張 薇 綜述 楊林花 審校(山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院血液科,山西030001)
自身免疫性疾病是機(jī)體對(duì)自身成分發(fā)生免疫應(yīng)答而導(dǎo)致的疾病狀態(tài),其基本特征是自身應(yīng)答性T淋巴細(xì)胞或自身抗體造成相應(yīng)的組織細(xì)胞損傷或功能障礙,血液中可檢測(cè)到高效價(jià)的自身應(yīng)答性T淋巴細(xì)胞和/或自身抗體,且病情的轉(zhuǎn)歸與自身免疫應(yīng)答的強(qiáng)度密切相關(guān)。T輔助細(xì)胞1型(T-helper cell type 1,Th1)、Th17細(xì)胞功能失調(diào)可誘導(dǎo)多種自身免疫性疾病的發(fā)生[1]。
信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)和轉(zhuǎn)錄激活子4(Signal transducer and activators of transcription-4,STAT4)是STAT家族成員之一,和家族其他成員 STAT1、STAT2、STAT3、STAT5a、STAT5b及STAT6一樣屬于細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)分子。STAT4基因位于人類染色體2q32.2-q32.3,毗鄰STATl基因,全長122.021 kb,包括24個(gè)外顯子和23個(gè)內(nèi)含子,編碼748個(gè)氨基酸組成的85 kD蛋白質(zhì)。STAT4蛋白在體內(nèi)介導(dǎo)多種細(xì)胞因子和生長因子信號(hào)的作用,包括IL-12和IL-23,參與細(xì)胞分化、增殖和凋亡[2],其中包括參與 T細(xì)胞分化過程。
近年來,越來越多的研究顯示STAT4單核苷酸多態(tài)性與多種自身免疫性疾病發(fā)病相關(guān),深入研究其調(diào)控方式不僅有利于研究這類疾病的發(fā)病機(jī)制,還有助于對(duì)自身免疫性疾病的精確診斷和靶向治療。
單核苷酸多態(tài)性(Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms,SNPs),是指在基因組水平上由單個(gè)核苷酸的變異所引起的DNA序列多態(tài)性,是人類基因組DNA序列變異的主要形式,已成為新一代分子標(biāo)記。SNPs是決定多基因疾病(包括自身免疫性疾病)易感性和藥物反應(yīng)性差異的核心信息。
1.1 STAT4單核苷酸多態(tài)性與類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎(Rheumatoid Arthritis,RA)2006年有研究人員對(duì)北美類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)患者進(jìn)行SNPs分析時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)2號(hào)染色體長臂區(qū)域是一個(gè)連鎖高發(fā)區(qū)[3]。Remmers等[4]隨即對(duì)這一區(qū)域進(jìn)行了大樣本的病例對(duì)照基因分型研究,在該區(qū)域的13個(gè)候選基因中挑選了82個(gè)標(biāo)簽 SNP(tag SNP)進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)STAT4第3內(nèi)含子中一個(gè)SNP:rs7574865與類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎的發(fā)病呈顯著相關(guān)。進(jìn)一步對(duì)STAT4的詳細(xì)基因分型研究顯示STAT4第3內(nèi)含子區(qū)的4個(gè)SNPs:rs7574865、rs8179673、rs11889341、rs10181656與類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎發(fā)病顯著相關(guān),這四個(gè)SNPs之間呈連鎖不平衡。其中rs7574865和類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎發(fā)病相關(guān)性最強(qiáng),其在患者中的最小等位基因頻率(minor allele frequency,MAF)為0.27,正常人為0.22,研究還提示rs7574865與抗環(huán)瓜氨酸肽抗體(anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibody,anti-CCP antibody)的發(fā)生相關(guān)。在瑞典類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎患者中進(jìn)行的基因分型研究獲得了一致的結(jié)果。薈萃分析研究也證實(shí)了rs7574865與RA的相關(guān)性。
這一發(fā)現(xiàn)引起了眾多研究人員的注意,其后在韓國、中國、西班牙等多個(gè)國家進(jìn)行的大樣本研究均證實(shí) rs7574865、rs11889341、rs8179673和 rs101816-56與類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎相關(guān),是其發(fā)病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[5-7]。
