工園
——布魯克林多米諾糖廠后工業(yè)公園設(shè)計研究

吳逸青 閆碩

“我的工廠去哪了（Where is my factory）?”

在SHoP建筑事務(wù)所項目總監(jiān)結(jié)束了多米諾糖廠片區(qū)開發(fā)的演講后，一位布魯克林歷史學(xué)會的聽眾提出了這個問題。

這是一個切中要害的問題，也是多米諾復(fù)興規(guī)劃設(shè)計過程中規(guī)劃師、風(fēng)景園林師、建筑師以及客戶一直在探討并試圖回答的重要設(shè)計問題。雖然從現(xiàn)在來看，迷霧空間中的大鐵罐已然成為整個公園的象征，居民們會欣喜地爬上由舊廠房工字鋼柱子改造的廊架遠(yuǎn)眺曼哈頓，情侶們會在由回收鐵瓦楞板建成的快餐店中約會，孩子們會在糖廠遺址建筑前的噴泉中你追我趕。那些舊日的工業(yè)元素變成了新的活動的載體，一切設(shè)施、構(gòu)筑物和人們的使用都無比自然和尋常，仿佛這般場景早已存在于此——恰恰這些自然和尋常，對于項目設(shè)計師來說，都是經(jīng)歷了從規(guī)劃到施工過程中的無數(shù)討論、交涉和決策之后，才最終呈現(xiàn)出的效果。今天當(dāng)談起那一年公眾演講來自觀眾席中的那個提問，那種空氣凝固感依然讓人記憶猶新。

1 多米諾糖廠及區(qū)域更新計劃

多米諾糖廠屬于美國的制糖大亨哈維梅耶家族，就像洛克菲勒對于石油產(chǎn)業(yè)的影響一樣，哈維梅耶家族對于美國糖業(yè)有著舉足輕重的影響。該工廠產(chǎn)出的糖曾經(jīng)一度占據(jù)超過美國全國糖產(chǎn)量的90%，至今美國超市中黃白相間的多米諾牌白砂糖仍然是美國大眾對于“糖”的第一印象。

1多米諾公園位于紐約威廉斯堡地區(qū)，占地2萬m2。它是多米諾糖廠再開發(fā)規(guī)劃的第一階段Domino Park is a 20,000 m2 public park located along the East River in Williamsburg Brooklyn and is the first phase of the transformation of the 44,450 m2 former Domino Sugar Factory site into an ambitious mixed-use development project

2 多米諾公園（2018年9月）Domino Park in September 2018

3 多米諾糖廠（2014年8月）Domino Sugar Refinery in August 2014

然而2004年，位于紐約的多米諾糖廠因為高昂的地稅和長達(dá)20個月的罷工被迫關(guān)閉。作為布魯克林區(qū)濱水工業(yè)帶的象征，這個為當(dāng)?shù)靥峁┏^400個就業(yè)機(jī)會的工廠，變成了一塊無人問津、隔絕周邊社區(qū)與東河（East River）岸線的傷疤[1]。很快，工廠擁有的這一整塊長達(dá)400 m的濱水地塊被出售給一家叫社區(qū)保護(hù)公司（Community Preservation Corporation）的房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)商，并且著手規(guī)劃多米諾糖廠復(fù)興開發(fā)。社區(qū)保護(hù)公司的規(guī)劃雖然承諾提供一個12 m寬的濱水公園，保留工廠主體建筑以及12 m高的極具歷史價值的DOMINO標(biāo)牌，但是他們的開發(fā)卻延續(xù)了傳統(tǒng)濱水開發(fā)的一貫手法：即在本該屬于公眾的濱水空間周邊高密度開發(fā)高層奢華公寓，像高墻一樣把最美的景色擋在外面；同時盡可能縮小公園的入口，并設(shè)置臺階，分離公園與街道人行的銜接，將這難得的公共空間偷偷改變成服務(wù)于高級奢華公寓的后花園。

