陳羽 吳禮浩 馬偉欽 何興祥
他汀類藥物預防結直腸腫瘤的Meta分析
陳羽 吳禮浩 馬偉欽 何興祥
目的系統(tǒng)評價他汀類藥物對結直腸癌的發(fā)病率及病死率的影響。方法使用Medline等數(shù)據(jù)庫收集他汀類藥物與結直腸腫瘤相關的文獻,篩選高質(zhì)量文獻,分別計算RR或OR值以及95%CI等,分析他汀類藥物預防結直腸癌及結直腸腺瘤的作用,運用漏斗圖評價發(fā)表偏倚。結果共納入30項研究,研究對象2 417 713例。他汀類藥物預防結直腸癌的森林圖提示存在統(tǒng)計學差異(RR=0.87,95%CI:0.77-0.99,P=0.03),他汀類藥物預防結直腸腺瘤的森林圖不存在統(tǒng)計學差異(OR=0.61,95%CI:0.31-1.22,P =0.16),漏斗圖分析各項研究未發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)表偏倚。結論他汀類藥物對結直腸癌可能起到一定的化學預防作用,而對結直腸腺瘤的作用有待進一步研究。
他汀類藥物;結直腸腫瘤;Meta分析;發(fā)病率
結直腸癌(Colorectal Cancer,CRC)列美國、英國等西方國家癌癥死亡譜的第二位。在我國,結直腸癌發(fā)病率已上升至惡性腫瘤的第三位,每年新發(fā)病例超17萬,且近年發(fā)病率呈明顯上升趨勢,新發(fā)病例數(shù)以每年4%的速度增長[1]。盡管治療措施不斷改進,其整體療效依然不盡人意。CRC多由結直腸腺瘤(Colorectal Adenoma,CRA)發(fā)展而來。然而,目前尚無一種確切而安全預防CRC的化學藥物[2]。近期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)他汀類降脂藥物具有一定的化學預防作用[3-4],然而也有不同的報道[5-6]。因此,本研究對相關的臨床研究數(shù)據(jù)進行薈萃分析,旨在提供他汀類藥物預防結直腸腫瘤更準確可信的循證醫(yī)學證據(jù)。
一、檢索策略
使用MEDLINE電子數(shù)據(jù)庫檢索,檢索關鍵詞是“Colorectal”、“Cancer(s)”、“neoplasm(s)”、“adenoma(s)”、“malignancy(ies)”和“HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor(s)”、“statin(s)”、“atorvastatin”、“cerivastatin”、“fluvastatin”、“l(fā)ovastatin”、“mevastatin”、“pravastatin”、“rivastatin”、“rosuvastatin”、“simvastatin”,部分按照參考文獻溯源手工查找。時間限定范圍是1865年到2014年8月。檢索結果由兩名評價者獨立評閱,意見不一致時咨詢第三方。
二、納入標準
選取發(fā)表的優(yōu)質(zhì)文獻,納入標準:①研究資料完整,排除缺乏完整的四格表資料的研究,均提供效應指標優(yōu)勢比(odds ratio)或危險比率(risk ratio)或比值比(rate ratio)或危害比(hazard ratio)以及95%置信區(qū)間(CI);②研究均設對照組,對照組為使用安慰劑及未使用他汀類藥物患者,對照組與病例組年齡、性別差異無顯著性;③為提高納入文獻質(zhì)量及減少誤差,評價結直腸癌僅納入研究對象超過5 000例及隨訪2年以上的研究,由于結直腸腺瘤相關研究少,納入隨訪2年以上的研究,無研究對象數(shù)量的要求,剔除重復報告、質(zhì)量差、報道信息少及無法利用的文獻。
三、資料提取
按照預制的標準表格提取納入文獻的相關數(shù)據(jù)。提取信息包括:①研究者,出版年限,受試者例數(shù),平均年齡,性別比,研究地點;②實驗設計細節(jié),是否隨機,隨機方法,失訪者例數(shù),隨訪時間;③治療方案,結直腸癌診斷方法,用Jadad評分系統(tǒng)評價各研究的質(zhì)量:隨機化、雙盲、隨訪。根據(jù)上述設計的資料提取表格,分別由2個或2個以上評價者獨立參與資料的提取,意見不一致時由第三方仲裁或通過討論解決。
四、統(tǒng)計學分析
分別應用固定效應模型和隨機效應模型進行Meta分析。兩種模型結果的一致程度可在一定程度上反映合并結果的可靠性。運用固定效應模型計算危險度;當存在異質(zhì)性時,運用隨機效應模型計算危險度?;仡櫺匝芯窟x擇OR,前瞻性研究選擇RR,計算OR和(或)RR值及95%CI,并對OR和(或)RR值進行χ2檢驗,P<0.05為有統(tǒng)計學意義。使用漏斗圖評價發(fā)表偏倚。Breslow-Day檢驗評價各研究之間的異質(zhì)性。系統(tǒng)分析軟件為Cochrane協(xié)作網(wǎng)提供的Revman(版本5.1.6)。
