Traumatic myiasis agents in Iran with introducing of new dominant species, Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)

Javad Rafinejad, Kamran Akbarzadeh*, Yavar Rassi, Jamasp Nozari, Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat, Mostafa Hosseini, Hamzeh Alipour, Abdolmajid Ranjbar, Danial Zeinali

Traumatic myiasis agents in Iran with introducing of new dominant species, Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)

Javad Rafinejad1, Kamran Akbarzadeh1*, Yavar Rassi1, Jamasp Nozari2, Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat1, Mostafa Hosseini3, Hamzeh Alipour4, Abdolmajid Ranjbar5, Danial Zeinali6

1Department of Medical Entomology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

2Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agronomy Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran

3Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

4Faculty of Public Health and Nutrition, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

5Agricultural Jihad of Fars province, Management of Darab Agricultural Jihad, Darab, Iran

6Agricultural Jihad of Fars province, Management of Abadeh Agricultural Jihad, Abadeh, Iran

PEER REVIEW

Peer reviewer

Dr. Ali Reza Chavshin, Assistant Professor, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.

Tel/Fax: +984412770047

E-mail: alichavshin@gmail.com;

chavshin@umsu.ac.ir

Comments

This valuable work prepared a baseline data for future works and changing the view of the disease at least in Iran. The authors have tried to show the situation of animal myiasis disease as the main resource of the agents of human myiasis. With this study, it showed that myiasis agents are spatially related to the temporary migration of the sheep and goats.

Details on Page 454

Objective: To study agents of animal wound myiasis in various geographical districts of Fars province.

Traumatic myiasis, Wohlfahrtia magnifica, Sheep and goats, Iran

1. Introduction

Human myiasis is the infection of any part of the body by larvae of Diptera (flies) which feed on the host’s tissue or body fluids[1]. Myiasis remains as an unresolved problem for animal production and is responsible for severe economic losses to the livestock industry in developing and developed countries (through abortion, reduced milk production, losses in weight and fertility, and poor hide quality)[2]. People living in close proximity to livestock in rural areas are particularly at risk[3], thus the disease can be mentioned as a occupation disease[4]. Most of the fly larvae are transmitted to humanthrough infested pets or domestic animals. Fly larvae comprise both medical and veterinary importance as a legal evidence in forensic entomology and are responsible as a vector for transmission of livestock parasites/pathogens[5]. Many species of fly can be responsible for cases of myiasis which belonged to Sarcophagidae, Calliphoridae, Muscidae and so on[6].

There are some information on animal wound myiasis in the country, but there is little work on active case detection of it in Iran. This study has been conducted with the aim of study on agents of animal wound myiasis in Fars province of Iran.

2. Materials and methods

This study has been done in Fars province, located in the southern part of Iran. It is the fifth largest province of Iran with an area of 122 608 km2. The province has 23 counties and its center is Shiraz. There are three distinct climatic regions in Fars including hilly area in north and northwest, central part and lowland of south and southeast (Table 1).

The sampling procedure has been done in 71 sampling sites in 27 villages of nine counties of Fars including Abadeh, Sepidan, Arsanjan, Shiraz, Kazerun, Neyriz, Darab, Jahrum and Lar (Figure 1). Three villages in each county and three cattle keeping houses in each village have been selected randomly for monthly visiting of sheep and goat herds.

There are three kinds of sheep and goat breeding methods in Fars including: industrial breeding companies, traditional breeding houses with no seasonal movement and nomadic method for breeding of sheep and goats with seasonal movement. The industrial breeding places are under huge supervision of veterinary offices where they have to use preventive measures for parasites such as Ivermectins?. Thus this study has been conducted to detect myiasis cases between domestic animals in traditional breeding houses and nomadic herds.

The infected wounds in any parts of the animal body were sampled by means of forceps. A few of collected larvae were conserved in 70% alcohol after killing in hot water. The rest of larvae were placed into small containers to complete their life cycle and emerge of adult. Small amount of sawdust was placed at the bottom of the container to prepare a suitable place for pupation. The keys of James (1947) and other relevant keys were used for identification of larvae and adult[7].

Spatial data of sampling place was recorded as waypoints by means of GPS device, Garmin 76? cs.

Figure 1. Situation of Fars province in Iran and sampling points recorded by GPS 76cs?.

3. Results

Sums of 10 358 domestic animals have been visited from April 2011 to March 2012. A total of 89 cases of myiasis have been found in monthly visiting in study area. The infestation rate of myiasis in cattle community can be calculated as 0.86%. Numbers of cattle wound myiasis cases according to parasite species and hosts have been shown in Table 2.

