顧陽春 馬力文
北京大學(xué)第三醫(yī)院腫瘤化療與放射病科,北京 100191
胃癌是我國最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,在我國的發(fā)病率居惡性腫瘤第2位。晚期胃癌患者的中位生存期(median overall survival,mOS)多為1年左右,一線治療的中位無進(jìn)展生存期(median progression free survival,mPFS)為 5~6個(gè)月,大型Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn)ToGA研究所得出的晚期胃癌患者的mOS為13.8個(gè)月,mPFS為6.7個(gè)月[1]。近年來,越來越多的研究結(jié)果支持晚期胃癌患者進(jìn)行二線化療,尤其對(duì)體力狀況較好的患者,所用的化療藥物主要為伊立替康(irinotecan,IRI)、紫杉醇(paclitaxel,PTX)或多西他賽(docetaxel,DOC)[2-4]。胃癌的生物學(xué)特征和治療耐受性在東西方人群中存在顯著差異。由于亞洲人群胃食管結(jié)合部癌較少,彌漫型胃癌較多,因治療觀念的差異進(jìn)行二線治療較多,且治療所帶來的3~4度粒細(xì)胞減少和腹瀉相對(duì)較少,所以亞裔患者的無進(jìn)展生存期(progression free survival,PFS)和 總 生 存 時(shí) 間(overall survival,OS)比西方患者長[5]。從二線治療起始計(jì)算的生存期較短的相關(guān)因素中,比較公認(rèn)的有PS≥2、ALB<3.5 mg/ml、一線治療至疾病進(jìn)展時(shí)間(time to progression,TTP)短[6-8];還有其他因素如CRP≥1.0 mg/ml,存在骨、肝或腹膜轉(zhuǎn)移,未行胃切除,無化療間歇期短[2,6]。有研究認(rèn)為在 PS≥2、ALB<3.5mg/ml、一線治療 TTp<170天這三個(gè)因素中,胃癌患者有≥2項(xiàng)就不能從二線治療中獲益[7]。至于二線治療是采用IRI還是PTX則對(duì)生存沒有影響[6]。而二線化療本身的PFS/TTP、客 觀 有 效 率(objective response rate,ORR)和疾病控制率(diseasecontrol rate,DCR)與OS的相關(guān)性并不充分,不能作為觀察的替代終點(diǎn)[9]。下文對(duì)近幾年所涉及的胃癌二線治療方案及研究進(jìn)行總結(jié),希望能為臨床實(shí)踐提供幫助。以下研究中的OS均為從二線治療開始計(jì)算。
紫杉類藥物包括PTX、DOC及白蛋白紫杉醇等。紫杉類藥物在一線和二線中均可以使用。許多研究證實(shí)了晚期胃癌患者采用紫杉類藥物作為二線治療優(yōu)于單純支持治療,能夠延長生存時(shí)間。
PTX作為二線治療藥物常單獨(dú)使用,其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)用藥方案為(80 mg/m2,d1、d8、d15,q3w)。結(jié)果顯示ORR為12.5%~17.1%,mPFS為2.5~3.6個(gè)月,mOS為6.3~9.6個(gè)月[10-11]。有研究將PTX的劑量增加至80~120 mg/m2,此研究的結(jié)果顯示患者的生存時(shí)間有延長的趨勢,但是PTX所致的不良反應(yīng)也隨之增加[11]。有研究認(rèn)為,相較于PTX,白蛋白紫杉醇(260 mg/m2,d1,q3w)的使用可以起到延長患者生存時(shí)間、降低藥物不良反應(yīng)的作用。此研究的結(jié)果顯示ORR為27.8%,DCR為59.3%,甚至有1例達(dá)到完全緩解(complete response,CR);但是PFS僅為2.9個(gè)月,OS為9.2個(gè)月,白蛋白紫杉醇就此方面與PTX相比沒有顯現(xiàn)出更多優(yōu)勢[12]。也有研究嘗試將PTX聯(lián)合其他藥物(如氟尿嘧啶),結(jié)果顯示mOS可達(dá)12.1個(gè)月,但該研究病例數(shù)僅為 27 例[13]。