1.2 STAT4單核苷酸多態(tài)性與系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡(Systemic Lupus Erythematosus,SLE) Remmers等[4]還在多個(gè)人群中發(fā)現(xiàn)rs7574865與系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡的發(fā)病相關(guān),患者中MAF 0.29-0.31,對(duì)照中MAF 0.22-0.23。其后在美國、中國等多國人群中進(jìn)行的研究均提示rs7574865與 SLE發(fā)病相關(guān)[8-10]。
STAT4 的另兩個(gè) SNPs——rs10181656、rs75826-94也被發(fā)現(xiàn)與SLE發(fā)病相關(guān)[10]。此外rs10181656還與SLE患者缺血性腦血管事件及抗磷脂抗體出現(xiàn)相關(guān)[11]。
1.3 STAT4單核苷酸多態(tài)性與其他自身免疫性疾病 rs7574865和其他自身免疫性疾病的發(fā)病也具有相關(guān)性。多個(gè)研究提示rs7574865與干燥綜合征、1型糖尿病、系統(tǒng)性硬化癥、抗磷脂綜合征、銀屑病、潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎、自身免疫性甲狀腺疾病的發(fā)病相關(guān)[12-18]。
STAT4的SNPs和自身免疫性疾病的關(guān)聯(lián)并未在所有研究中得到重復(fù),在漢族人群中發(fā)現(xiàn)rs11889341與RA發(fā)病不相關(guān),但與類風(fēng)濕因子出現(xiàn)相關(guān)[19];非洲裔美國人中 rs7574865、rs8179673、rs11889341、rs10181656 與 RA 發(fā)病不相關(guān)[20];在英國人群中進(jìn)行的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)rs7574865與抗CCP抗體陽性的RA患者弱關(guān)聯(lián),而與抗CCP抗體陰性的RA患者無關(guān)[21];土耳其人中rs7574865則與SLE發(fā)病不相關(guān)[22],提示STAT4多態(tài)性對(duì)自身免疫性疾病發(fā)病的影響有種族差異。
1.4 STAT4單核苷酸多態(tài)性與血液系統(tǒng)疾病 自身免疫功能異常尤其是Th1功能亢進(jìn)也參與很多血液系統(tǒng)疾病的發(fā)病過程,因而STAT4基因多態(tài)性可能也與這些血液系統(tǒng)疾病發(fā)病相關(guān)。現(xiàn)已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)rs7574865可能與中國人再生障礙性貧血(Aplastic Anemia,AA)發(fā)病相關(guān)[23]。另外,有實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示原發(fā)免疫性血小板減少癥(Primary immune thrombocytopenia,ITP)患者的Th1及Th1/Th2的水平較正常對(duì)照組升高,經(jīng)治療后病情有緩解的病人會(huì)下降,提示ITP的發(fā)病除自身抗體形成外,Th1功能亢進(jìn)也起到一定作用[24];也有研究表明Th17細(xì)胞與成人慢性ITP有一定相關(guān)性[25]。STAT4基因多態(tài)性是否參與ITP發(fā)病過程中的免疫功能異常還有待進(jìn)一步實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)。
STAT4單核苷酸多態(tài)性影響自身免疫性疾病發(fā)病的機(jī)制尚未研究明確,但STAT4表達(dá)水平與這一類疾病發(fā)病的相關(guān)性已得到確證。目前認(rèn)為STAT4多態(tài)性參與自身免疫性疾病發(fā)病主要是通過影響STAT4表達(dá)水平來進(jìn)行。
2.1 STAT4表達(dá)水平與自身免疫性疾病發(fā)病STAT4表達(dá)于淋巴系統(tǒng),包括T淋巴細(xì)胞、B淋巴細(xì)胞、自然殺傷(Natural killer,NK)細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、樹突狀細(xì)胞;還表達(dá)于髓系細(xì)胞,以及睪丸、脾、胸腺、心臟、大腦等器官[24]。表達(dá)于 T淋巴細(xì)胞的STAT4主要功能是接受相應(yīng)細(xì)胞因子作用后分別調(diào)節(jié)初始CD4+T細(xì)胞向Th1細(xì)胞和Th17細(xì)胞分化。
2.1.1 STAT4通過調(diào)控Th1細(xì)胞分化參與自身免疫性疾病發(fā)病 STAT4是調(diào)節(jié)Th1細(xì)胞分化的關(guān)鍵性轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,這種調(diào)控作用是在IL-12作用下進(jìn)行的[1]。IL-12與T淋巴細(xì)胞膜上IL-12受體亞單位之一的 IL-12Rβ1膜外位點(diǎn)特異性結(jié)合以后,IL-12Rβ1與另一亞單位 IL-12Rβ2分別結(jié)合 Janus激酶(Janus kinase,JAK)Tyk2和Jak2,引發(fā)JAK的自磷酸化和轉(zhuǎn)磷酸化,從而激活JAK。激活的Tyk2和Jak2引起IL-12受體細(xì)胞內(nèi)催化位點(diǎn)酪氨酸激酶的磷酸轉(zhuǎn)移作用,磷酸化的IL-12 Rβ2胞膜尾部上特定酪氨酸殘基(人類為酪氨酸800)成為STAT4蛋白結(jié)合的位點(diǎn)。結(jié)合于受體的STAT4發(fā)生酪氨酸磷酸化,形成二聚體,并由細(xì)胞漿轉(zhuǎn)入細(xì)胞核內(nèi)與IFN-γ的啟動(dòng)子序列結(jié)合,激活I(lǐng)FN-γ表達(dá)、促進(jìn)初始CD4+T細(xì)胞向Th1分化。