一、文獻概況
經(jīng)認真篩選共納入研究30項,其中隨機對照研究7項[7-13]、隊列研究15項[3-5,14-25]、病例對照研究8項[6,26-32]。共有研究對象2 417 713例,隨機對照研究均為意愿性(intention-to-treat,ITT)分析數(shù)據(jù);所有數(shù)據(jù)均經(jīng)過各類潛在危險因素校正。研究報告發(fā)表時間的范圍是1998年至2013年。
二、他汀類藥物預防CRC的Meta分析
共納入研究26項,其中隨機對照研究7項[7-13]、隊列研究12項[3-5,14-22]、病例對照研究7項[6,26-30,32]。共有研究對象2 409 759例,其中他汀藥物組558 738例,對照組1 851 021例,結直腸癌病例范圍在隨機對照研究中是12~131例,隊列研究32~2 566例,病例對照研究48~5 258例。
根據(jù)研究分類進行亞組分析,其中隨機對照研究齊性檢驗(P=0.30),研究間異質(zhì)性不顯著,選用固定效應模型(RR=0.93,95%CI:0.81-1.08,P= 0.34);隊列研究齊性檢驗(P<0.01),研究間異質(zhì)性顯著,選用隨機效應模型(RR=0.85,95%CI:0.68-1.05,P=0.14);病例對照研究齊性檢驗(P<0.01),研究間異質(zhì)性顯著,選用隨機效應模型(OR=0.88,95%CI:0.68-1.13,P=0.31)。
合并數(shù)據(jù)分析,各亞組間齊性檢驗(P<0.01),存在異質(zhì)性選用隨機效應模型(RR=0.87,95%CI:0.77-0.99,P=0.03),各亞組間無明顯差異性(P= 0.77);Meta分析森林圖(圖1)中可見菱形完全位于垂直線的他汀類藥物側,存在統(tǒng)計學差異(Z=2.19,P=0.03),可以考慮他汀類藥物對預防結直腸癌的發(fā)生起一定的保護作用。
三、他汀類藥物預防CRA的Meta分析
納入研究4項,其中隊列研究3項[23-25],病例對照研究1項[31],共有研究對象7 954例,其中他汀藥物組2 846例,對照組5 108例,共有結直腸腺瘤2 263例。
由于多為回顧性研究,選擇OR值進行評價,各研究齊性檢驗(P<0.01),各研究間異質(zhì)性顯著,選用隨機效應模型(OR=0.61,95%CI:0.31-1.22,P= 0.16),Meta分析森林圖(圖2)中可見菱形跨過垂直線,不存在統(tǒng)計學差異(Z=1.39,P=0.16),可以考慮他汀類藥物對預防結直腸腺瘤的發(fā)生可能不存在保護作用。
四、敏感性分析和發(fā)表偏倚
他汀類藥物預防CRC的Meta分析采用固定效應模型進行,得到結果(Z=7.29,P<0.01)與隨機效應模型的結果一致,反映出合并結果基本可靠;但是他汀類藥物預防CRA采用固定效應模型進行(Z =7.42,P<0.01)與隨機效應模式結果不一致,反映出結果可能存在一定誤差。他汀類藥物預防CRC(圖3)和CRA發(fā)表偏倚使用漏斗圖分析,未見明顯不對稱,說明可能無發(fā)表偏倚。
圖1 他汀類藥物預防結直腸癌的Meta分析森林圖
近年來大量統(tǒng)計資料表明,CRC作為臨床最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,其發(fā)病率和死亡率均逐年升高。CRC患者中,80%以上是由CRA演變而來。內(nèi)鏡下CRA摘除術是目前公認的預防CRC最好的干預方式,但結直腸間期癌的發(fā)病密度每年每1 000人中仍有2.9例[33]。因此,引入化學預防的方法,旨在進一步降低CRC的發(fā)病率。腫瘤的化學預防是指利用天然或合成的化學物質(zhì)預防腫瘤發(fā)生或使腫瘤分化逆轉從而達到預防惡性腫瘤發(fā)生的目的。目前對結直腸腫瘤具有明確化學預防作用的藥物只有非甾體抗炎藥,但由于其較高的副作用而限制了其使用。近年有較多國外文獻報道了關于他汀類藥物與結直腸腫瘤間的關系,但是并無統(tǒng)一觀點[17,34]。已有國外的他汀藥物預防CRC的Meta分析,但是亦無統(tǒng)一觀點[35-36]。國外的經(jīng)驗對于我國具有借鑒作用,然而國內(nèi)無相關研究的報道。
圖2 他汀類藥物預防結直腸腺瘤的Meta分析森林圖
圖3 他汀類藥物預防結直腸癌的倒漏斗圖
本研究特點:①提高納入研究的質(zhì)量,剔除低質(zhì)量、隨訪時間短和樣本量少的研究,以慎重考慮他汀類藥物對CRC的化學預防作用;②對他汀類藥物對CRA的化學預防作用進行Meta分析,為國內(nèi)外首次報道。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),他汀類藥物對CRC可能具有一定的化學預防作用(Z=2.19,P=0.03),而對CRA的化學預防作用不顯著(Z=1.39,P=0.16);若CRA的Meta分析使用固定效應提示他汀類藥物是具有保護作用的,但可能存在研究數(shù)量少、樣品量不足等原因?qū)е庐愘|(zhì)性而使用了隨機效應模型。因此,目前尚無明確證據(jù)證實他汀類藥物具有阻止CRA發(fā)展為CRC的作用。
