“棋圣”吳清源祖籍地在石門

葉瑜蓀

“琴、棋、書、畫”是中國古代的四大藝術，而圍棋則是各種棋類的鼻祖，相傳已有幾千年歷史。戰(zhàn)國時期就有“堯造圍棋，朱丹善之”的記載。

吳清源是20世紀的圍棋天才，被圍棋界尊為“圍棋之神”。

吳清源是中國圍棋文化史上“七大奇才”中唯一還健在的一個。受父親影響，吳清源自幼癡迷圍棋，七八歲時就顯露出“圍棋神童”天賦。11歲時，天才少年吳清源的故事已廣為人知，段祺瑞為其取字“清源”。他逐個戰(zhàn)勝了國內(nèi)圍棋名手和訪華的日本棋士，在中日棋壇引起驚愕和關注。

1928年10月，15歲的吳清源在眾多中日友好人士幫助下，沖破重重困難，肩負中日圍棋事業(yè)的進步和中日和睦的使命，被接往東京，成為日本著名棋士瀨越憲作的弟子。從此，吳清源成為職業(yè)棋士。從“二戰(zhàn)”前至戰(zhàn)后的十番棋比賽中，他

一個一個地擊敗了當時名震棋壇的日本一流棋手，被奉為“當代棋圣”。

1914年6月12日，吳清源出生于福州，排行老三，取名泉。同年，全家遷到北京，他在北京度過了童年和少年時代。

如今，吳清源定居日本，已是百歲老人。他的大哥吳浣1979年移居美國，與兒子們一起生活，1994年逝世。二哥吳炎定居天津，亦已故世。然而，不管身居何處，他們一家從未忘記自己的祖籍地—浙江石門。他們都聲稱自己是“石門吳家”的后代。

那么，吳清源祖籍地的“石門吳家”，究竟在哪里呢？

1990年，移居美國加利福尼亞的吳清源堂弟吳翀，與在北京的弟弟吳碩合作，利用祖上留下的一份吳家族系圖及有關資料，開始聯(lián)絡散居世界各地的親戚，并搜索和查閱各種資料，終于在1997年編成了中、英文版的《吳氏家譜》一書。

日本學者桐山桂一所著《吳清源與他的兄弟 —吳家百年史》一書的中譯本已于2005年11月由北京中信出版社出版。該書所引用《吳氏家譜》中有關“石門吳家”的史料，為我們查找吳清源的祖籍地提供了很多重要信息。

據(jù)《吳清源與他的兄弟 —吳家百年史》記述：“這一脈族系可以追溯到浙江省崇德。崇德附近有一個叫石門的地方，所以吳家好像又叫‘石門吳家?！眳乔逶吹脑娓竻菧€是吳氏石門移居福州的第一人，也是石門吳氏福州支系的始祖。

關于“石門吳家”的來歷，書中也有記述：北宋滅亡后，宋室南渡?！熬幼≡陂_封的吳姓一族也跟著向南遷移，在現(xiàn)在的浙江省嘉興定居下來。不久，這一族中的一部分人又移居到嘉興西南約35公里處的崇德，他們就是‘石門吳家?！蹦纤螘r的崇德縣，大致包括了今天桐鄉(xiāng)市的范圍。吳家沿運河從嘉興遷到崇德縣石門鎮(zhèn)（亦稱石門灣、石灣），正是35公里的距離。

“‘石門吳家非常重視教育，是真正的書香門第?！薄八麄兊淖訉O中出現(xiàn)了一位為國家做出特殊貢獻的法學家，受到清朝第四代皇帝康熙的青睞，御賜‘慎行二字。這份榮耀一直傳到現(xiàn)在。”即石門吳家“慎行堂”。

能得到康熙親書“慎行”二字的人叫吳涵，新編《桐鄉(xiāng)縣志》中即有收錄。他于清康熙二年（1663）考取秀才，康熙二十一年（1682）高中“進士及第”，為榜眼。授翰林院編修，升順天府丞、工部侍郎，轉(zhuǎn)刑部，因?qū)彴腹?，受康熙賞識，賜“慎行”二字，他便制作了“慎行堂”匾額。吳涵最后升左都御史。“慎行堂”堂名為我們查找吳涵一族的居住地提供了重要線索。

現(xiàn)居北京，以“柳江”“樂亭”“頤和園”等長卷圖聞名的國畫家吳蓬先生就是“慎行堂”的后人。他說從小就知道石門老家的堂名叫“慎行堂”，而且石門這一族的十幾戶吳姓都居“慎行堂”。雖然老宅已拆掉，但帶有“慎行堂”記號的舊家具尚有部分保留在石門家中。筆者見到一對茶幾椅子背面，有“光緒三十年置，慎行堂吳南山記”兩行字。吳蓬說，這是1904年（光緒三十年）曾祖父吳南山置辦時寫上的。

吳蓬的老家“慎行堂”，在石門鎮(zhèn)下塘，大運河的灣頭上，俗稱吳家門，是石門吳氏聚居之地?！吧餍刑谩眳鞘虾笕?，一部分世代務農(nóng)，一部分亦農(nóng)亦商。

最近，筆者重訪了吳家門，了解到目前留在石門的“慎行堂”吳氏，婚喪素事來往的共有23戶，百余人。追溯上去，大概是由四個支系繁衍發(fā)展而來。1971年大運河拓寬時，老宅拆遷，發(fā)現(xiàn)了很多家譜等家族資料，因時在“文革”中，未敢保留而全部毀棄了。