STAT4對(duì)具有完整功能的Th1細(xì)胞的發(fā)育必不可少[25],并參與了由Th1亢進(jìn)引發(fā)的自身免疫性疾病的發(fā)病過程。Western blot方法檢測(cè)炎癥性腸病(Inflammatory bowel diseases,IBD)患者STAT4的蛋白表達(dá),可見胞漿中 STAT4及胞核中磷酸化的STAT4表達(dá)均增加[26]。STAT4基因敲除小鼠對(duì)由Th1細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的自身免疫性疾病具有耐受性,在實(shí)驗(yàn)性非肥胖型糖尿病(non-obese diabetics,NODs)小鼠模型中,與野生型小鼠相比,STAT4基因敲除小鼠表現(xiàn)出更輕的炎癥反應(yīng)和更低的糖尿病發(fā)病率[27]。相反STAT4缺陷對(duì)主要由抗體介導(dǎo)的自身免疫性疾病不存在保護(hù)作用,在這一類疾病重癥肌無力的小鼠模型中,STAT4基因敲除小鼠和野生型小鼠的罹患率無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異[28]。
2.1.2 STAT4也可通過調(diào)控Th17細(xì)胞分化參與自身免疫性疾病發(fā)病 IL-23是IL-12家族成員之一,由IL-12p40亞單位和p19亞單位組成異二聚體結(jié)構(gòu)。相應(yīng)細(xì)胞膜上的受體復(fù)合體則由IL-12Rβ1和IL-23R組成。在體內(nèi),IL-23主要是作用于記憶T細(xì)胞,促進(jìn)其增殖,也可以激活STAT4,促進(jìn)Th17細(xì)胞分化。IL-23和細(xì)胞膜上受體結(jié)合后,同樣可以激活Tyk2、Jak2,引起STAT4的磷酸化、二聚體化并轉(zhuǎn)入核內(nèi),不同的是IL-23誘導(dǎo)IL-17表達(dá),維持分泌IL-17的Th17細(xì)胞數(shù)量及能力[29]。Th17細(xì)胞可以分泌效應(yīng)分子:IL-17、IL-21、IL-22、GM-CSF 和CCL20,并與自身免疫性疾病發(fā)病相關(guān)[30]。
2.1.3 STAT4與其他免疫細(xì)胞 除T細(xì)胞外,STAT4還表達(dá)于B細(xì)胞、NK細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞和樹突狀細(xì)胞,這些細(xì)胞上STAT4的變異也可能通過產(chǎn)生炎癥性細(xì)胞因子、抑制凋亡、遞呈自身抗原、產(chǎn)生自身抗體來影響自身免疫性疾病進(jìn)程[31]。
2.2 STAT4單核苷酸多態(tài)性影響STAT4表達(dá)水平
STAT4可通過調(diào)控下游Th1及Th17細(xì)胞分化來影響自身免疫性疾病的發(fā)病,而STAT4的表達(dá)和功能除受上游IL-12、IL-23等細(xì)胞因子調(diào)控外,也受自身單核苷酸多態(tài)性調(diào)控[32],因而STAT4的SNPs也與多種自身免疫性疾病發(fā)病相關(guān)。
與自身免疫性疾病相關(guān)的 rs7574865、rs11889341、rs8179673、rs10181656、rs7582694 均位于STAT4第3內(nèi)含子區(qū)域而并非外顯子區(qū)域,這些SNPs調(diào)控STAT4表達(dá)水平的機(jī)理尚未完全明確,有研究證實(shí)rs7574865可影響STAT4的DNA甲基化水平,從而影響 STAT4表達(dá)水平[33]。另一方面其影響自身免疫性疾病發(fā)病可能是通過形成不同剪接體STAT4α和STAT4β,也可能是通過截?cái)噢D(zhuǎn)錄因子或者是組蛋白結(jié)合位點(diǎn)來完成[31]。
STAT4是調(diào)節(jié)Th1和Th17細(xì)胞分化的重要轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,是機(jī)體自身免疫的重要組成部分。STAT4的 SNPs——rs7574865、 rs8179673、 rs11889341、rs10181656和rs7582694被發(fā)現(xiàn)與RA、SLE等多種自身免疫性疾病發(fā)病相關(guān),其他自身免疫相關(guān)疾病是否也與這些SNPs相關(guān)有待進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)掘。研究STAT4基因多態(tài)性影響自身免疫性疾病發(fā)病的機(jī)制有助于我們對(duì)于這一類疾病的更深入理解,并為診斷和治療提供新的思路。
[1]Watford WT,Hissong BD,Brem JH,et al.Signaling by IL-12 and IL-23 and the immunoregulatory roles of STAT4 [J].Immunol Rev,2004,202(2):139-156.