本研究提示他汀類藥物可能對CRC具有一定化學預防作用與其他循證研究類似[37-38]。并有研究進一步發(fā)現(xiàn)他汀類藥物預防CRC的作用機制[39-40],可能通過下調(diào)血管生成素2、BiP和Hsp90α等細胞因子以及DNA的自我修復起作用。本研究初步證實了他汀類藥物臨床應用對結直腸癌化學預防的可能作用,但具體的機制仍有待進一步研究。
本研究考慮對CRA研究數(shù)量較少而降低了納入標準,導致了可能存在一定誤差,仍有待進一步深入研究;使用Revman軟件生產(chǎn)漏斗圖判斷發(fā)表偏倚過于主觀;另外,本Meta分析均為國外研究,國內(nèi)尚無相關研究發(fā)表,期待我國的研究數(shù)據(jù)提供更可靠的依據(jù)。
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Statin use and the risk of colorectal neoplasm:a meta-analysis of 30 studies
CHEN Yu,WU Li-hao,MA Wei-qin,HE Xing-xiang.Department of Gastroenterology,The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University,Guangzhou 510080,China.Corresponding author:HE Xing-xiang,xingxianghe@medmail.com.cn
ObjectiveAim of this study is to explore the association between statin use and colorectal neoplasm risk through meta-analysis based on published studies.MethodsA comprehensive literature search was undertaken through August 2014 looking for eligible studies through Medline and so on.Pooled relative risk(RR)estimates and 95%confidence intervals(CIs)were used to calculate estimated effect.Then,the potential presence of publication bias and study heterogeneity was assessed.ResultA total of 30 studies,involving 2,417,713 subjects,contributed to the analysis.Overall,statin use was associated with a modest reduction in the risk of colorectal cancer(RR=0.87,95%CI:0.77-0.99,P=0.03).However,we did not find significant evidence of statin use and colorectal adenoma(OR=0.61,95%CI:0.31-1.22,P=0.16).Publication bias was not be detected by the funnel plot.ConclusionStatin use was associated with a modest reduced risk of colorectal cancer.However,further targeted research of the association between statin and colorectal adenoma is warranted.
Statin;Colorectal neoplasms;Meta-analysis;Morbidity
2014-10-12)
(本文編輯:王新穎)
10.3969/j.issn.1672-2159.2014.06.006
510080廣東藥學院附屬第一醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科
何興祥,E-mail:xingxianghe@medmail.com.cn
國家自然科學基金項目(61201437);廣東省醫(yī)學科研基金資助項目(B2011152)