唐 香 陳茹娟 賴方方 黃愛(ài)龍 許紅梅
·論著·
2012年重慶單中心腹瀉患兒感染諾如病毒及其基因型別和重組的研究
唐 香1陳茹娟1賴方方1黃愛(ài)龍2許紅梅3
目的 了解重慶地區(qū)門診腹瀉患兒感染諾如病毒(NV)流行株的變遷及基因重組情況。方法 采集2012年1~12月就診于重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬兒童醫(yī)院的疑似病毒性腹瀉患兒的糞便標(biāo)本。采用JVl2/JVl3、GⅠ SKF /GⅠ SKR(COG2F/GⅡ SKR)兩對(duì)引物,對(duì)NV基因組的部分RNA依賴的RNA聚合酶區(qū)和衣殼蛋白的N/S區(qū)分別進(jìn)行RT-PCR核酸檢測(cè),所有陽(yáng)性產(chǎn)物進(jìn)行回收純化、測(cè)序,用DNAstar和MEGA 5.05軟件對(duì)序列分別進(jìn)行比對(duì)和構(gòu)建進(jìn)化樹(shù)。并將疑似重組株的標(biāo)本再用JVl2/GⅠ SKR(JVl2/GⅡ SKR)進(jìn)行PCR擴(kuò)增,用SimPlot軟件對(duì)序列進(jìn)行重組鑒定。結(jié)果 384例腹瀉患兒糞便標(biāo)本進(jìn)入本文分析,男248例,女136例,年齡(13.1±14.4)個(gè)月。①NV陽(yáng)性84/384例(21.9%),<60月齡組NV陽(yáng)性構(gòu)成比為96.4%(81/84)。NV在6、8和9月份檢出率較高,3和4月份檢出率最低。②84例NV陽(yáng)性標(biāo)本capsid的N/S區(qū)基因片段測(cè)序顯示,GⅡ.4 2006b型37例,GⅡ.4 New Orleans 2009型1例,GⅡ.4 Sydney 2012型27例,GⅡ.3型12例,GⅡ.6型3例, GⅡ.13型3例,GⅡ.5型1 例;1~7月份 GⅡ.4 2006b型為主要流行株,8~12月GⅡ.4 Sydney 2012型為主要流行株;③共檢出44株重組株,分別是GⅡ.e/GⅡ.4 Sydney 2012型27株、GⅡ.7/GⅡ.6型1株、GⅡ.22/GⅡ.5型1株、GⅡ.12/GⅡ.3型12株,GⅡ.16/GⅡ.13型3株。結(jié)論 重慶地區(qū)NV重組現(xiàn)象非常明顯,2012年8~12月NV優(yōu)勢(shì)株逐漸由GⅡ.4 2006b型轉(zhuǎn)為GⅡ.e/GⅡ.4 Sydney 2012型的重組株,并檢出GⅡ.22/GⅡ.5型和GⅡ.16/GⅡ.13型2種新型重組株。
諾如病毒; 基因分型; 重組; 進(jìn)化分析
諾如病毒(NV)在急性非細(xì)菌性腹瀉中有非常重要的地位,僅次于輪狀病毒[1]。人群對(duì)NV普遍易感,該病毒在外界環(huán)境中生存能力強(qiáng),小劑量病毒(<100個(gè)病毒顆粒)即可引起感染,極易引起暴發(fā),成為難以控制的胃腸炎[2]。NV屬于杯狀病毒科諾如病毒屬,全長(zhǎng)7.3~7.7 kb,有3個(gè)開(kāi)放閱讀框(ORFs)。NV主要分為5個(gè)基因組(GⅠ、GⅡ、GⅢ、GⅣ和GⅤ),研究表明GⅠ、GⅡ和GⅣ可以感染人類,而最常見(jiàn)的為GⅠ和GⅡ。目前,根據(jù)NV次要結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白VP1的基因序列特征可將GⅠ和GⅡ分別分為8和21個(gè)亞型;若根據(jù)RNA聚合酶(RdRp)部分基因序列特征,可將GⅠ和GⅡ分別分為14和31個(gè)亞型[3,4]。NV易發(fā)生遺傳重組, NV重組株于1999年由Jiang等[5]首次發(fā)現(xiàn)并鑒定,隨后在世界各地由NV引起暴發(fā)和散發(fā)的急性胃腸炎病例中,均有NV重組株被檢出,但國(guó)內(nèi)NV的研究多關(guān)注于其分子流行病學(xué),對(duì)NV重組的研究較少[6]。本研究通過(guò)對(duì)2012年重慶單中心病毒性腹瀉患兒感染NV情況行全年監(jiān)測(cè),了解本地區(qū)NV的流行狀況、流行株的變遷和NV重組株的檢出情況,為NV的流行防控提供依據(jù)。
1.1 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ①每日排便≥3次的腹瀉患兒;②糞便形狀呈稀便,蛋花樣便,水樣便,排除黏液便或膿血便;③腹瀉持續(xù)時(shí)間<2周;④糞便常規(guī)鏡檢WBC<10·HP-1。
1.2 倫理 本研究獲得了重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬兒童醫(yī)院(我院)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。
1.3 標(biāo)本來(lái)源 本文為研究生課題,由本文第一作者于2012年1~12月每周二和周六上午在我院門診臨床檢驗(yàn)中心收集符合條件的全部糞便標(biāo)本,同時(shí)詢問(wèn)患兒的基本信息、每日排便次數(shù)、糞便性狀和腹瀉持續(xù)時(shí)間。