由于資料散失，石門“慎行堂”吳氏的歷史原貌尚難完全理清。但有兩點已可確定：一是吳清源家的福州吳氏是180多年前由石門“慎行堂”吳氏分遷過去，石門是吳清源家族的祖籍地；二是吳清源、吳蓬均是300多年前吳涵“慎行堂”的后人。

吳清源圍棋分館建在福州烏山南麓，占地約12 0 0平方米，整體為明清建筑風格。吳清源祖父吳維貞（1831 —1903）的墓地在福州南面的高蓋山。為了不忘祖籍，墓碑上特地刻上了吳氏一族曾經(jīng)生活過的浙江石門的地名。2004年，吳維貞墓已被列為福州歷史文物而得到保護。此舉保留了福州吳氏與石門祖籍地關系的一條重要歷史證據(jù)。

浙江石門歷史久遠，名人輩出，對吳清源祖籍地的探源，彰顯浙江乃人文薈萃的文獻之邦。

Wu Qingyuan and his wife and Wus second elder brother Wu Yan visit Zhongshan Park in Beijing in Novem-ber 2002.

Tracing the Ancestry of the Father of Modern ‘Go

By Ye Yusun

In the history of the game of Go （Weiqi） that dates back at least 4，000 years ago in the Warring States period of China， the most dazzling star is Wu Qingyuan， widely recog-nized as a Go prodigy when he was a child and the ‘God of Go after he grew up.

Generally known in the West by his Japa-nese name Go Seigen， Wu Qingyuan is con-sidered by many to be the greatest player of the game of Go in the 20th century. The leg-end is also the only living Go master among the ‘Top 7 Go Players of China.

Born in 1914 in Fuzhou， Fujian Province， as the third child of the family， Wu Qingyuan started learning the game of Go at a relatively late age for a professional. In the year he was born， the whole family moved to Beijing， where Wu Qingyuan spent his childhood and adolescent years. His father， who had taken Go lessons from Honinbo Shuho while studying in Japan， introduced the boy to the game. The

boy quickly excelled and soon proved himself

a Go prodigy. Turning 11， he was already a player of professional strength， as evidenced by his games against China's top-ranking Go masters and visiting Japanese players.

After twice defeating a Japanese Go mas-ter player at the age of 14， Wu Qingyuans reputation spread to Japan， then the world's leading Go powerhouse. He subsequently im-migrated to Japan in 1928， at the invitation of Baron Kihachiro Okura and Inukai Tsuyoshi （later prime minister of Japan）， and embarked on a professional career， under the tutorage of the famed Go player Segoe Kensaku. By the time he was 18 he was already a heavyweight player belonging to a very small elite.

Starting in 1939， Wu Qingyuan began a spectacular series of Jubango matches against other top players of his time. It was through these matches that Wu Qingyuan convincing-ly demonstrated an overwhelming dominance over his contemporaries. His star began to fade in the early 1960s due to health reasons and he had to virtually retire from professional Go-playing by 1964. However， the man remained ac-tive in the Go community through teaching， writing， and promoting Go around the world.

The centenarian now lives in Japan. His eldest brother Wu Huan moved to the US in 1979 to live with his sons， and passed away in 1994. His second eldest brother Wu Yan lived and rested in peace in Tianjin.

For a long time， the ancestry of the Wu family remained a mystery for genealogists. Some claim that ancestral roots of the Wu clan can be traced to Shimen， a small town in the north of Zhejiang province.

brother Wu Shuo， initiated a root-searching project in 1990. Relatives living in the four

corners of the world joined the inquiry that took seven years to finish. Genealogy of the

Wu Family was editorially completed in both Chinese and English in 1997.

The Chinese version translated from a book written by a Japanese scholar and pub-lished in 2005 provides a lot of vital hints about the mysterious ancestry of Wu Qingy-uan. According to the book， the family tree of the Go master originated in a place called Chongde in today's Zhejiang province and a nearby place called Shimen is closely related to the Wu family. The great grandfather of Wu Qingyuan is believed to be the first im-migrant in Fuzhou from Shimen and is the earliest ancestor of the later Wu generations in Fuzhou.

The legendary extended Wu family in Shimen is a truly scholar-gentry clan. One of the descendants was a preeminent jurist whose former residence in Shimen was bestowed an inscribed plaque by Emperor Kangxi. Called ‘Prudence， the plaque epito-mizes the glory and prestige of the Wu clan during the past century and implies convinc-ing clues about the ancestry of the family.

One of the representatives of the progeny of the Wu family living in modern times of China is Wu Peng， a famous traditional Chi-nese landscape painting artist now living in Beijing. The man knew from his childhood that the ancestral home of his family bears the same name and the emperors recogni-tion can still be found in the inscriptions on many old furniture pieces， although the old house in Shimen has been pulled down.

It has been confirmed that the ‘Prudence residence is in todays Shimen Town， just at the tip of the canal， and is referred to by the lo-cals as Wujiamen （the gate of the Wu family）.

Due to lack of documentation， it is diffi-cult to find all the pieces for the ancestral jig-saw puzzle. However， compelling evidence has emerged for genealogists to reach the conclusion that the Wu progeny in today's Fuzhou is a bifurcation from the ‘Prudence clan and that Shimen is indeed the ancestral root of Wu Qingyuan.

Tucked away at the southern foot of the Wushan Hill in Fuzhou， Wu Qingyuan ‘Go Museum is a Ming- and Qing-style complex that covers about 1，200 sq.m. Wu Weizhen， the grandfather of the ‘Go master， is buried in Gaogai Mountain in the south of Fuzhou. On his tombstone is the name of Shimen in-dicating where he was from.