郭洪亮韓亞軍伊力哈木·托合提
Lisfranc損傷術(shù)后創(chuàng)傷性關(guān)節(jié)炎的臨床研究*
郭洪亮①韓亞軍①伊力哈木·托合提①
目的:評(píng)估Lisfranc損傷術(shù)后創(chuàng)傷性關(guān)節(jié)炎的臨床研究。方法:選取本院19例伴有Lisfranc損傷的患者,其中男15例,女4例,年齡21~58歲,平均41歲。患者損傷后進(jìn)行了切開(kāi)復(fù)位內(nèi)固定和閉合復(fù)位內(nèi)固定術(shù)(采用空心螺釘和克氏針)。骨折情況:同側(cè)7例,單獨(dú)型7例,分離型5例。其中6例為開(kāi)放性骨折,8例損害5個(gè)跖跗關(guān)節(jié),6例僅有韌帶損傷。采用MFS和AOFAS評(píng)分系統(tǒng)對(duì)結(jié)果進(jìn)行評(píng)估,負(fù)重位X線片評(píng)估完全復(fù)位、半脫位、排列錯(cuò)亂和術(shù)后創(chuàng)傷性關(guān)節(jié)炎。結(jié)果:隨訪24~40個(gè)月,平均30個(gè)月。解剖復(fù)位組的AOFAS評(píng)分為(79.3±4.85)分,MFS評(píng)分為(80.4±4.11)分,均高于非解剖復(fù)位組的(67.5±5.13)分、(69.4±6.07)分,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.0007、P=0.0009);非解剖組的術(shù)后創(chuàng)傷性關(guān)節(jié)炎發(fā)生率較解剖組更易發(fā)生(P=0.037)。4例患者發(fā)展成術(shù)后創(chuàng)傷性關(guān)節(jié)炎,其中1例在內(nèi)固定取出后發(fā)展成橫向半脫位,2例患者發(fā)展成平足。2例患者有嚴(yán)重的功能受限,其中1例患者進(jìn)行了關(guān)節(jié)融合。復(fù)合骨折的2例患者出現(xiàn)傷口的表面感染。3例患者出現(xiàn)空心釘?shù)臄嗔?。結(jié)論:采用解剖復(fù)位治療Lisfranc損傷的患者,療效較好,很少發(fā)展成關(guān)節(jié)炎。
創(chuàng)傷性關(guān)節(jié)炎; Lisfranc損傷; 內(nèi)固定術(shù)
Lisfranc損傷比較罕見(jiàn),發(fā)生率占全部骨折的0.2%,這個(gè)數(shù)字可能被低估,因?yàn)長(zhǎng)isfranc損傷中20%~40%被忽略或被誤診成足扭傷或單純跖跗骨骨折[1-3]。如果不合理的治療,嚴(yán)重的骨不連或者功能損害可能出現(xiàn)[4]。閉合復(fù)位和石膏固定可能導(dǎo)致差的治療結(jié)果和重新出現(xiàn)移位[5-6]。解剖復(fù)位和內(nèi)固定目前被公眾認(rèn)可,但切開(kāi)復(fù)位內(nèi)固定中不伴有骨折的韌帶損傷也會(huì)與差的術(shù)后恢復(fù)結(jié)果聯(lián)系在一起[7-10]。筆者評(píng)估空心螺釘與克氏針治療Lisfranc損傷術(shù)后創(chuàng)傷性關(guān)節(jié)炎的決定危險(xiǎn)因素。
1.1 一般資料 選取2009年11月-2012年4月本院19例伴有Lisfranc損傷的患者,其中男15例,女4例;年齡21~58歲,平均41歲;患者經(jīng)歷了開(kāi)放/閉合復(fù)位和內(nèi)固定(采用空心螺釘和克氏針),伴有Lisfranc損傷(圖1)。排除瘦弱、先天性畸形、先天性神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病、擠壓傷的患者。Lisfranc骨折分型:同側(cè)(I型)7例,單獨(dú)型(II型)7例,分離型(III型)5例?;颊咧杏易銚p傷10例,開(kāi)放性骨折6例,多重創(chuàng)傷3例;3例有身體同側(cè)的下肢骨折,8例損傷5個(gè)跖跗關(guān)節(jié),4例僅損傷了內(nèi)側(cè)柱,3例僅損傷后柱,6例單純韌帶損傷,13例骨折脫位。對(duì)于上述lisfranc損傷骨折情況不穩(wěn)定的患者筆者采用切開(kāi)復(fù)位內(nèi)固定術(shù)(用螺釘和克氏針),這些患者被定義為在負(fù)重位X線上內(nèi)側(cè)柱排列紊亂移位>1 mm,或者骰骨和第四跖骨在斜位片上排列紊亂,或者第二跖骨和中間楔骨在正側(cè)位X線片上丟失正常的隊(duì)列[11]。
圖1 Lisfranc損傷及術(shù)后復(fù)查