DOC和PTX存在一定的交叉耐藥。有一項(xiàng)小規(guī)模的回顧性研究得出結(jié)論,這兩種紫杉類藥物中,任何一種先失敗后換用另一種僅能獲得5%的ORR和17.9%的DCR[14]。有研究將DOC單藥治療(36 mg/m2,qw)用于順鉑(cisplatin,CDDP)治療失敗后的晚期胃癌,Ⅱ期研究的結(jié)果顯示ORR為14.8%,mPFS為1.97個(gè)月,mOS為11.57個(gè)月;同一研究中比較了在DOC的基礎(chǔ)上聯(lián)合奧沙利鉑(80 mg/m2,q2w)的治療方案,結(jié)果顯示ORR為20%,而mPFS可顯著提高至4.93個(gè)月,由于mOS的干擾因素較多,未顯示出其優(yōu)勢,mOS僅為8.13個(gè)月[15]。在一項(xiàng)回顧性分析中,替吉奧失敗后采用DOC 聯(lián)合 CDDP(DOC,60 mg/m2,d1;CDDP,60 mg/m2,d1,q3w)的治療方案,結(jié)果顯示 ORR 為21.9%,mPFS為4.0個(gè)月,mOS為7.8個(gè)月[16]。
IRI現(xiàn)已成為晚期胃癌二線治療的主要藥物,尤其是在紫杉類藥物在晚期胃癌一線治療中的作用得到肯定后。已有許多研究證實(shí)了胃癌采用IRI單藥作為二線治療優(yōu)于單純支持治療,且能夠延長生存時(shí)間[17-19]。使用方法有常規(guī)的雙周治療方案(150 mg/m2,q2w),也有改良后的單周治療方案(100 mg/m2,qw),結(jié)果顯示mPFS為2.6~2.9個(gè)月,mOS為8.8~10.1個(gè)月[20-22]。對(duì)于IRI和紫杉類藥物作為胃癌二線治療的優(yōu)劣,多數(shù)研究認(rèn)為兩者不相上下[19,23-24],只有少數(shù)研究認(rèn)為IRI在延長總生存時(shí)間方面較紫杉類藥物略勝一籌[17,20]。
是否需要在IRI的基礎(chǔ)上聯(lián)合其他藥物,以及聯(lián)合何種藥物,還需進(jìn)一步探討。目前,最常用的IRI聯(lián)合方案是其與CDDP或者氟尿嘧啶類藥物的聯(lián)合。
一項(xiàng)Ⅲ期臨床研究(TCOG GI-0801/BIRIP研究)采用IRI聯(lián)合CDDP雙周治療方案(IRI,60 mg/m2;CDDP,30 mg/m2,q2w)。結(jié)果顯示,與 IRI單藥常規(guī)劑量雙周治療方案相比,IRI聯(lián)合CDDP雙周治療方案能夠顯著延長患者的PFS(3.8個(gè)月vs 2.8個(gè)月)和改善患者的DCR(75%vs 45%),而OS無顯著延長(10.7個(gè)月 vs 10.1個(gè)月),ORR略有提高(22%vs 16%)[21]。還有一些采用類似方案的Ⅱ期研究結(jié)果顯示ORR為16.7%~28.6%,DCR為 55.6%~70.0%,PFS為 3.6~4.3個(gè)月,OS為7.4~9.4個(gè)月[25-27]。
2014年ASCO年會(huì)上報(bào)道了一項(xiàng)針對(duì)晚期胃癌二線治療的隨機(jī)對(duì)照的Ⅱ期研究,該研究入組的是替吉奧單藥或替吉奧聯(lián)合CDDP作為一線化療進(jìn)展后的胃癌患者,對(duì)IRI聯(lián)合替吉奧(IRIS方案,A組)、PTX聯(lián)合替吉奧(B組),IRI單藥治療(C1組)和PTX單藥治療(C2組)四組方案進(jìn)行療效的比較[28]。