世事無常，2008年的金融危機(jī)讓社區(qū)保護(hù)公司無力繼續(xù)經(jīng)營，不得不將這塊土地以12.95億人民幣（1.85億美元）賣給了雙樹資產(chǎn)管理公司（Two Trees Management, TTM）[2]。TTM是一個注重功能、美學(xué)且擁有社會責(zé)任心的企業(yè)，他們受到紐約高線公園開發(fā)經(jīng)驗的啟發(fā)，認(rèn)為一個好的公共空間將是城市復(fù)興和開發(fā)成功的關(guān)鍵。因此他們與James Corner Field Operations（JCFO）和SHoP合作，希望更改已經(jīng)被政府批準(zhǔn)的原有規(guī)劃，為公眾提供更好的公共空間。經(jīng)努力，在新一版規(guī)劃中委托方和設(shè)計方共同決定：1）重新設(shè)計建筑與布局，將建筑縮減到6棟，調(diào)整建筑形態(tài)，消除由建筑形成的屏障，為居民留出通向水岸的視線廊道；2）后移建筑，把之前規(guī)劃中12 m寬的公園擴(kuò)展到30 m以承載更多的活動項目；3）在公園與建筑間引入一條新的市政道路，串聯(lián)之前的幾條盡端路，增加公園可達(dá)性。

新的規(guī)劃象征著布魯克林濱河項目開發(fā)模式從構(gòu)建封閉的私人高級公寓，轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榇蛟扉_放的城市生活目的地，其成果也再一次驗證優(yōu)秀的公共空間對于城市開發(fā)的重要推動作用。

2 景觀設(shè)計概念

在規(guī)劃的整體指引下，JCFO重新思考了整個公園的核心設(shè)計概念，將“展現(xiàn)布魯克林的工業(yè)文化”作為創(chuàng)造公共生活目的地的核心手法。多米諾糖廠因其非常獨有的紅磚建筑和旁邊巨大的真空糖罐而出名，是整個公園設(shè)計的靈感來源。公園設(shè)計首先圍繞將糖廠中難以被看到的機(jī)器轉(zhuǎn)移到工廠外部開始，從而讓人們能夠通過觸碰設(shè)備實體，了解制糖工業(yè)的工作流程。設(shè)計師希望未來的公園在變成熱鬧的活動場地的同時，也能讓布魯克林工業(yè)歷史變成下一代人的記憶。因此，JCFO設(shè)計了一條名為工業(yè)遺跡步道的走廊，將超過30個不同功能的大型機(jī)器構(gòu)件布置在這個線性走廊旁，同時用該走廊貫穿公園，串聯(lián)3個不同的設(shè)計分區(qū)，即動態(tài)休閑空間、中央聚會空間（水廣場）和靜態(tài)休閑空間。通過工業(yè)遺跡步道的設(shè)計，工廠不再只是一個孤立的地標(biāo)，而是擴(kuò)大為整個濱水空間，進(jìn)而將多米諾糖廠的特征延伸到整個街區(qū)。所以，曾經(jīng)在當(dāng)?shù)厝诵闹械奶菑S，就變成了這個公園本身——這也是我們對那位提問者的回答。

2.1 工業(yè)遺跡步道

4 多米諾公園總體規(guī)劃前后對比Domino park master plan before and after

5 過去多米諾糖廠內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)Domino Refinery original condition

6 多米諾糖廠原有工業(yè)元素的位置Original artifacts location

多米諾糖廠中的工業(yè)遺跡本身代表了這段神奇的布魯克林濱水工業(yè)的歷史，也體現(xiàn)了糖廠完整的制糖工藝，包括卸貨、轉(zhuǎn)移、存儲糖漿、真空加熱、包裝等過程。由于糖廠內(nèi)部將被改造為辦公空間，內(nèi)部原有機(jī)器設(shè)備須進(jìn)行移除；我們選擇保留最具代表性的關(guān)鍵生產(chǎn)器件和相關(guān)機(jī)械，將它們分散在場地各處[3]。

在場地最北面，我們保留了2個24 m高用于從輪船上卸貨的塔吊，以及它們下面長達(dá)180 m的鐵軌。多米諾公園對岸就是曼哈頓的下城區(qū)，有非常好的風(fēng)景，所以我們結(jié)合塔吊，設(shè)計了一個空中觀景走廊，讓游客可以擁有欣賞曼哈頓的更高視角。原有工廠實質(zhì)上是由一系列高架走廊連接在一起的多種結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)合體，所以在這空中步道上行走也是一種當(dāng)下與歷史的對話，讓游客能夠體驗到過去糖廠工人每天所看到的視野。在設(shè)計時，我們用糖廠倉庫中回收的工字鋼梁鞏固架空步道，而步道的面材和欄桿則是用全新的不銹鋼板和預(yù)制混凝土鋪裝。這種新材料與舊材料的結(jié)合使高架步道成為歷史與現(xiàn)在之間的聯(lián)系，是過去體驗的再現(xiàn)，也承載了新的活動。