1.4 NV(GⅠ和GⅡ)RT-PCR檢測(cè)和序列分析 病毒RNA的提取采用德國(guó)QIAGEN公司病毒核酸提取試劑盒(貨號(hào)57704),逆轉(zhuǎn)錄采用美國(guó)Invitrogen公司RNA逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒(貨號(hào)18080-044),操作均按試劑盒說(shuō)明書進(jìn)行;用JVl2/JVl3、GⅠ SKF/GⅠ SKR(COG2F/GⅡ SKR)兩對(duì)引物對(duì)NV(GⅠ和GⅡ)基因組RdRp和衣殼蛋白(capsid)區(qū)域分別進(jìn)行PCR核酸檢測(cè),PCR所用的ExTaq DNA聚合酶購(gòu)自寶生物工程(大連)有限公司,PCR所用引物序列及反應(yīng)條件見(jiàn)參考文獻(xiàn)[7,8];用1.5%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳對(duì)PCR產(chǎn)物進(jìn)行鑒定;對(duì)所有陽(yáng)性標(biāo)本進(jìn)行膠回收、純化后送上海英俊公司測(cè)序;采用DNAstar軟件對(duì)測(cè)序結(jié)果進(jìn)行編輯,編輯好的序列進(jìn)行BLAST比對(duì),并用NV基因分型工具(http://www.rivm.nl/mpf/norovirus/typingtool/)再次確定是否為目標(biāo)序列[3]。使用MEGA 5.05 軟件構(gòu)建進(jìn)化樹(shù),Kimura's two-parameter 法計(jì)算遺傳距離,鄰接法(Neighbor-joining)bootstrap重復(fù)檢驗(yàn)1 000次。
1.5 NV重組分析 系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化樹(shù)分析后,不在同一分支的[即在RdRp區(qū)和capsid的N/S區(qū)基因型別不同]可能為重組病毒,之后將重組株的標(biāo)本再用JVl2/GⅠ SKR(JVl2/GⅡ SKR)進(jìn)行PCR擴(kuò)增,引物序列及PCR條件見(jiàn)參考文獻(xiàn)[9]。并用SimPlot 3.5.1軟件對(duì)序列進(jìn)行重組分析鑒定。
1.6 NV流行特征分析 對(duì)NV的流行特征采用傳統(tǒng)的按月份和年齡的分析方法,其中<24月齡患兒以每6個(gè)月作為一個(gè)時(shí)間段[10,11],之后分為~60和>60月齡。
2.1 一般情況 384例腹瀉患兒糞便標(biāo)本進(jìn)入分析,男248例,女136例,年齡1~121個(gè)月,平均年齡(13.1±14.4)個(gè)月。
2.2 NV的流行特點(diǎn) 384例糞便標(biāo)本中,NV陽(yáng)性84例(21.9%),其中男57例(67.9%),女27例;男女差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=0.504,P>0.05)。0~6、~12、~18、~24、~60和>60月齡患兒NV陽(yáng)性率分別為18.8%(19/101)、27.0%(48/178)、13.0%(6/46)、5.3%(1/19)、20.6%(7/34)和50.0%(3/6)。
圖1顯示,NV全年可見(jiàn)散發(fā),2012年1~12月各個(gè)月份均有檢出。6、8和9月份檢出率較高(33.3%~50.0%),3和4月份檢出率最低。
2.3 NV基因分型情況
2.3.1 RdRp區(qū)基因片段的測(cè)序和分析 84份NV陽(yáng)性糞便標(biāo)本在327 bp處出現(xiàn)特異性條帶( 圖2A), 經(jīng)過(guò)樣品回收測(cè)序,與GenBank下載的參考序列一起構(gòu)建系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化樹(shù),核酸序列比對(duì)可將其分為8種基因亞型。分別是GⅡ.4 2006b型37例,GⅡ.4 New Orleans 2009型1例, GⅡ.e型27例,GⅡ.12型12例,GⅡ.16型3例,GⅡ.6型2例,GⅡ.7型1例,GⅡ.22型1例。每種基因型的代表序列如圖3A所示。
圖1 2012年重慶單中心NV感染患兒月份分布
Fig 1 Monthly distribution of NV in 2012,Chongqing
2.3.2 Capsid的N/S區(qū)基因片段的測(cè)序和分析 84份NV陽(yáng)性糞便標(biāo)本在387 bp處出現(xiàn)特異性條帶(圖2B),經(jīng)過(guò)樣品回收測(cè)序,與GenBank下載的參考序列一起構(gòu)建系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化樹(shù),核酸序列比對(duì)可將其分為7種基因亞型。分別是GⅡ.4 2006b型37例,GⅡ.4 New Orleans 2009型1例, GⅡ.4 Sydney 2012型27例,GⅡ.3型12例,GⅡ.6型3例, GⅡ.13型3例,GⅡ.5型1 例(圖3B)。
圖2 PCR產(chǎn)物電泳圖
Fig 2 Electrophoresis map of PCR products