四組方案分別為:A組:IRI,150 mg/m2,d1,q2w;B 組:PTX,80 mg/m2,d1、d8、d15,q4w;C1組:IRI,80 mg/m2,d1、d15;S-1,80 mg/m2,d1~21,q5w;C2組:PTX,50 mg/m2,d1、d8;S-1,80 mg/m2,d1~14,q3w。四組間PFS和OS均沒有顯著差異(A組、B組、C1組、C2組的PFS分別為:3.0個(gè)月、4.4個(gè)月、3.8個(gè)月、3.5個(gè)月,OS分別為:11.3個(gè)月、11.3個(gè)月、14.6個(gè)月、10.5個(gè)月)。將聯(lián)合用藥組(C1組+C1組)和單藥組(A組+B組)的數(shù)據(jù),或者含IRI組(A組+C1組)和含PTX組(B組+C2組)的數(shù)據(jù)分別進(jìn)行比較,也不存在明顯差異,該結(jié)果再一次驗(yàn)證了IRI和PTX在胃癌二線化療中的作用相當(dāng)。除了上述研究中5周重復(fù)的IRIS方案,也有Ⅱ期研究調(diào)整為4周重復(fù)的方案(IRI,150 mg/m2,d1、d15;S-1,70 mg/m2,d1~14),結(jié)果顯示緩解率(response rate,RR)為17%,PFS為6.3個(gè)月,OS為8.7個(gè)月[29]。
可以和IRI聯(lián)合的還有氟尿嘧啶,即在腸癌中常用的FOLFIRI方案。相關(guān)研究多數(shù)為小規(guī)模的Ⅱ期研究,結(jié)果顯示RR為9.4%~30%,PFS為2~3.8個(gè)月,OS為5.5~6.7個(gè)月[30-33]。
絲裂霉素用于胃癌治療年代久遠(yuǎn),幾近被淘汰,近些年也有研究將其與IRI聯(lián)合,結(jié)果顯示RR為17.4%~29%,PFS為3.6~4.1個(gè)月,OS為8.6~10個(gè)月,所帶來的不良反應(yīng)比IRI單藥治療時(shí)的有所增加[34-36]。還有一些方案也嘗試用于胃癌二線治療,例如,卡培他濱節(jié)拍化療,卡培他濱與絲裂霉素聯(lián)合等,但生存數(shù)據(jù)均沒有顯著突破[37,38]。
胃癌的靶向治療聚焦于表皮生長因子受體-2(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER-2)和血管內(nèi)皮生長因子及其受體(vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2,VEGF/VEGFR-2)這兩條通路。其中針對(duì)HER-2通路的曲妥珠單抗已被證實(shí)用于胃癌的一線治療可顯著延長患者的生存時(shí)間[1],而針對(duì)VEGF通路的的貝伐珠單抗卻沒有獲得預(yù)期療效[39]。在胃癌二線治療中,針對(duì)VEGFR-2通路的雷莫蘆單抗(ramucirumab,RAM)則顯著延長了生存時(shí)間[40-42]。但針對(duì)其他靶點(diǎn)的藥物在胃癌二線治療的臨床研究均沒有獲得陽性結(jié)果,例如,依維莫司、舒尼替尼和MK-2206。
REGARD研究和RAINBOW研究均為隨機(jī)對(duì)照的Ⅲ期研究,采用RAM治療氟尿嘧啶聯(lián)合鉑類一線治療進(jìn)展后的晚期胃癌患者[40-42]。這兩項(xiàng)研究所用方案均為RAM(8 mg/kg,iv,q2w)聯(lián)合單周治療的紫杉醇(80 mg/m2,d1、d8、d15,q4w),安慰劑作對(duì)照。RAINBOW研究中的研究組和對(duì)照組的PFS(4.4個(gè)月 vs 2.2個(gè)月)和OS(9.63個(gè)月 vs 7.36個(gè)月)比REGARD研究的PFS(2.1個(gè)月 vs 1.3個(gè)月)和OS(5.2個(gè)月vs 3.8個(gè)月)數(shù)據(jù)更好。導(dǎo)致這一現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)的可能原因之一是亞裔患者的比例不同,RAINBOW研究中高達(dá)33.5%,而REGARD研究中僅占7%~8%。