空中走廊南端，在種植區(qū)中間放置了為糖廠特別制造的螺旋運輸器，他們曾經(jīng)被用于將粗糖從倉庫運到工廠。這些豎向元素與新種植的樹木一起，圍合出一個放有可移動桌椅的餐飲空間。往南，我們設(shè)計了一個廣場空間，用于凸顯背后的工廠主體。過了這一廣場，是工業(yè)遺跡的高潮：4個代表當(dāng)時最先進(jìn)的真空制糖法的鐵罐被放置于此，同時為了復(fù)原真空制糖情景，我們設(shè)計了一個噴霧裝置來模擬從半成品糖中脫離水分的過程，從而不僅在視覺、更在嗅覺和觸覺上重現(xiàn)了當(dāng)時的工業(yè)制造氛圍。 最后，為了讓這些工業(yè)遺跡能夠被人們完整識別，大多數(shù)的機(jī)器遺跡都刷上了一種由多米諾糖廠設(shè)備中提取的特殊藍(lán)色，以達(dá)到視覺統(tǒng)一。

2.2 場地功能與活動組織

多米諾公園是威廉斯堡社區(qū)160年來的第一個濱水公園，作為一個多元化的社區(qū)，不同文化背景的居民團(tuán)體都期待這個公園能滿足他們多樣的活動需求，同時也希望公園能夠展示他們自己的歷史。為了平衡不同居民的需求，這些活動被分為2類，一類是有特定場地需求的活動，如沙灘排球、咖啡外擺、兒童游樂場、狗狗公園等；一類是可以靈活發(fā)生的活動，如家庭聚餐、跑步散步等。雖然第二類活動相對常規(guī)，但是基于對未來不確定的思考，我們?yōu)檫@些活動場地預(yù)留了更多空間，因為這樣的場地更能適應(yīng)不同社會經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下市民對于活動的需求。

為了將如此多活動有秩序地分布在公園中，我們用不同大小的長方形作為設(shè)計基本單元，對場地進(jìn)行分割，做到盡可能高效地利用有限的土地空間。為了確定每種場地的尺寸，我們進(jìn)行了廣泛的同類型案例空間分析，決定將草坪區(qū)確定為550 m2，兒童活動區(qū)為 400 m2，150 m2為狗狗公園，以及800 m2作為鋪裝廣場，其中80 m2的部分可轉(zhuǎn)化為旱噴。

最后，我們基于場地周邊的建筑性質(zhì)，將這些活動場地組合成為3個部分，形成3個滿足不同使用者活動的區(qū)域：動態(tài)休閑空間、中央聚會空間（水廣場）和靜態(tài)休閑空間。

3 特殊空間、材料與細(xì)部設(shè)計

3.1 特殊景觀節(jié)點設(shè)計

除上文提到的工業(yè)遺跡步道，在多米諾公園中，JCFO還重點打造了2個節(jié)點。

3.1.1 開敞平臺與真空糖罐

7 工業(yè)遺跡步道對工廠原有材料與元素進(jìn)行再利用Artifact walk: reusing pre-existing industrial features

開敞平臺位于公園中央偏南的位置，其由來頗為詩意。在上一版設(shè)計完成到JCFO接手之間，紐約遭受了颶風(fēng)桑迪的侵襲，政府借此更新了濱水景觀的設(shè)計規(guī)范，其中一項是公共空間需高于百年一遇洪水水位線?；诖耍嗝字Z公園不得不整體抬高，這樣近水一側(cè)需作為架空平臺處理。如此的設(shè)計改變了原先多米諾糖廠緩坡水岸與東河的關(guān)系，人與水的距離被迫拉遠(yuǎn)，因此JCFO引入了開敞平臺概念，即在架空平臺區(qū)打開一個矩形區(qū)域（9.5 m × 9.5 m），使人們可直接觀望平臺下的舊有岸線和自然水面，重新建立起人與水本來應(yīng)有的感知聯(lián)系。