1.2 手術(shù)方法 腫脹消退后,患者接受治療,所有患者先進(jìn)行閉合復(fù)位,閉合復(fù)位失敗后采用切開(kāi)復(fù)位內(nèi)固定術(shù)。在第一和第二跖骨基底之間背側(cè)踇長(zhǎng)伸肌腱旁側(cè)做一個(gè)長(zhǎng)切口,背內(nèi)側(cè)皮神經(jīng)的內(nèi)側(cè)分支注意保護(hù)。如果視野緊張,切口可以延長(zhǎng)到末端伸肌支持帶[3,12]。足背動(dòng)脈和腓深神經(jīng)通過(guò)可伸縮性線圈游離。復(fù)位從第二跖骨楔骨關(guān)節(jié)開(kāi)始[13]。然后復(fù)位跖骨基底骨折,小的不可復(fù)位的碎片被移除。開(kāi)放性骨折要反復(fù)大量的沖洗。空心螺釘從內(nèi)側(cè)楔骨橫向方向釘入,用克氏針和巾鉗臨時(shí)固定,經(jīng)皮導(dǎo)針沿著遠(yuǎn)端到近端方向釘入,影像學(xué)控制下觀察復(fù)位情況,術(shù)中直徑4 mm空心螺釘被使用,術(shù)中要注意螺釘頭的埋入情況,避免刺激伸肌腱。隨后第一和第三跖骨楔骨關(guān)節(jié)復(fù)位用同樣的方式固定,第四和第五跖跗關(guān)節(jié)的穩(wěn)定性自然恢復(fù)。如果仍然不穩(wěn)定,可在與第一切口平行的基礎(chǔ)上做第二切口,用克氏針固定。在關(guān)閉傷口的過(guò)程中避免縫合線過(guò)緊。其中5例采用空心螺釘固定,4例采用克氏針固定,10例同時(shí)采用空心螺釘和克氏針固定。
術(shù)后,患者在膝關(guān)節(jié)下方打踝關(guān)節(jié)中立位石膏2周。4周內(nèi)患者禁止負(fù)重。6周后克氏針取出,開(kāi)始逐漸負(fù)重(圖2)??招穆葆斣?個(gè)月后取出。
1.3 評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 疼痛、功能和外觀通過(guò)MFS評(píng)分系統(tǒng)和AOFAS評(píng)分系統(tǒng)評(píng)估[12-15]。以負(fù)重位X線片評(píng)估骨不連、半脫位、排列紊亂和術(shù)后創(chuàng)傷關(guān)節(jié)炎。解剖對(duì)齊:在正側(cè)位X線片跖骨的內(nèi)側(cè)緣與中間楔骨一致,在斜位片上第4跖骨的內(nèi)側(cè)緣與骰骨相一致,在斜位片上第三跖骨的外側(cè)緣與外側(cè)楔骨相一致,平足測(cè)量根據(jù)骰骨的跖側(cè)緣和第四跖骨的基底部的距離。
圖2 拔出克氏針后X線
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行處理,計(jì)量資料采用(±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料比較采用 χ2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
所有患者隨訪24~40個(gè)月,平均30個(gè)月。閉合復(fù)位5例患者,患者主要是僅僅損傷1個(gè)跖跗關(guān)節(jié)的患者,但閉合復(fù)位的患者均未達(dá)到解剖復(fù)位。其余14例患者均為切開(kāi)復(fù)位內(nèi)固定,基本達(dá)到解剖復(fù)位。所有患者M(jìn)FS評(píng)分為(76.2±7.08)分,AOFAS評(píng)分為(77.5±6.73)分。解剖復(fù)位組的AOFAS評(píng)分為(79.3±4.85)分,MFS評(píng)分為(80.4±4.11)分,高于非解剖復(fù)位組的(67.5±5.13)分、(69.4±6.07)分,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.0007、P=0.0009)。骨折脫位的患者與韌帶損傷的患者在MFS與AOFAS評(píng)分上比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。與解剖復(fù)位組相比,非解剖復(fù)位組更容易發(fā)生后創(chuàng)傷性關(guān)節(jié)炎(3/5VS1/14,P=0.037),見(jiàn)表1。多重骨折的2例患者發(fā)展成表面感染,其中1例患者通過(guò)靜脈注入抗生素行清創(chuàng)術(shù)。19例患者中1例患者經(jīng)歷了植皮手術(shù)。3例患者空心釘折斷。患者均未出現(xiàn)深靜脈血栓、疼痛性神經(jīng)瘤、反射交感神經(jīng)萎縮。4例患者發(fā)展成術(shù)后創(chuàng)傷性關(guān)節(jié)炎,其中1例在內(nèi)固定物移除后發(fā)展成橫向半脫位,2例患者發(fā)展成平足。2例患者有嚴(yán)重功能受限并發(fā)癥,給予其中1例患者行關(guān)節(jié)融合。
表1 不同復(fù)位和骨折類(lèi)型患者的MFS、AOFAS評(píng)分的比較(±s) 分
表1 不同復(fù)位和骨折類(lèi)型患者的MFS、AOFAS評(píng)分的比較(±s) 分