在2014年ASCO年會(huì)的口頭報(bào)告中,日本研究者還對(duì)RAINBOW研究中入組的140例日本患者與西方患者進(jìn)行比較,結(jié)果顯示PFS分別為5.6個(gè)月vs 4.2個(gè)月,OS分別為11.4個(gè)月vs 8.6個(gè)月,這揭示了胃癌疾病特征和治療觀念的地域差異。但是日本患者安慰劑組的PFS和OS也分別達(dá)到了2.8個(gè)月和11.5個(gè)月,可見RAM帶來的PFS優(yōu)勢沒有轉(zhuǎn)化為OS的延長,可能的原因是高達(dá)75%的患者在研究結(jié)束后接受了后續(xù)治療,從而掩蓋了RAM的益處。
與RAM相關(guān)的不良反應(yīng)主要與抗血管生成有關(guān),例如,胃腸道出血(10.1%)、鼻出血(30.6%)、高血壓(25.1%)、蛋白尿(16.8%),以及非常少見的胃腸穿孔(<5%)、動(dòng)靜脈血栓(<5%)和心力衰竭(<5%)等[41-42]。
多靶點(diǎn)的酪氨酸激酶受體抑制劑舒尼替尼被嘗試用在多種腫瘤的多線治療中,胃癌也不例外,但結(jié)果并不盡人意。舒尼替尼單藥(50 mg/m2,qd,連服4周停藥2周)作為胃癌二線治療時(shí),ORR僅為2.6%~3.9%,mPFS為1.28~2.3個(gè)月,mOS為5.81~6.8個(gè)月[43-44]??梢娛婺崽婺釂嗡幹委煰熜⑷酰涣挤磻?yīng)較輕,可能適用于與其他藥物組成聯(lián)合治療方案。于是一項(xiàng)針對(duì)氟尿嘧啶和鉑類藥物治療失敗的晚期胃癌患者的Ⅱ期研究在二線治療時(shí)在DOC(60 mg/m2,d1,q3w)的基礎(chǔ)上聯(lián)合舒尼替尼(37.5 mg,qd),與DOC單藥治療相比,沒有延長TTP(3.9個(gè)月 vs 2.6個(gè)月,P=0.206),但顯著提高了ORR(41.4%vs 14.3%,P=0.002)[45]。這可能對(duì)需要快速緩解癥狀的晚期胃癌患者有益。
針對(duì)PI3K/AKT/mTOR信號(hào)通路的靶向藥物也是晚期胃癌靶向治療的熱點(diǎn)方向之一,但尚沒有獲得有效的藥物。mTOR抑制劑依維莫司用于晚期胃癌的研究主要涉及多線治療后,并沒有專門作為二線治療。GRANITE-1研究是一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)雙盲安慰劑對(duì)照的Ⅲ期研究,與安慰劑組相比,治療組未顯示出生存獲益:mPFS為1.4個(gè)月vs 1.7個(gè)月,mOS為5.4個(gè)月 vs 4.3個(gè)月[46]。另一項(xiàng)入組多線治療后的晚期胃癌患者的Ⅰ期研究顯示,卡培他濱聯(lián)合依維莫司所觀察到的PFS也僅為1.8個(gè)月[47]。2014年ASCO年會(huì)上報(bào)道了AKT抑制劑MK-2206用于治療進(jìn)展期胃癌患者的研究結(jié)果,ORR僅為2%,mPFS為1.8個(gè)月,mOS為5個(gè)月,而且毒性不小,有2例死亡或與藥物相關(guān),分別為心臟驟停和呼吸衰竭[48]。
綜上所述,胃癌二線治療可以使用紫杉類藥物、IRI和針對(duì)VEGFR-2的靶向藥物RAM。紫杉類藥物越來越多地被應(yīng)用于一線治療,而當(dāng)前研究中所采用的與RAM聯(lián)合的藥物是PTX。IRI單藥已能獲得出色療效,聯(lián)合鉑類或氟尿嘧啶類可能提高ORR和DCR,但是對(duì)生存期的延長作用不大。針對(duì)具體患者,是否進(jìn)行二線化療,以及采用何種方案,需要根據(jù)患者的身體狀況和預(yù)后指標(biāo)個(gè)體化選擇。
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