此外，開敞平臺也為平臺下的生物提供了必要的陽光和空氣流通，特別是喜好臨近水岸淺水區(qū)的魚類等水生生物；深入水底的一個個木樁也提供了充足的有機(jī)物，并完善了近岸區(qū)的水生生物棲息地。橫跨開敞平臺的步行橋采用金屬格柵，為的是使經(jīng)過的人們體驗到由周邊噴霧裝置創(chuàng)造的迷霧氛圍。

3.1.2 中央水廣場

中央水廣場位于多米諾公園的中心，與糖廠中心軸線共軸。整個廣場由3件室外家具（或裝置）及其劃分的空間組成：梯臺座椅、中央噴泉和濱河座椅。

梯臺座椅最靠近糖廠，共4層，1.8 m高，為市民提供了前后2個觀景方向——一邊朝向東河與曼哈頓，另一邊朝向工廠舊址。除了滿足家長、孩子的日常休閑放松需求，座椅周圍還被設(shè)計成潛在的演出場所，在特殊場合可以轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槟苋菁{120人的露天會場（屆時中央噴泉將關(guān)閉）。

中央噴泉位于梯臺座椅與濱河座椅中間，為市民（特別是兒童）提供了大面積戲水的場所。傍晚時分，地面燈光點陣與噴泉會交織出極其夢幻的效果，所以這里也是公園最活躍的區(qū)域。

最后，緊鄰水岸是一系列濱河座椅，離水邊只有3步距離；我們還設(shè)置了一個輪椅可達(dá)的下沉區(qū)域，為使用者提供了觀看曼哈頓城市的最好地點。實際上在每年7月4日美國獨立日，紐約市沿東河都會舉行煙火演出，而多米諾公園特別是這些沿河座椅區(qū)都是炙手可熱的最佳觀景點之一。

3.2 材料、植被與細(xì)部

公園的材料和室外家具的選擇源自布魯克林濱河工業(yè)帶的工業(yè)特征。這種工業(yè)氛圍是由場地中耐候鋼、鍍鋅鋼、大面積混凝土鋪裝和再生木材所構(gòu)成的。作為延續(xù)場地文脈的一種手段，我們也用同樣的材料作為設(shè)計語言去回應(yīng)場地的特有精神。

公園內(nèi)有大量大型定制的工業(yè)制品，其中室外家具面板主要由彩繪鋼和再生木材制成，包括長凳、可移動桌椅、野餐桌和躺椅。此外，還有超過40個不同長度的長凳（累計長度536 m），完全由從粗糖廠倉庫回收的黃松制成。

整個公園場地一半出挑進(jìn)東河，一半位于內(nèi)陸，河岸線貫穿公園始終。根據(jù)這樣的條件，公園地面鋪裝也相應(yīng)采取了2種建設(shè)方式：位于出挑區(qū)域的地面，采用預(yù)制混凝土鋪裝（450 mm×900 mm）；位于內(nèi)陸區(qū)域的地面則采用現(xiàn)場澆筑混凝土。這樣也可以更清晰地反映場地本身的條件和歷史基底。

公園植物種類都是高韌性且耐鹽霧和鹽堿的水岸植物種類，其中包括：多花籃果樹‘紅色瘋狂’（Nyssa sylvatica‘Red Rage’）、北美白橡木（Quercus bicolor）、無刺美國皂莢‘天際線’（Gleditsia triacanthosvar.inermis‘sky-line’）和肯塔基咖啡樹（Gymnocladus dioicus‘Espresso’）等 近175棵喬木，以及柳枝稷（Panicum virgatum）、須芒草（Schizacyrium scoparium）、賓夕法尼亞芒草（Carex Pensylvanica）、秋麒麟（Solidago flexicaulis）和紫苑花（Aster Alpinus）等健壯的草本和多年生植物。將鄉(xiāng)土草本和多年生植物混合和并結(jié)合喬木林配植，都更有助于公園整體的空間序列營造。

