)話。需要指出的是,“獨(dú)白和對(duì)話作為語(yǔ)篇特性是兩個(gè)相對(duì)的概念,它們的程度取決于說(shuō)話者在多大程度上考慮到受話者和其他聲音的存在并把這種考慮在語(yǔ)篇中表現(xiàn)出來(lái)?!保ㄐ帘?,2007)
首先,從標(biāo)題上對(duì)本文所選報(bào)道進(jìn)行分析,因?yàn)樵谛侣剤?bào)道中,標(biāo)題具有“顯示最中心、最精要、最相關(guān)的信息”并“明確報(bào)道走向的”功能。(Pajunen,2008)所選三篇報(bào)道中,中方報(bào)道標(biāo)題為《Feature:Self-confident Putin inaugurated as new Russian president》,英方報(bào)道標(biāo)題為《Vladimir Putin inaugurated as Russian president》,美方報(bào)道標(biāo)題為《Vladimir Putin takes presidential oath in Russia,amid promises and protests》。從內(nèi)容上看,中方報(bào)道中轉(zhuǎn)述引語(yǔ)與整篇報(bào)道的字?jǐn)?shù)比例為30%,英方報(bào)道中為40%,美方報(bào)道中40%。綜合上述兩點(diǎn),可見(jiàn)三篇報(bào)道都是側(cè)重對(duì)普京再次就任俄羅斯總統(tǒng)這一事件而非對(duì)重要人物或機(jī)構(gòu)話語(yǔ)進(jìn)行報(bào)道,因此都是事件消息。但這并不意味著三篇報(bào)道在對(duì)話性程度上相等。下面從對(duì)話性關(guān)系上對(duì)三篇報(bào)道分別進(jìn)行分析以考察其對(duì)話程度。
在新聞報(bào)道中“對(duì)話性的一個(gè)重要方面就是報(bào)道者話語(yǔ)與被再現(xiàn)、被報(bào)道的話語(yǔ)之間的對(duì)話關(guān)系”。(Barkho,2008b)就本文所分析的三篇報(bào)道來(lái)看,中方報(bào)道中對(duì)話只出現(xiàn)在事件當(dāng)事人之間。例如,以間接引語(yǔ)形式出現(xiàn)的普京的話語(yǔ),“Putin praised Medvedev's hard work and said Russia had entered a new stage of its development.”呼應(yīng)報(bào)道中梅德韋杰夫的話語(yǔ),“‘I am glad the Russian Federation will be headed by Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin’,Medvedev said”。在英方的報(bào)道中,對(duì)話主要是以引語(yǔ)的形式在普京和BBC 駐莫斯科記者Steve Rosenberg及其他通訊員之間展開(kāi)。報(bào)道中兩次引用Rosenberg和一次引用通訊員的評(píng)論性話語(yǔ)都可以視為是與在該報(bào)道中直接引用的普京話語(yǔ)的呼應(yīng)對(duì)話。例如,前文中提到的“If he completes his six-year term…”是針對(duì)報(bào)道中引用的普京演講中“I consider it to be the meaning of my whole life and my obligation to serve my fatherland and our people”而做的評(píng)論,接下來(lái)的“However,Mr.Putin faces many problems;the political system he created has been showing cracks,economic growth is forecast to slow,and violence in the volatile North Caucasus continues,”和“How Mr.Putin deals with the wave of opposition protests which broke out last December will be a key test of his administration,correspondents say”是對(duì)在該報(bào)道中出現(xiàn)的對(duì)普京演說(shuō)所做的直接引語(yǔ)“We will achieve our goals if we are a single,united people-if we hold our fatherland dear,strengthen Russian democracy,constitutional rights and freedoms.”的呼應(yīng)評(píng)論。在美方的報(bào)道中,對(duì)話發(fā)生在報(bào)道者的評(píng)論性話語(yǔ)與被報(bào)道的普京話語(yǔ)之間。例如,在用第三、四兩個(gè)自然段對(duì)普京在就職演說(shuō)中陳述的國(guó)內(nèi)國(guó)際新政策做簡(jiǎn)要的轉(zhuǎn)述之后,報(bào)道者緊接著就在第五段展開(kāi)了評(píng)論,“Some of Putin’s decrees are doable…”。而在第六段中,報(bào)道者更是直接在段內(nèi)緊接“Putin ordered the government to prepare legislation by October that would make the court system independent”這條間接引語(yǔ)展開(kāi)了評(píng)論,“In a country where…”。接下來(lái)出現(xiàn)的一整段“But even if Putin were sincere in wanting an independent judiciary…”也都是承接上文繼續(xù)對(duì)普京的立法改革政策進(jìn)行評(píng)論。