[2]Nguyen KB,Watford WT,Salomon R,et al.Critical role for STAT4 activation by type I interferons in the interferon-gamma response to viral infection[J].Science,2002,297:2063-2066.
[3]Amos CI,Chen WV,Lee A,et al.High-density SNP analysis of 642 Caucasian families with rheumatoid arthritis identifies two new linkage regions on 11p12 and 2q33[J].Genes Immun,2006,7:277-286.
[4]Remmers EF,Plenge RM,Lee A,et al.STAT4 and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus[J].N Engl J Med,2007,357(10):977-986.
[5]Freudenberg J,Lee HS,Han BG,et al.Genome-wide association study of rheumatoid arthritis in Koreans:population-specific loci as well as overlap with European susceptibility loci[J].Arthritis Rheum,2011,63(4):884-893.
[6]Liang YL,Wu H,Li PQ,et al.Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 gene polymorphisms associated with rheumatoid arthritis in Northwestern Chinese Han population[J].Life Sci,2011,89(5-6):171-175.
[7]Lamana A,Balsa A,Rueda B,et al.The TT genotype of the STAT4 rs7574865 polymorphism is associated with high disease activity and disability in patients with early arthritis[J].PLoS One,2012,7(8):e43661.
[8]Kariuki SN,Kirou KA,Mac Dermott EJ,et al.Cutting edge:autoimmune disease risk variant of STAT4 confers increased sensitivity to IFN-alpha in lupus patients in vivo[J].J Immunol,2009,1;182(1):34-38.
[9]Han JW,Zheng HF,Cui Y,et al.Genome-wide association study in a Chinese Han population identifies nine new susceptibility loci for systemic lupus erythematosus[J].Nat Genet,2009,41(11):1234-1237.
[10]Luan H,Li P,Cao C,et al.A single-nucleotide polymorphism of the STAT4 gene is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)in female Chinese population[J].Rheumatol Int,2012,32(5):1251-1255.
[11]Svenungsson E,Gustafsson J,Leonard D,et al.A STAT4 risk allele is associated with ischaemic cerebrovascular events and anti-phospholipid antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus[J].Ann Rheum Dis,2010,69(5):834-840.
[12]Palomino-Morales RJ,Diaz-Gallo LM,Witte T,et al.Influence of STAT4 polymorphism in primary Sj?gren's syndrome[J].J Rheumatol,2010,37(5):1016-1019.
[13]Zervou MI,Mamoulakis D,Panierakis C,et al.STAT4:a risk factor for type 1 diabetes?[J].Hum Immunol,2008,69(10):647-650.
[14]Gourh P,Agarwal SK,Divecha D,et al.Polymorphisms in TBX21 and STAT4 increase the risk of systemic sclerosis:evidence of possible gene-gene interaction and alterations in Th1/Th2 cytokines[J].Arthritis Rheum,2009,60(12):3794-3806.
[15]Yin H,Borghi MO,Delgado-Vega AM,et al.Association of STAT4 and BLK,but not BANK1 or IRF5,with primary antiphospholipid syndrome[J].Arthritis Rheum,2009,60(8):2468-2471.
[16]Zervou MI,Goulielmos GN,Castro-Giner F,et al.STAT4 gene polymorphism is associated with psoriasis in the genetically homogeneous population of Crete[J].Greece.Hum Immunol,2009,70(9):738-741.