4 結(jié)語

多米諾公園為威廉斯堡的居民帶來了前所未有的獨特濱水體驗，終于將荒廢許久的濱水空間包含進(jìn)了周邊社區(qū)的公共空間系統(tǒng)，并復(fù)興了那個曾經(jīng)繁忙的工作碼頭。無論是從開始的政策支持和城市空間介入，到建筑景觀與城市路網(wǎng)關(guān)系的調(diào)整、居住商業(yè)辦公的混合、舊有工業(yè)元素的保留和重組，再到公園內(nèi)部的功能空間劃分，具體活動場所組織和材料細(xì)節(jié)的選擇，JCFO在各個層面都詮釋了“韌性、適宜性、可達(dá)性和經(jīng)濟(jì)性”。

另一方面，對于后工業(yè)景觀語境，多米諾公園同樣進(jìn)行了回應(yīng)。通過設(shè)計，我們有對工廠和設(shè)施進(jìn)行直接保留，如將龍門起重機(jī)和螺旋輸送機(jī)作為標(biāo)志物；也有對工業(yè)元素的重組與再利用，從而使工業(yè)尺度重新適應(yīng)于人類尺度的需求，如工廠立柱繼續(xù)成為高架步道的支撐結(jié)構(gòu)。更重要的是，我們還試圖去復(fù)原過去人們對于工廠本身的體驗，在物理層面和邏輯層面達(dá)到統(tǒng)一，所以人們在架空步道高度所看到的風(fēng)景，就是幾十年前這里工人們所看到的視野；而當(dāng)人們進(jìn)入糖漿桶周圍的迷霧，所經(jīng)歷的也就是原先糖漿生產(chǎn)過程本身所造成的蒸汽效果——因此，我們希望表達(dá)多米諾公園不僅是一座工廠遺跡，更是一種體驗，即游歷其中可以通感過去工人們生產(chǎn)生活的各個官能體驗，獨特的視野、高度、溫度、觸覺等。所以后工業(yè)改造不僅是關(guān)于工業(yè)元素的遺產(chǎn)式保留，而更應(yīng)該去繼承、去復(fù)原工業(yè)元素間的邏輯和人與機(jī)器的關(guān)系，并最終營造一種時空錯位的崇高感（sublime）。

8 高架步道由21根從糖廠倉庫保留下來的柱子支撐。北入口是一個無障礙通行坡道。南入口下方是一個售賣塔可餅的餐廳The Elevated Walk's southern entrance houses a taco stand and leads to an ADA-accessible elevated catwalk, which is supported by twenty-one columns from the Raw Sugar Warehouse that were salvaged in situ

最后，如果被再次問起“工廠在哪里”，我們會回答：“你已經(jīng)身在其中，工廠就是多米諾公園本身。”

（編輯/王一蘭）

項目位置：美國紐約市布魯克林

規(guī)模：2萬m2，長400 m

設(shè)計時間：2012 2018年

建成時間：2018年

業(yè)主單位：雙樹資產(chǎn)管理公司

項目主導(dǎo)、景觀設(shè)計、城市設(shè)計：James Corner Field Operations

城市設(shè)計建筑主導(dǎo)：SHoP建筑事務(wù)所，Vishaan Chakrabarti

兒童設(shè)施藝術(shù)家：Mark Reigelman

結(jié)構(gòu)工程團(tuán)隊：Silman

水景設(shè)計團(tuán)隊：Soucy Aquatik

施工團(tuán)隊：Kelco

土木工程團(tuán)隊：Philip Habib & Associates

海洋工程團(tuán)隊：McLaren Engineering Group

機(jī)電工程團(tuán)隊：Altieri Sebor Wieber LLC

標(biāo)識設(shè)計團(tuán)隊：No? & Associates

設(shè)施安全顧問：Site Masters, Inc.

照明設(shè)計團(tuán)隊：Lighting Workshop

土壤科學(xué)顧問：Craul Land Scientists

灌溉設(shè)計團(tuán)隊：Northern Designs

圖片：圖1、4、6～7、15 ? James Corner Field Operations；圖2 ? 雙樹資產(chǎn)管理公司；圖3 ? Masami Reilly / Shutterstock.com；圖5 ? PAU；圖8～13、16～17 ? Barrett Doherty；圖14 ? Daniel Levin