Notes A: product of NV(327 bp) of RdRp region; B:product of NV (387 bp) of capsid N/S region. M: marker; Lane 1,2 ,3 represented the NV positive diarrhea specimens
圖3 2012年重慶單中心NV系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化樹(shù)分析
Fig 3 The phylogenetic tree of NV strains in Chongqing, 2012
Notes A: partial RdRp region of NV; B: partial capsid N/S region of NV.The recombinants identified in figure 4 were denoted by colored boxes
各月份檢出GⅡ.4型的分布如圖4所示,1~7月份 GⅡ.4 2006b型為主要流行株,8~12月GⅡ.4 Sydney 2012型為主要流行株,GⅡ.4 New Orleans 2009型僅在11月份檢出1株。
2.4 NV重組情況 2個(gè)不同區(qū)域分型結(jié)果不一致的病毒株為疑似重組病毒株。共檢測(cè)出44株疑似重組株,分別是GⅡ.e/GⅡ.4 Sydney 2012型27株、GⅡ.7/GⅡ.6型1株、GⅡ.22/GⅡ.5型1株、GⅡ.12/GⅡ.3型12株,GⅡ.16/GⅡ.13型3株。為進(jìn)一步確定是否存在這5種重組類型,在上述5種類型疑似重組株中任意選擇3、1、1、4和3株再用JVl2/GⅡ SKR進(jìn)行PCR擴(kuò)增,其擴(kuò)增的序列長(zhǎng)度1 111 bp(圖5),包含上述分型所擴(kuò)增的RdRp區(qū)和capsid的N/S區(qū),經(jīng)SimPlot 3.5.1軟件對(duì)序列進(jìn)行重組鑒定顯示,本研究共檢測(cè)到5種ORF1/ORF2重組基因型(圖6)。
圖4 2012年重慶單中心兒童感染NV GⅡ.4型(capsid的N/S區(qū))的月份分布
Fig 4 Monthly distribution of Norovirus GⅡ.4 genetypes(capsid region)in Chongqing, 2012
圖5 PCR產(chǎn)物電泳圖
Fig 5 Electrophoresis map of PCR products (1 111 bp)
Notes M: marker; Lane 1,2 ,3 represented the NV positive diarrhea specimens
本研究對(duì)2012年重慶單中心384例急性病毒性腹瀉患兒行NV檢測(cè),檢出率為21.9%,提示NV已是重慶地區(qū)病毒性腹瀉的重要病原之一。重慶(2009年)、成都(2006至2008年)、南京(2009至2010年)[7,8,12]等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)NV患兒的發(fā)病年齡集中在7~12月齡,本研究亦顯示7~12月齡急性病毒性腹瀉患兒的NV陽(yáng)性率最高,與上述文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的結(jié)果一致,考慮與7~12月齡患兒來(lái)自母親的獲得性抗體逐漸消失有關(guān)。
NV感染高發(fā)季節(jié)在不同地區(qū)有所不同,受氣溫、濕度、人群免疫力和新變異株出現(xiàn)時(shí)間等條件的影響。中國(guó)臺(tái)灣[13]通過(guò)監(jiān)測(cè)2007、2010和2011年的NV流行特征,顯示5、6、11和12月份為NV的高發(fā)季節(jié);武漢[14]2007至2010年成人NV流行高峰為11月至次年2月份,但兒童NV流行無(wú)明顯的季節(jié)特點(diǎn)。本研究顯示,2012年重慶地區(qū)NV檢出率較高的月份是6、8和9月份,但考慮到病例數(shù)較少,有待進(jìn)一步分析NV感染的高發(fā)季節(jié)。
目前,全球?qū)V的分型主要針對(duì)ORF2基因的N/S區(qū)[15],本研究通過(guò)擴(kuò)增該區(qū)域,監(jiān)測(cè)2012年重慶單中心急性病毒性腹瀉患兒中NV的感染狀況,發(fā)現(xiàn)NV呈現(xiàn)出豐富的遺傳多樣性,其中GⅡ.4型NV為主要流行基因型(77.4%,65/84)。GⅡ.4型NV自20世紀(jì)90年代中期成為全球主要流行株以來(lái),間隔2~3年會(huì)出現(xiàn)新的變異株并引起新一輪的大規(guī)模流行,先后有 US95/96 (1995), Farmington Hills (2002), Hunter virus (2004),Yerseke (2006a),Minerva (2006b),Apeldoorn (2008)和New Orleans (2009)等變異株被發(fā)現(xiàn)[16]。本研究顯示,1~7月份GⅡ.4 2006b型為主要流行基因型,8~12月份 GⅡ.4 Sydney 2012型為主要流行株。GⅡ.4 Sydney 2012型NV于2012年3月在澳大利亞被首次報(bào)道[17],其后在新西蘭、日本、英國(guó)、加拿大、美國(guó)等國(guó)家以及中國(guó)上海、北京、浙江等地報(bào)道[17~19],已逐漸成為全球主要優(yōu)勢(shì)流行株。然而,合適的體外復(fù)制體系和小動(dòng)物培養(yǎng)模型的缺乏增加了人源NV研究的困難,目前還缺乏有效的病毒預(yù)防與治療手段,因此,掌握NV主要優(yōu)勢(shì)株與變異株的流行特點(diǎn)將對(duì)病毒檢測(cè)及疫苗開(kāi)發(fā)具有重要意義。