分類(lèi) 組別 MFS平均分 P值 AOFAS平均分 P值復(fù)位 解剖組(n=14) 80.40±4.11 0.0009 79.30±4.85 0.0007非解剖組(n=5) 69.40±6.07 67.50±5.13損傷 僅韌帶損傷組(n=6) 72.10±7.34 0.09 73.50±6.34 0.075骨與韌帶損傷組(n=13) 78.10±6.85 79.30±5.54骨折 開(kāi)放組(n=5) 71.40±8.47 0.08 75.00±7.87 0.37閉合組(n=14) 77.90±5.93 78.40±6.35跖跗關(guān)節(jié)損傷的數(shù)量 <5(n=11) 74.70±7.85 0.36 76.00±7.35 0.25 5(n=8) 78.00±5.86 79.60±5.52復(fù)位 切開(kāi)復(fù)位(n=14) 77.70±6.64 0.12 79.00±6.47 0.11閉合復(fù)位(n=5) 72.00±7.21 73.40±6.23
Lisfranc關(guān)節(jié)通過(guò)跗骨末端和跖骨及其間的韌帶支撐結(jié)構(gòu)共同構(gòu)成復(fù)雜的骨間關(guān)系來(lái)維持中足、前足的穩(wěn)定[16]。內(nèi)側(cè)楔骨和第二跖骨之間的骨間韌帶眾所周知被稱(chēng)為L(zhǎng)isfranc韌帶,第一跖跗骨關(guān)節(jié)囊通過(guò)跖側(cè)和背側(cè)韌帶增強(qiáng),第二跖骨通過(guò)所有楔骨鎖在了中間楔骨鄰近的凹槽榫眼中[17]。由于趾伸肌和背側(cè)韌帶支撐力量薄弱,大多數(shù)脫位朝向背側(cè)并且發(fā)生二次跖屈損傷[17]。當(dāng)脫位發(fā)生時(shí),跖跗關(guān)節(jié)的形狀和位置傾向于足的縱向軸線壓縮,跖跗關(guān)節(jié)損傷從扭傷、微妙的半脫位到全部的位移[18]。Lisfranc關(guān)節(jié)損傷后也可引起嚴(yán)重的跖跗關(guān)節(jié)排列紊亂[18-19]。治療從閉合復(fù)位用或者不使用克氏針到解剖復(fù)位和使用克氏針或者空心螺釘[20-24]。由于第一、二跖骨基底跖側(cè)斑點(diǎn)標(biāo)記不能被廣泛認(rèn)知,Lisfranc損傷被頻繁的忽視或者誤診[25-26]。公路交通事故普遍引起骨折損傷,然而通常引起沒(méi)有骨折的脫位,損傷機(jī)制可能是直接也可能是間接的[17]。直接暴力從腳底撞擊跖骨,一起橫向移位。間接暴力下前足在跖側(cè)容易改變形態(tài)出現(xiàn)二次骨折,足的背側(cè)韌帶的力量比跖側(cè)韌帶的力量弱,因此抵抗更少的暴力。Lisfranc損傷被分為同側(cè)型、單獨(dú)型、分離型。如果骨折不能合理的被治療,骨不連容易發(fā)生,穿鞋也很困難。疼痛畸形可能發(fā)生[4]。穩(wěn)定的解剖復(fù)位術(shù)后可以產(chǎn)生更好的功能結(jié)構(gòu)[7-9]。內(nèi)固定物選擇克氏針和空心螺釘,即使在克氏針輕微較高的失敗率研究中,內(nèi)側(cè)柱被空心螺釘固定,也可提供更強(qiáng)的更穩(wěn)定的結(jié)構(gòu)。然而外側(cè)柱用克氏針固定可以保護(hù)正常的移動(dòng)性,用空心螺釘嚴(yán)格的固定會(huì)改變正常足動(dòng)力學(xué)[27-33]。
切開(kāi)復(fù)位和閉合復(fù)位已經(jīng)有報(bào)道[29-31]。由于全部的力量由關(guān)節(jié)軟骨承擔(dān),純粹的沒(méi)有骨折的韌帶損傷往往與差的術(shù)后結(jié)構(gòu)相關(guān)聯(lián)的,盡管切開(kāi)復(fù)位和內(nèi)固定的應(yīng)用。在筆者的研究中,對(duì)于Lisfranc損傷的患者當(dāng)中,解剖復(fù)位是對(duì)于預(yù)測(cè)患者術(shù)后的療效的最重要的指標(biāo)。解剖復(fù)位的患者很少發(fā)展成關(guān)節(jié)炎(P=0.037)并且獲得更好的MAF得分和AOFAS得分(P<0.05),關(guān)節(jié)軟骨的損傷,非解剖復(fù)位和不穩(wěn)定的內(nèi)固定可能導(dǎo)致術(shù)后創(chuàng)傷性關(guān)節(jié)炎。Lisfranc損傷內(nèi)固定術(shù)后,對(duì)于取出的內(nèi)固定后沒(méi)有確切的時(shí)間,克氏針通常8周移除,然而空心螺釘被移除在12周~3年,或者有癥狀的患者[33-34]。對(duì)于連接不全性骨折,解剖復(fù)位切開(kāi)復(fù)位內(nèi)固定比關(guān)節(jié)融合更加具有優(yōu)越性。
筆者的研究中樣本小,具有限制性,對(duì)于進(jìn)行大樣本的進(jìn)一步的學(xué)習(xí)和長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的隨訪是必要的。
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Clinical Research on Postoperative Lisfranc Injury Traumatic Arthritis