[17]Diaz-Gallo LM,Palomino-Morales RJ,Gómez-García M,et al.STAT4 gene influences genetic predisposition to ulcerative colitis but not Crohn's disease in the Spanish population:a replication study[J].Hum Immunol,2010,71(5):515-519.
[18]Ben Hamad M,Cornelis F,Mbarek H,et al.Signal transducer and activator of transcription and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis and thyroid autoimmune disorders[J].Clin Exp Rheumatol,2011,29(2):269-274.
[19]Li H,Zou Q,Xie Z,et al.A haplotype in STAT4 gene associated with rheumatoid arthritis in Caucasians is not associated in the Han Chinese population,but with the presence of rheumatoid factor[J].Rheumatology(Oxford),2009,48(11):1363-1368.
[20]Kelley JM,Hughes LB,Malik A,et al.Genetic variants of STAT4 associated with rheumatoid arthritis in persons of Asian and European ancestry do not replicate in African Americans[J].Ann Rheum Dis,2010,69(4):625-626.
[21]Morgan AW,Robinson JI,Conaghan PG,et al.Evaluation of the rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility loci HLA-DRB1,PTPN22,OLIG3/TNFAIP3,STAT4 and TRAF1/C5 in an inception cohort[J].Arthritis Res Ther,2010,12(2):R57.
[22]Zervou MI,Vazgiourakis VM,Yilmaz N,et al.TRAF1/C5,eNOS,C1q,but not STAT4 and PTPN22 gene polymorphisms are associated with genetic susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus in Turkey[J].Hum Immunol,2011,72(12):1210-1213.
[23]Ge M,Zheng Y,Li X,et al.The polymorphisms of T cell-specific TBX21 and STAT4 genes may contribute to the susceptibility of Chinese individuals to aplastic anemia[J].Hum Immunol,2012,73(1):118-121.
[24]Gu D,Chen Z,Zhao H,et al.Th1(CXCL10)and Th2(CCL2)chemokine expression in patients with immune thrombocytopenia[J].Human Immunology,2010,71(6):586-591.
[25]Harrington LE,Hatton RD,Mangan PR,et al.Interleukin 17-producing CD4+effector T cells develop via a lineage distinct from the T helper type 1 and 2 lineages[J].Nat Immunol,2005,6(11):1123-1132.
[26]Horvath CM.STAT proteins and transcriptional responses to extracellular signals[J].Trends in Biochem Sci,2000,25(10):496-502.
[27]Chang HC,Han L,Goswami R,et al.Impaired development of human Th1 cells in patients with deficient expression of STAT4[J].Blood,2009,113(23):5887-5890.
[28]Pang YH,Zheng CQ,Yang XZ,et al.Increased expression and activation of IL-12-induced Stat4 signaling in the mucosa of ulcerative colitis patients[J].Cell Immunol,2007,248(2):115-120.
[29]Yang Z,Chen M,Ellett JD,et al.Autoimmune diabetes is blocked in Stat4-deficient mice[J].J Autoimmun,2004,22(3):191-200.
[30]Land KJ,Moll JS,Kaplan MH,et al.Signal transducer and activator of transcription(Stat)-6-dependent but not Stat4-dependent immunity is required for the development of autoimmunity in Graves’hyperthyroidism[J].Endocrinology,2004,145(8):3724-3730.
[31]McKenzie BS,Kastelein RA,Cua DJ.Understanding the IL-23-IL-17 immune pathway[J].Trends Immunol,2006,27:17-23.
[32]Maddur MS,Miossec P,Kaveri SV,et al.Th17 cells:biology,pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases,and therapeutic strategies[J].Am J Pathol,2012,181(1):8-18.
[33]Korman BD,Kastner DL,Gregersen PK,et al.STAT4:genetics,mechanisms,and implications for autoimmunity [J].Curr Allergy Asthma Rep,2008,8(5):398-403.
[34]Abelson AK,Delgado-Vega AM,Kozyrev SV,et al.STAT4 associates with systemic lupus erythematosus through two independent effects that correlate with gene expression and act additively with IRF5 to increase risk[J].Ann Rheum Dis,2009,68(11):1746-1753.
[35]Kim SW,Kim ES,Moon CM,et al.Abnormal genetic and epigenetic changes in signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases[J].Dig Dis Sci,2012,57(10):2600-2607.