9 公園內(nèi)獨特的活動源自與當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦臏贤ńY(jié)果。當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裉貏e希望能展示當(dāng)?shù)貧v史、增加家庭活動，特別期望引入沙灘排球場地
The park's specific mix of programming is a direct result of engagement with the surrounding communities. There was popular support for showcasing history, family-oriented activities, and a beach volleyball court in particular

10 中央水景的旱噴受到不同背景家庭的喜愛，背后的座椅是觀賞威廉斯堡大橋與東河的最佳場所
The central water feature draws families from all backgrounds and offers views of the Williamsburg Bridge and the East River

11 在草坪上可以欣賞到原先雄偉的煉糖廠以及威廉斯堡大橋。因此很多人在這里曬日光浴、觀看往來人群或者進(jìn)行野餐等休閑活動
The Lawn, with views south to the landmark Refinery building and the Williamsburg Bridge, is a popular spot for sunbathing, people watching, picnicking, and leisure recreation

“Where is my factory?”

An audience asked this question as ShoP Architects' principal presented the Domino Sugar Refinery redevelopment at the Brooklyn Historical Society.

This is a critical question that designers and client have sought an answer for throughout the redevelopment process. This redevelopment process has been a long one, with countless discussions and negotiations in order to reach a point where postindustrial elements have transformed, supporting new park activities in a way that feels natural. Prior to the redevelopment, the Domino Sugar Refinery had been abandoned for years, inaccessible to the public. Today, those rusty “I” beams from the Refinery have been salvaged and transformed into a new elevated walkway that provides sweeping views of the Manhattan skyline. Syrup tanks that date back to the 1950s now feature a set of misters, inspired by the process of vacuum boiling sugar, and this has become a unique icon of Domino Park. You can find couples on dates at the taco restaurant, built with recycled aluminum board, and children chasing each other in the fountain in front of the Refinery. These design elements and the larger transformation all derive from that one simple question.

1 Domino Sugar Refinery Redevelopment

Master Plan

Domino Sugar Refinery, originally established by the Havemeyer family, once was the most productive sugar refinery in the world. However, in 2004, the factory had to stop operating due to high real estate taxes and strikes. As a result, the factory, a symbol of Brooklyn industrial operations on the East River waterfront, gradually degenerated into a barrier that separated the surrounding community from the East River[1].

Soon after, this industrial waterfront property was sold to Community Preservation Corporation (CPC) for a new development. Although their renovation plan promised to offer a 12-meter-wide waterfront park and preserve the Refinery and historical Domino sign, their master plan offered no more than a traditional profit-focused waterfront development scheme, which would secretly transform the public space into a private garden for luxury residences. Their high-rise luxury building on the waterfront park would block scenic views from the public. The developer simultaneously narrowed the park entrance as much as possible, disconnecting the waterfront from pedestrians on the street. In general, the neighborhood would received little benefit from this master plan.

Things turned around in 2008 when Community Preservation Corporation (CPC) sold the property to Two Trees Management (Two Trees) as a result of the financial crisis[2]. Inspired by the High Line, Two Trees believed a world-class public space could be key to the success of urban redevelopment andrenewal. Even though the previous master plan had been approved by the Mayor, they worked with Field Operations and ShoP Architects to come up with a new master plan, which highlighted the following principles: 1) Preserve views from the neighborhood to the waterfront by redesigning the building's form and layout. 2) Move the building's footprint backwards, doubling the width of the waterfront park. 3) Increase accessibility to the public by adding a new public road between the building and park.

13 梯臺座椅既為市民提供了遙望曼哈頓天際線的視角，也為家長與孩子的日常休閑營造了放松的環(huán)境
Seating Steps allow for views towards the Manhattan city skyline, also create a central gathering space inviting impromptu activities

14 自從公園開放以來累計接待75萬人，周末時達(dá)到 1.5萬人次/天。公園已經(jīng)成為社區(qū)居民重要的聚集地
Since opening, the park has become an important anchor for the neighborhood and a place for the community to come together, with more than 750,000 visitors and 15,000 visitors a day during peak weekends

2 Landscape Concept

Based on the master plan principles, Field Operations came up with the idea to showcase Brooklyn's rich industrial culture in the public space, focusing on the unique industrial heritage and process of sugar production. The primary design move was to identify the existing machinery to be preserved and relocate and repurpose them onsite. Inspired by the legacy of the working waterfront, Field Operations designed an Artifact Walk which integrates over 30 large-scale salvaged relics into an interpretive walk and engaging journey. The Artifact Walk also connects with the active recreation zone, water plaza, and passive recreation zone. With the Artifact Walk as the armature of the park, the Refinery — with its distinctive large-scale salvaged relics — represents the physical and spiritual heart of the entire redevelopment and the center of Domino Park.