通過(guò)分析可見(jiàn),盡管三篇報(bào)道中都使用了引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)述,但由于對(duì)話關(guān)系的不同,在對(duì)話性程度上存在著差異。在中方的報(bào)道中出現(xiàn)的對(duì)話主要是以引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)述的形式再現(xiàn)發(fā)生在事件當(dāng)事人之間的對(duì)話,報(bào)道者并未做任何評(píng)議,報(bào)道者敘述的聲音和被報(bào)道者的聲音之間不存在對(duì)話關(guān)系,也就是說(shuō)報(bào)道者仍是以報(bào)道事件為主要目的,因此該報(bào)道可被視為對(duì)話性很弱、客觀性很強(qiáng)的獨(dú)白式消息報(bào)道。在英方的報(bào)道中,對(duì)話關(guān)系也是通過(guò)引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)述的形式出現(xiàn)的。但報(bào)道中的引語(yǔ)間對(duì)話關(guān)系比較密切,因此這篇報(bào)道可視為是對(duì)話式事件消息報(bào)道。美方的報(bào)道中,對(duì)話關(guān)系則是在報(bào)道者的評(píng)論性話語(yǔ)和被再現(xiàn)的話語(yǔ)間直接展開(kāi)的,報(bào)道者評(píng)論和被報(bào)道者對(duì)話聯(lián)系最為密切,因此這篇報(bào)道也是對(duì)話式事件消息報(bào)道。但值得注意的是,雖然英方報(bào)道中出現(xiàn)了評(píng)論性內(nèi)容,但這些評(píng)論性內(nèi)容都是以引語(yǔ)的形式引述的他者的話語(yǔ),對(duì)話間有明顯標(biāo)記,且報(bào)道者的聲音并未出現(xiàn)在對(duì)話中,因此這篇報(bào)道顯得相對(duì)客觀;而美方的報(bào)道中,報(bào)道者評(píng)論性聲音與被報(bào)道者的聲音交織緊密,且報(bào)道者的敘述性聲音和評(píng)論性聲音有界限模糊的地方,如上文中提到的“But even if Putin were sincere in wanting an independent judiciary…”一段,因此這篇報(bào)道顯得主觀性較強(qiáng)。
本文對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)述方式的考察依據(jù)的是Leech 和Short(1981)提出的轉(zhuǎn)述言語(yǔ)的5 種方式:直接引語(yǔ)(DS)、間接引語(yǔ)(IS)、自由直接引語(yǔ)(FDS)、自由間接引語(yǔ)(FIS)、言語(yǔ)行為的敘述性轉(zhuǎn)述(NRSA)。首先,由于新聞報(bào)道自身的體裁特點(diǎn)所限,其中幾乎不會(huì)出現(xiàn)自由直接引語(yǔ)和自由間接引語(yǔ);其次,在新聞報(bào)道中,言語(yǔ)行為的敘述性轉(zhuǎn)述也可視之為間接引語(yǔ),因此本文著重對(duì)直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)兩種轉(zhuǎn)述方式進(jìn)行分析。從內(nèi)容和形式上說(shuō),兩種轉(zhuǎn)述方式的最根本區(qū)別在于,直接引語(yǔ)是對(duì)原文直接引用,是“從被報(bào)道者角度對(duì)原初話語(yǔ)加以解讀”(Houwen,2012);間接引語(yǔ)則是“以概括的形式傳達(dá)一個(gè)較大篇幅語(yǔ)篇的精要”。(Ralf Krestel.et al,2008)從功能上說(shuō),直接引語(yǔ)的功能是使報(bào)道顯得客觀,強(qiáng)調(diào)原文以引起讀者注意,增加報(bào)道的戲劇性和對(duì)話性,以及保持報(bào)道者和引語(yǔ)間的距離以顯示報(bào)道者的態(tài)度(辛斌,2006);間接引語(yǔ)的功能是通過(guò)改述,縮寫和推論等手法對(duì)原文進(jìn)行重組以將其更易懂有效地傳遞。并且,“間接引語(yǔ)使報(bào)道者能間接含蓄地傳達(dá)對(duì)所報(bào)道事件的立場(chǎng)和態(tài)度?!保↘uo,2007)但是,無(wú)論哪種轉(zhuǎn)述方式都要用轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞引出轉(zhuǎn)述內(nèi)容。盡管原則上說(shuō)“轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該是客觀準(zhǔn)確的,但還是存在帶有正面或負(fù)面的感情色彩的”,能體現(xiàn)報(bào)道者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的動(dòng)詞。(Zhang,2009)例如,新聞報(bào)道語(yǔ)篇中常用“ackonwledge,praise,reiterate”這類轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞表現(xiàn)積極意義,用“aruge,accuse,criticize”表現(xiàn)中度負(fù)面意義,用“attack,chide,ridicule”表現(xiàn)程度較強(qiáng)的負(fù)面消極意義。(張楊靜,2011)因此,這里將轉(zhuǎn)述方式與轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞放在一起分析。
下面從轉(zhuǎn)述方式和轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞的角度對(duì)三篇報(bào)道加以分析。在中方所做的報(bào)道中共出現(xiàn)了6 條引語(yǔ),按出現(xiàn)前后順序分別為:
“I am glad the Russian Federation…”Medvedev said
Putin praised Medvedev's hard work…
“Today,we have everything for advancement…”,Putin said.