GUO Hong-liang,HAN Ya-jun,Yilihamutuoheti.//Medical Innovation of China,2014,11(24):034-037
Objective:Clinical research on Lisfranc injury traumatic arthritis postoperative.Method:19 cases of Lisfranc injury traumatic arthritis postoperative were selected, 15 men and 4 women, aged 21 to 58 (average, 41)years. The patients all were received Lisfranc fractures underwent open/closed reduction and internal fixation (used screw and wire). Fractures were classified as homolateral (n=7), isolated (n=7), and divergent (n=5). 6 patients had open fractures; 8 patients injured 5 tarsometatarsal joints; and 6 patients had pure ligamentous injury. Outcome was assessed using the Maryland foot score(MFS) and the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score. Weight-bearing radiographs were evaluated for non-union, subluxation, malalignment, and post-traumatic arthritis.Result:Patients were followed up for 24 to 40 ((average, 30) months. Patients with anatomic reduction achieved higher mean AOFAS foot score (79.3±4.85 vs 67.5±5.13,P=0.0007) and Maryland foot score (80.4±4.11 vs 69.4±6.07,P=0.0009) than did patients with non-anatomic reduction. Post-traumatic arthritis occurred significantly more often in patients with non-anatomic than anatomic reduction (3/5 vs 1/14,P=0.037). 4 patients developed post-traumatic arthritis, one of whom also developed lateral subluxation after implant removal, 2 patients developed flat foot. 2 patients had severe symptoms that limited function, one of whom underwent an arthrodesis. 2 patients with compound fractures developed superficial infections. 3 patients had broken screws.Conclusion:Lisfranc injury patients treated with anatomical repositioning, curative effect is good, seldom develop arthritis.
Post-traumatic arthritis; Lisfranc injury; Open reduction
10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2014.24.011
2014-02-19) (本文編輯:蔡元元)
新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)科學(xué)技術(shù)支疆項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃(指令性)項(xiàng)目(2013911112)
①新疆醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院 新疆 烏魯木齊 830063
伊力哈木·托合提
First-author’s address:The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University,Urumqi 830063,China