2.1 Artifact Walk

The centrally located Refinery building creates a lively centerpiece and focal point for the waterfront site. Drawing on the richness and texture of this historical landmark, the Artifact Walk brings some of what was inside the building outward to the public. As a threshold between the buildings and the open space, the Artifact Walk becomes a creative and dynamic educational tool that inspires people to learn, discover, engage, and inquire about the history of the site[3].

Restored artifacts include 24-meter-tall gantry cranes that once unloaded sugar perched on 180 m of salvaged crane tracks, four syrup tanks from the 1950s, the crane platform reused as an observation deck with a kiosk underneath, a bucket conveyor that was used for moving raw sugar from the raw sugar bin structure to the wash house, screw conveyors, and equipment-specific signage.

Twenty columns from the Raw Sugar Warehouse were salvaged in situ to support the 4.5 m high elevated catwalk that extends for two blocks (nearly 150 m) of the Artifact Walk, from Grand to South 1st Street. Portions of the Artifact Walk have been painted a “Domino blue” turquoise, one of the colors found throughout the Refinery. This feature allows users to come into close contact with the gantry cranes and other machinery that were once part of the process of turning raw sugar into refined sugar.

15-1 威廉斯堡濱河工業(yè)帶原有場地材質(zhì)
Preexisting materials and textures in Williamsburg
waterfront

15-2 公園的材料和室外家具的選擇源自威廉斯堡濱河工業(yè)
帶具有粗糙感的工業(yè)特征
The park materials and site furniture are inspired by
the tough, industrial character of the Williamsburg
waterfront

2.2 Programming

As the first public waterfront park in Williamsburg in 160 years, the local community, which is a combination of diverse residents, showed a strong demand for a park that would support a wide range of programs. During the design process, we divided those programs into two categories with one as specific programming and the other is flexible programming. The specific mix of programming is a direct result of engagement with the surrounding communities. There was popular support for showcasing history, family-oriented activities, and a beach volleyball court in particular from the surrounding Hispanic community. As a result, these programs have become the backbone of the park. Meanwhile, the space for flexible programming, including the water plaza, flexible lawn, lounge and beach, accommodates its dynamic usership and responds to future social and economic transformation.

3 Placemaking, Materials and Details

3.1 Identical Gardens

3.1.1 Pier Reveal and Syrup Tank Garden

Before Field Operations took over the park design, the New York City government had updated the Waterfront Design Guidelines for a better defense against extreme weather conditions like Superstorm Sandy in 2012. In this case, Domino Park has to be raised to a certain level on a platform. To meet the new guidelines, the original gentle slope connecting the inland area and river had to be altered.

A cutout or “pier reveal” feature was introduced at the central area of the platform, allowing for views down to the original East River shoreline. The reveal could also bring in sunlight and air circulation needed for a healthy habitat for fish and other aquatic life under the platform.

A bridge made out of steel grating spans the reveal, allowing people passing by to experience the misty atmosphere created by a dramatic fog feature — and at the same time, it leads people into the Syrup Tank Garden. The Syrup Tank Garden is an area with four salvaged syrup tanks embedded in a grove of mature honey locust trees. A pathway cuts through the garden, allowing people to get close to the artifacts and creating a dramatic framed view of the Williamsburg Bridge.

3.1.2 Central Gathering Space

The Central Gathering Space is defined by three outdoor furniture and landscape features:

A large custom piece of furniture called the “Seating Steps” is located at the center of the site, directly across from the Refinery. The steps face two directions, allowing for views towards the East River and city skyline as well as views back to the historic Refinery building. Four tiers of seating, approximately 1.8 m tall, create a large gathering space and invite impromptu activities and performances that can accommodate up to 120 people.

The Central Water Feature is located directly on center with the Refinery Building and Seating Steps, and provides a place for children and adults to engage with water. The water is turned off in the winter months and used as a plaza.