NV屬于無(wú)包膜單股正鏈RNA病毒,在復(fù)制過(guò)程中由于缺乏校正功能易發(fā)生突變,且常通過(guò)交換序列產(chǎn)生新的重組株[20]。1999年Jiang等[5]首先發(fā)現(xiàn)并鑒定了1例天然重組毒株NVArg 320,是Lordsdale/RdRp(GⅡ.4型)和MxV/capsid(GⅡ.3型)重組而成。中國(guó)首例重組株146/Kunming/04/China于2006年被鑒定,是由Saitama U4/RdRp(GⅡ.6型)和Ieeds/90/UK/capsid(GⅡ.7型)重組而來(lái)的[21]。之后,NV不同重組類型不斷被發(fā)現(xiàn),Bull等[22]總結(jié)了各國(guó)報(bào)道的20種重組類型,Yu等[23]報(bào)道了13種在中國(guó)檢測(cè)到的NV重組類型。本研究共檢測(cè)到5種ORF1/ORF2重組基因型,分別是GⅡ.e/GⅡ.4 Sydney 2012型、GⅡ.7/GⅡ.6型、GⅡ.22/GⅡ.5 型、GⅡ.12/GⅡ.3 型和GⅡ.16/GⅡ.13 型,其中GⅡ.7/GⅡ.6型和GⅡ.12/GⅡ.3型在上海、北京等地都有檢出[4,23],GⅡ.12/GⅡ.3型目前僅在中國(guó)、日本和韓國(guó)等地檢測(cè)到[24]??偨Y(jié)以往對(duì)NV重組株的報(bào)道,流行株GⅡ.4型(capsid分型)少見(jiàn)于重組株[21],而重慶單中心2012年8~12月占優(yōu)勢(shì)的NV即GⅡ.4型的重組株GⅡ.e/GⅡ.4 Sydney 2012型,浙江湖州也有GⅡ.e/GⅡ.4 Sydney 2012型的相關(guān)報(bào)道[25]。特別是GⅡ.22/GⅡ.5型和GⅡ.16/GⅡ.13型的重組類型為國(guó)內(nèi)外首次報(bào)道,豐富了NV重組的研究資料。
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(本文編輯:丁俊杰)
The genotype and recombination of norovirus in children with diarrhea caused by viral infection in Chongqing, 2012
TANG Xiang1,CHEN Ru-juan1, LAI Fang-fang1, HUANG Ai-long2, XU Hong-mei3
(1 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing,Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders; 2 Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases,Ministry of Education,Chongqing Medical University;3 Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hosptital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing 400014, China)
XU Hong-mei,E-mail:xuhongmwpx@yahoo.com
ObjectiveTo investigate the genetic variation and recombination of norovirus(NV) in children with acute diarrhea in Chongqing.MethodsDiarrhea specimens in children with suspected viral diarrhea from January 2012 to December 2012 at the clinical laboratory center of the Affiliated Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University were collected. Two regions of NV genome(partial RdRp and capsid N/S region) were respectively amplified by primers of JVl2/JVl3 and GⅠ SKF /GⅠ SKR(COG2F/GⅡ SKR) using RT-PCR.All positive samples