About 61% of all animal wound myiasis were caused by larvae ofWohlfahrtiamagnifica(W.magnifica) (Schiner, 1862). Another obligatory myiasis agent,Chrysomyiabezziana(Ch.bezziana) (Villeneuve, 1914) has been seen in 11 cases. Facultative myiasis due toMusca domestica(M. domestica) (Linnaeus, 1758) has been found in one sample. The larvae ofSarcophagasp. couldn’t be identified by morphological characters and rearing process to acquire its adult was not successful.

Majority of myiasis cases (about 97%) were observed on sheep and goats. The Pearson’sChi-square test revealed that therewasn’t any significant difference between sheep and goat in infestation with myiasis.

Table 1 Meteorological data of study area, Fars province, Iran.

Table 2 Number of cattle wound myiasis cases according to parasite species and hosts, active case detection, Fars province, Iran.

About 44% of wound myiasis cases were in herd with traditional breeding places with no movement. The rest 56% were in animal with nomadic breeding methods with seasonal movement. There was not a significant difference between two rearing methods.

Spatial distribution of W.magnificaas the main traumatic myiasis agent has been shown in Figure 2. It was so cleared that the most wound myiasis cases due to this species occurred in central part of Fars province.

Figure 2. Spatial distribution of myiasis cases due to W. magnifica (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Fars province, Iran.

4. Discussion

Members of Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, and Muscidae families have found as main traumatic myiasis agents in Iran. Presence and activity of members of these families proved in various parts of Iran[8,9]. Knowing the fauna of medically important flies are useful for awarding the risk of fly attacks as myiasis agents as well as transmitting of bacterial infections.

Human myiasis is directly related to the endemism of the fly larvae of prevalent species in that area[10]. The infestation rate of cattle with myiasis disease in the community was about 0.86%, but the prevalence of myiasis infestation in Kashan county has been estimated as 2.3% in sheep and 3.2% in goats[11]. The higher infestation rate in Kashan may be due to the sampling from abattoir. The infected cattle are prone to be sent to abattoir as soon as possible for preventing their weight loss. Thus, it is more natural that the infestation rate which has been calculated from cattle in abattoir would be higher. However this rate in Riyadh region (Saudi Arabia) was 2% where they were examined 3 712 sheep[12].

W.magnifica, Wohlfahrt’s wound myiasis fly, is an important cause of traumatic myiasis of livestock throughout the Mediterranean basin, both in Europe and North Africa, and eastwards into China, including the steppe regions of Continental Europe[13]. The prevalence of wohlfahrtiosis in sheep and goats appears to be higher in Eastern Europe (30%-50%) and lower in the Mediterranean basin countries (0.7%-8.5%)[14]. It has been reported that overall 3.8% of all myiasis was caused byW. magnificaand found only in sheep in Kashan, Isfahan province of Iran[11]. This result was similar to infestation rate of sheep in an Italian farm which was 3% and no parasitized goats[15]. Most cases of animal myiasis in this study were due toW. magnifica(61%) and it was seen in both sheep and goats. Human myiasis caused byW. magnificahas been reported from many countries as well as from Mediterranean countries[11,16]. Various kinds of human myiasis due toW. magnificahave also been reported from Iran such as urogenital myiasis and so on[17].

Spatial distribution map showed that half of animal wohlfahrtiosis (22 cases) took place in central part of Fars province. Most of cattle keeper from southern part and central part of Fars province are used to collect together in Dasht Arzhan plain where a suitable place for continuing the cattle breeding process during summer time either because of average temperature or enough water supply for growing vegetables and watering of cattle. These are appropriate conditions for attacking cattle with obligatory myiasis agent,W. magnifica.

Ch.bezziana, the Old World screw worm, ranges through much of Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and Southeast Asia[7]. It has been mentioned thatCh.bezzianawas one of the most common agents of cattle myiasis in Iran[18]. This species was absent in samples of a study on myiasis among slaughteredanimals in Kashan (Isfahan province, Iran)[11]. Larvae of this species reported also in samples which were collected in a survey of myiasis agents from slathers of Hormozgan province. The infestation rate ofCh.bezzianain the present study was 12.4%.

Lucilia sericata(L. sericata) (Meigen, 1826) is found throughout the world, but is more specifically described as having a holarctic (Northern Hemisphere) distribution, being widely distributed throughout the United States and Southern Canada. Despite being mostly holarctic,L. sericatais now found commonly in Australia and in several South and Central American countries[19]. This facultative species is one of the most common agents of traumatic myiasis, which causes a form of myiasis known as sheep strike or blowfly strike, mainly in Northern and Central Europe[14]. The infestation rate ofL.sericatain total myiasis cases in this study was 19.1%. Despite the presence of this species in collected samples from abattoirs of Hormozgan and Fars provinces, it was absent in samples originated from slaughter houses of Kashan (Isfahan province)[11].

