盧濤,曾毅,孫忠敏
(荊州市中心血站,湖北 荊州434000)
自上世紀60年代始,多項研究[1-3]表明ABO血型對凝血機能有重大影響,因為ABO血型是血漿血管性血友病因子(vWF)水平的主要決定因素??傮w而言,約70%的vWF/FⅧ血漿水平的變化是由遺傳決定的,其中約30%與個體ABO血型有關。值得注意的是,約25%的非O血型個體vWF水平偏高,許多學者進而研究這種生物學相互關系可能的臨床意義,諸如ABO血型是否可能是出血或動脈/靜脈血栓形成風險的影響因素等等。
一些研究者分析表明,ABO血型不同,發(fā)生靜脈血栓栓塞(VTE)的風險有差別[4-5]。Wautrecht及同事回顧性分析過去14年間門診診斷為下肢深靜脈血栓栓塞患者的血型表型分布,已知血型的369例患者與49373位比利時無癥狀獻血者比較,非O血型下肢深靜脈血栓患者頻次顯著高于健康獻血者(70.6%vs 53.9%,P<0.01)[6]。
為進一步厘清ABO血型、vWF和FⅧ因子與VTE疾病的相互關系,許多學者進行了深入研究[7-12]。Koster及同事進行了基于人群的VTE病例對照研究,301例確診VTE患者和301例健康人配對比較。數據表明,O型血個體VTE患病率比對照組低(25%比43%),O型組凝血因子FⅧ和vWF濃度比非O型組個體低??傮w而言,在不考慮FⅧ和vWF水平的情況下分組配對,非O型與O型血組個體發(fā)生VTE的比值(OR)為2.0(95%CI,1.4~2.9)。修正FⅧ和vWF水平對結果的影響后,非 O血型組患 VTE的風險仍然顯著高于 O型血組(OR 1.5,95%CI,1.0~-2.2)[13]。
Tirado等進行了類似研究[14],VTE和對照組各250例,調查FⅧ、vWF和ABO血型與血栓形成風險的關系。結果發(fā)現(xiàn),對照組O型的頻次比VTE患者組高(44%比23%),其中,A型血患者組比對照組高(59%vs 41%)。因此,總體上看,非O型組個體血栓形成的風險高于O型血組(OR 2.6,95%CI,1.8~3.8),修正FⅧ和 VWF水平等影響因素后 OR 1.7(95%CI,1.1~2.6)。非 O型組個體凝血因子FⅧ和vWF水平明顯較高,發(fā)生VTE的相對危險歸因于vWF水平強烈依賴于血型,因為消除血型因素后與VTE的關聯(lián)效應就消失。
2007年,Ohira及合作者進行了獨立的病例對照研究[15],縱向調查血栓癥病因研究。觀察對象中,492人最終發(fā)展成VTE,另外1008人觀察對象正常。血型基因型分析發(fā)現(xiàn),非O血型基因攜帶者發(fā)生VTE的風險顯著高于O型(年齡調整后 OR 1.64,95%CI,1.32~2.05),進一步調整修正性別、種族、體質指數、糖尿病凝血因子FⅧ水平等影響因素后,后仍具有統(tǒng)計學意義(OR 1.31,95%CI,1.02~-1.68)。非O 血型 FV Leiden攜帶者罹患 VTE 的風險也增高(OR 6.77,95%CI,3.65~12.6)。
近期,有研究組對ABO血型和血管疾病之間的關聯(lián)進行了系統(tǒng)回顧和Mete分析[16]。其中VTE分析研究中,非O型與O型對照組VTE的合并比為1.79(95%CI,1.56~2.05),帶有凝血因子FV Leiden缺陷的個體,該比值更高,合并OR達到3.88(95%CI為2.51~6.00)。三個血型基因分型研究結果表明,A1A1/A1B/BB表型的合并比值為2.44(95%CI為1.79~3.33),而A1O/BO/A2B表型的比值為2.11(95%CI為1.66~-2.68),提示VTE患病風險與O(H)抗原表達有關。
Spiezia等發(fā)表的研究報告[17]與上述觀點一致。他們回顧性研究進行了大量的意大利深靜脈血栓病例患者和對照(712例患者,712名對照)發(fā)現(xiàn),與O型個體比較非O血型患腎部靜脈栓塞(DVT)的風險增加2.2倍,當凝血因子FV Leiden、凝血酶原G20210A突變、抗凝血酶、蛋白C和蛋白S缺陷等遺傳性血栓形成因素存在時,非O血型較非血栓形成O型個體患VTE的風險會大幅提升達7倍。該數據令人側目,表明非O血型人群的患病率高,提示血型是似乎是最重要的靜脈血栓形成遺傳風險因素之一。與其他遺傳性血栓形成因素(凝血因子FV Leiden和凝血酶原G20210A突變)類似,非O血型是導致VTE發(fā)生的有限風險因素,因此作者建議對有血栓形成傾向的個體進行ABO血型分析以評估其血栓形成的風險狀況。其它許多學者對血管栓塞與血型的關系研究結果也支持上述觀點[18-21]。但是否為靜脈血栓栓塞患者開展血栓形成傾向檢測,學界存在爭議。Spiezia等建議,如果決定開展該類檢查,ABO血型應被列入遺傳性血栓形成的標準篩查項目[17]。
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