Putin once again outlined his road map for the coming years
“We are ready for the challenges and achievements we'll face…”Putin said.
Local media reported that…
轉(zhuǎn)述方式上看,6條引語(yǔ)中,3條直接引語(yǔ),3條間接引語(yǔ)。轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞方面,只在一條間接引語(yǔ)“…Putin praised Medvedev's hard work…”中用了‘praised’這種的具有積極意義的轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞,其余則使用了“said”,“outlined”和“reported”這類的中性轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞。
英方的報(bào)道中出現(xiàn)9條引語(yǔ),分別為:
“he said Russia was"entering a new phase of national development”.
“We will have to decide tasks of a new level…”
He said Mr Medvedev had given a new impulse to modernization…
He also spoke of the need to strengthen Russian democracy…
“I consider it to be the meaning of my whole life…”Mr Putin said.
“We will achieve our goals if we are a single…”
If he completes his six-year term…,says the BBC's Steve Rosenberg in Moscow.
However,Mr Putin faces many problems…,he adds.
How Mr Putin deals with the wave of opposition protest…,correspondents say.
轉(zhuǎn)述方式上,9條引語(yǔ)中4條為直接引語(yǔ),5條間接引語(yǔ)。轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞上,所用轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞均為“said”,“spoke”和“adds”這種中性動(dòng)詞,并且“We will have to decide tasks of a new level…”和“We will achieve our goals if we are a single…”兩處引語(yǔ)都承接前句轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞而在當(dāng)句中對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞做了省略處理。
美方所做的報(bào)道中共出現(xiàn)了10 條引語(yǔ),分別為:
Every Russian,Putin ordered…
By 2018the level of satisfaction with government service will be at least 90percent,he decreed.
By that year…
By this September…
Five Russian universities…
Russia will also seek…
Russia will adhere to…
Russia will solve the Iran problem.
By June,World War II veterans and concentration-camp survivors…
Putin ordered the government to…
轉(zhuǎn)述方式上,10條引語(yǔ)全部為間接引語(yǔ)。轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞上,所用的3 個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞全部是“ordered”和“decreed”這種有傾向性的動(dòng)詞,而“By June,World War II veterans…”這一條引語(yǔ)則直接用了報(bào)道者評(píng)論性話語(yǔ)引出,“Some of Putin’s decrees are doable:By June,World War II veterans…”。
通過(guò)上述分析不難看出,對(duì)話性程度有差異的報(bào)道會(huì)采用不同言語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)述的方式以實(shí)現(xiàn)不同的功能。在中方做的這種獨(dú)白式的消息報(bào)道中,為了保存新聞報(bào)道的客觀性,報(bào)道者傾向于采用直接引語(yǔ)的方式做言語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)述,并且盡量多用中性的轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞以和被報(bào)道者的聲音保持距離。英方的報(bào)道盡管因?yàn)樵u(píng)論性聲音的存在而顯得對(duì)話性較強(qiáng),但為了顯示報(bào)道的客觀性,對(duì)新聞事件中重要人物的發(fā)言大多采用直接引語(yǔ)的方式處理,在將重要人物話語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)化為間接引語(yǔ)的過(guò)程中對(duì)某些關(guān)鍵詞也采用了直接引用的方式處理,且采用無(wú)傾向的中性轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞。美方所做的這種主觀性、對(duì)話性很強(qiáng)報(bào)道中,由于報(bào)道者的主旨在于在向讀者再現(xiàn)事件的同時(shí)對(duì)事件做出主觀評(píng)述,因而全部采用了間接引語(yǔ)的轉(zhuǎn)述方式,并且選用帶有傾向性的轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞。
通過(guò)分析可以看出,新聞報(bào)道語(yǔ)篇中的確有可能由于轉(zhuǎn)述引語(yǔ)的存在而產(chǎn)生對(duì)話性,但一篇新聞報(bào)道的對(duì)話性不能僅依靠轉(zhuǎn)述引語(yǔ)的存在及數(shù)量多寡來(lái)判斷,還要對(duì)報(bào)道者的聲音與轉(zhuǎn)述引語(yǔ)所再現(xiàn)的被報(bào)道者的諸聲音之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行分析。在相對(duì)客觀的對(duì)話式報(bào)道中,報(bào)道者會(huì)盡量采用直接引語(yǔ)的方式,并選用中性的動(dòng)詞對(duì)新聞重要當(dāng)事人的話語(yǔ)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)述以使報(bào)道顯得具有客觀性;而在主觀性較強(qiáng)的對(duì)話式報(bào)道中,報(bào)道者則更傾向于使用間接引語(yǔ)做轉(zhuǎn)述,并選用傾向性較強(qiáng)的轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞對(duì)消息進(jìn)行重新組織以便展開(kāi)對(duì)話評(píng)述,且這種報(bào)道中存在報(bào)道者敘述聲音和評(píng)論性聲音界限模糊的現(xiàn)象。
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