Wohlfahrtianuba(W.nuba) (Wiedemann, 1830) occurs in dry climate of the Palaearctic and oriental region. This species has noted as an agent producing superficial myiasis besidesW. magnifica. Usually there are few larvae at an infestation, but they form a large wound with serious consequences to the host[20]. In Saudi Arabia, it revealed thatW.nubais one of the three most important myiasis agents with the lowest infestation rate (4%) besidesCh.bezziana(87%) andChrysomya albiceps(9%)[12]. The infestation rate for this species in this study was 5.6%. In spite of one human myiasis cases due toW.nubain Iran which was a nasal nosocomial myiasis[21], this report is the first report about animal infestation with this species.

M. domesticais a rare cause of myiasis despite being in abundance[3]. Dermal myiasis has been reported in sheep caused byM. domesticain the Middle East[22]. There are few cases of human myiasis due toM. domesticain association with other facultative species, but there is not any published report about wound myiasis in human or domestic animal due toM. domesticain Iran[23]. In the present study, only one case (1.1%) of traumatic myiasis was found on a sheep due to this species.

Worldwide, the three most common flies that cause wound myiasis areChrysomya hominivorax, the New World screwworm,Ch.bezziana, the Old World screwworm, andW. magnifica, Wohlfahrt’s wound myiasis fly[24]. The late two species are active in Iran and responsible for majority of human and animal myiasis agents. Although Navidpouret al.recorded thatCh.bezzianais the predominant myiasis agent in Iran[18], in the present study it is cleared that theW. magnificawas more prevalent than the others. Dehghaniet al.also confirmed this species as an important myiasis agent in the country[11]. It also has a remarkable presence between the other species.

According to the non-significant difference between sheep and goats as well as between two traditional kinds of breeding procedure (with and without seasonal movement) for wound myiasis, encouraging people to change these traditional customs cannot be recommended.

Introducing new species as principal agent for myiasis can help public health and animal husbandry policy makers to prepare sufficient and effective control and/or preventive measures for this disease.

Conflict of interest statement

We declare that we have no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Krzysztof Szpila from Nicolaus Copernicus University for his valuable cooperation for identification of larval samples and review of the manuscript. The authors also give thanks to all personnel of Agricultural Jihad of Fars province for their kind help. The authors would also like to thank Mrs. Fatima Dadbood for her kind cooperation in English editing of the manuscript. This work was supported financially by Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Grant No. 10478-27-01-89).

Comments

Background

Exact infestation rate of myiasis disease is not clear in Iran. Animals are the only suitable hosts for myiasis agents but all of these agents can invade human as well. This disease is cleared as an occupational disease and their main agents even in animal can be an alarm for human health especially in enzootic area.

Research frontiers

With this study, exact infestation rate of myiasis disease in Iran has been cleared. There is new arrangement of the dipteran agents based on their dominancy. Spatial distribution of the common agent,W. magnificashowed the relation of this fly to migration of the sheep and goats.

Related reports

Published reports on traumatic myiasis on human and animals in Iran are rare. There are some case reports. There are few MSc thesis on this subject which was based onpassive case detections.

Innovations and breakthroughs

Active case detections, new dominant agent, and infestation rate of animal myiasis, common traumatic myiasis agents as well as their arrangement due to their infestation rate in Iran can be mentioned as innovations of this study.

Applications

Infestation rate of myiasis, introducing the main myiasis agents and their arrangement based on their infestation rate, are applicable for health policy makers for conducting preventive measures in endemic and enzootic area.

Peer review

This valuable work prepared a baseline data for future works and changing the view of the disease at least in Iran. The authors have tried to show the situation of animal myiasis disease as the main resource of the agents of human myiasis. With this study, it showed that myiasis agents are spatially related to the temporary migration of the sheep and goats.

[1] Nazni WA, Jeffery J, Lee HL, Lailatul AM, Chew WK, Heo CC, et al. Nosocomial nasal myiasis in an intensive care unit. Malays J Pathol 2011; 33: 53-56.

[2] Otranto D, Colwell DD. Biodiversity and extinction versus control of oestrid causing myiasis in Mediterranean area. Parasite 2008; 15: 257-260.

[3] Dogra SS, Mahajan VK. Oral myiasis caused by Musca domestica larvae in a child. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol Extra 2010; 5: 105-107.

[4] Akbarzadeh K, Rafinejad J, Alipour H, Biglarian A. Human myiasis in Fars province, Iran. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2012; 43: 1205-1211.

[5] Ramana KV. Human myiasis. J Med Microbiol Diagnosis 2012; 1: e105.

[6] Francesconi F, Lupi O. Myiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2012; 25: 79-105.

[7] James MT. The flies that cause myiasis in man. Washington D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture; 1947, p. 175.

[8] Akbarzadeh K, Rafinejad J, Nozari J, Rassi Y, Sedaghat MM, Hosseini M. A modified trap for adult sampling of medically important flies (Insecta: Diptera). J Arthropod Borne Dis 2012; 6(2): 119-128.