The River Viewing Steps are a series of viewing steps at the water's edge, getting you three feet closer to the East River and creating a wheelchair-accessible sunken area to engage more directly with the edge. Each 4th of July, this area is one of the best location to view the fireworks show.

3.2 Materials, Plants and Details

The park materials and site furniture are inspired by the tough, industrial character of the Williamsburg waterfront. Consisting primarily of weathered steel, galvanized steel, large format concrete paving and reclaimed wood, this relatively simple and robust palette creates a unique setting for a number of large-scale salvaged artifacts located within the park.

A custom furniture palette constructed of powder-coated steel and reclaimed wood includes a mix of benches, movable tables and chairs, picnic tables and chaise lounges. Over 40 benches of varying lengths (536 m in total), are made from reclaimed antique heart pine salvaged from the Raw Sugar Warehouse.

The streets are intended to look and feel like New York City public streets with cast-in-place concrete sidewalks, street trees, and benches. The Artifact Walk sidewalk on the west side of River Street is distinguished by a pigmented, exposed aggregate cast-in-place concrete with facts about the site's history embedded into the paving at entrances to the park.

16 鄉(xiāng)土植物與馴化植物組成的種植池覆蓋了公園43%的面積。它們定義了一系列的活動空間且可以消化雨洪
Native and adapted plants define a series of programmatic rooms and cover 43% of the park, allowing it to absorb stormwater and protect the neighborhood beyond from rising water levels

The waterfront park promenade and pathways are composed of precast concrete unit pavers in a running bond pattern. Other materials include sand for the volleyball court, metal grating for special features, stone screenings for the bocce courts, picnic, and lounge areas, and rubber safety surfaces for the playground.

For the planting selection, the park includes a sustainable planting palette that contributes to coastal resilience, including a mix of nearly 175 trees within the park such as Black Gum, White Swamp Oak, Honey Locust, Kentucky Coffee Tree, and Sumac and a robust understory of grasses and perennials, including Switchgrass, Autumn Moor Grass, Little Bluestem, Pennsylvania Sedge, Goldenrod, Aster, and Foam Flower. A mix of primarily native grasses and perennials creates a rich understory and helps define a series of programmatic rooms throughout the park.

4 Epilogue

Domino Park has provided an unprecedented waterfront experience for the Williamsburg community. It ultimately integrated the abandoned waterfront into the local public space system and restored the spirit and industrial aesthetics from its past as a busy working dock. Field Operations has interpreted “Resilience, Adaptivity, Accessibility and Economy” at various levels, from the initial policy support and urban space intervention; to the reorganization of the landscape, architecture, and urban road network; to the mixing of commercial and office units with residential; to the adaptive use of the industrial artifacts; to the support for diverse programming; to the specific event sequence; and further, the material and product selections.

17 高架步道不僅提供了一個近距離觀察保留下來的起重機(jī)的機(jī)會，也讓人們可以環(huán)視曼哈頓的景色
The Elevated Walk provides an up-close view of the salvaged Gantry Cranes and affords a unique perspective from above, with sweeping views of the Manhattan skyline

On the other hand, in the context of postindustrial landscapes, Domino Park has also established its voice:

First, several industrial objects have been reclaimed, like the gantry cranes and screw conveyors, which are set as sculptures and installations within the new park. Second, certain industrial elements have been restructured to alter their industrial scale to the human scale for certain usages. For example, preexisting factory columns continue to be used as the supporting structure of the elevated walkway. Third, and more importantly, the design team has tried to restore or recall the past experience of the factory itself, to unify the industrial relics at both a physical and logical level. For example, the elevated catwalk is set at the same height as the factory walkway before, so the scenery that people see at the height of the walkway is the same view the workers once saw there decades ago. And when people dive into the mist around the syrup tanks, that is a similar steam effect to the one caused by the syrup production. Therefore, they are not only looking at a certain industrial landscape but also experiencing a live representation of the factory workers.

Throughout Domino Park, the team aimed to express that post-industrial landscape, which is not only about the inheritance of industrial elements, but also about inheriting and restoring the logic between those industrial elements and the relationship between man and machines, ultimately creating a sublime dislocation from time and space.

In the end, if were to be asked again, “Where is the factory?” we would answer:

“You are already in the factory. The park is the factory.”