were purified and sequenced.The obtained sequences were aligned by DNAstar followed by phylogenetic analysis using MEGA 5.05 software. Some potential recombinant genomes of NV were amplified by PCR using primers JVl2/GⅠ SKR(JVl2/GⅡ SKR) when phylogenetic analysis indicated incongruent clustering for partial sequences of the RdRp and capsid genes in the same samples and recombination analysis was conducted using the SimPlot program.ResultsA total of 384 pediatric outpatients (248 males and 136 females) were enrolled in the present study, aged from <1 month to 121 months with a mean of (13.1 ± 14.4) months. ①84 of 384 stool specimens were detected as NV-positive(21.9%).The constituent ratio of NV was 96.4%(81/84)in children younger than 60 months.The isolation rates were higher in June, August and September, and the lower ones were in March and April. ②84 positive specimens were classified based on the capsid sequence:37 strains were GⅡ.4 2006b,1 was GⅡ.4 New Orleans 2009,27 were GⅡ.4 Sydney 2012,12 were GⅡ.3,3 were GⅡ.6,3 were GⅡ.13, and 1 was GⅡ.5. GⅡ.4 2006b was the predominant genotype from January to June,while GⅡ.4 Sydney 2012 was the predominant genotype from August to December.③Phylogenetic and Simplot analyses showed that 44 recombinant strains(RdRp/capsid) were detected: 27 were GⅡ.e/GⅡ.4 Sydney 2012 recombinants,1 wasGⅡ.7/GⅡ.6 recombinant, 1 was GⅡ.22/GⅡ.5 recombinant, 12 were GⅡ.12/GⅡ.3 recombinants, 3 were GⅡ.16/GⅡ.13 recombinants.ConclusionThe NV recombinant in Chongqing region was at common frequency,after August 2012, the NV predominant strains of GⅡ.4 2006 gradually shifted to the recombination strains of GⅡ.e/GⅡ.4 Sydney 2012,and this is the first report of the detection of GⅡ.22/GⅡ.5 and GⅡ.16/GⅡ.13 novel recombinant NV.
Norovirus; Genotype; Recombination; Phylogenetic analysis
“十二五”國(guó)家科技重大專項(xiàng):2012ZX10004212-003
1 兒童發(fā)育疾病研究教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,兒科學(xué)重慶市重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,重慶市兒童發(fā)育重大疾病診治與預(yù)防國(guó)際科技合作基地;2 重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)感染性疾病分子生物學(xué)教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室;3 重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬兒童醫(yī)院感染科 重慶,410014
許紅梅,E-mail:xuhongmwpx@yahoo.com
10.3969/j.issn.1673-5501.2014.03.002
2014-04-20
2014-05-17)