[9] Khoobdel M, Akbarzadeh K, Jafari H, Mehrabi Tavana A, Izadi M, Mosavi Jazayeri A, et al. Diversity and abundance of medically importance flies in Iranian islands, Greater Tonb, Lesser Tonb and Abu-Muosa during 2010-2011. Iran J Military Med 2013; 14(4): 259-268.

[10] Derraik JG, Heath AC, Rademaker M. Human myiasis in New Zealand: imported and indigenously-acquired cases: the species of concern and clinical aspects. N Z Med J 2010; 123: 21-38.

[11] Dehghani R, Sedaghat MM, Esmaeli N, Ghasemi A. Myiasis among slaughtered animals in Kashan, Iran: describing a veterinary entomological problem in the tropics. Iran J Vet Sci Technol 2012; 4(1): 19-28.

[12] Alahmed AM. Myiasis in sheep farms in Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 2004; 34(1): 153-160.

[13] Hall MJ. Traumatic myiasis of sheep in Europe: a review. Parasitologia 1997; 39: 409-413.

[14] Sotiraki S, Hall MJ. A review of comparative aspects of myiasis in goats and sheep in Europe. Small Ruminant Res 2012; 103: 75-83.

[15] Giangaspero A, Traversa D, Trentini R, Scala A, Otranto D. Traumatic myiasis by Wohlfahrtia magnifica in Italy. Vet Parasitol 2011; 175: 109-112.

[16] Mathieu ME, Wilson BB. Myasis. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, editors. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2000, p. 2976-2979.

[17] Salimi M, Goodarzi D, Karimfar M, Edalat H. Human urogenital myiasis caused by Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) in Markazi province of Iran. Iran J Arthropod-Borne Dis 2010; 4(1): 72-76.

[18] Navidpour SH, Goudarzi MA, Gholamiyan A, Jahanifard E. Geographical races of Old World screw-worm fly, Chrysomyia bezziana Villeneuve, 1914, in South-Western Iran. J Biol Sci 2009; 9: 385-388.

[19] Rueda LC, Ortega LG, Segura NA, Acero VM, Bello F. Lucilia sericata strain from Colombia: experimental colonization, life tables and evaluation of two artificial diets of the blowfly Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Bogota, Colombia strain. Biol Res 2010; 43: 197-203.

[20] Walker AR. Arthropods of humans and domestic animals: a guide to preliminary identification. London: Chapman & Hall; 1994, p. 213.

[21] Maleki Ravasan N, Shayeghi M, Najibi B, Oshaghi MA. Infantile nosocomial myiasis in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2012; 6(2): 156-163.

[22] Amin AR, Shoukry A, Morsy TA, Mazyad SA. Studies of wound myiasis among sheep and goats in North Sinai Governorate, Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 1997; 27: 719-737.

[23] Ferraz AC, Proen?a B, Gadelha BQ, Faria LM, Barbalho MG, Aguiar-Coelho VM, et al. First record of human myiasis caused by association of the species Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliplioridae), Sarcophaga (Liopygia) ruficornis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), and Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). J Med Entomol 2010; 47: 487-490.

[24] McGraw TA, Turiansky GW. Cutaneous myiasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 58: 907-926.

10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C1029

*Corresponding author: Kamran Akbarzadeh, Department of Medical Entomology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Tel: 0098-21-42933167

Fax: 0098-21-88951393

E-mail: kakbarzadeh@tums.ac.ir, akbarzadehk@yahoo.com

Foundation Project: Supported financially by Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Grant No. 10478-27-01-89).

Article history:

Received 30 Mar 2014

Received in revised form 5 Apr, 2nd revised form 10 Apr, 3rd revised form 16 Apr 2014

Accepted 26 Apr 2014

Available online 28 Jun 2014

Methods:This study has been done in Fars province, located in the southern part of Iran. Sums of 10 358 domestic animals have been visited from April 2011 to March 2012. The infected wounds in any parts of animal body were sampled by means of forceps.

Results:About 61% of all animal wound myiasis were caused by larvae of Wohlfahrtia magnifica. The most wound myiasis cases due to this species occurred in central part of Fars province. There wasn’t any significant difference between sheep and goat in infestation with myiasis (P＞0.05). The infestation rate of myiasis in cattle community was 0.86%.

Conclusions:The infestation rate of livestock was lower than other works in Iran and some other countries like Saudi Arabia. Chrysomya bezziana has been mentioned as main myiasis agent in Iran. But in this study it cleared that similarly to some European countries, the common animal myiasis agent in Iran is Wohlfahrtia magnifica. Introducing new species as principal agent for myiasis can help public health and animal husbandry policy makers to prepare sufficient and effective control and/or preventive measures for this disease.