陽(yáng)光對(duì)視力的幫助

賈慶文

hy is nearsightedness so common in the modern world？ In the early 1970s， 25%of Americans were nearsighted； three decades later， the rate had risen to 42%， and similar increases have occurred around the world. There is significant evidence that the trait is inherited， so you might wonder why our myopic ancestors werent just removed from the gene pool long ago， when they blundered into a hungry lion. Although genes do influence our fates， they are not the only factors.

The rapid increase in nearsightedness appears to be due to a characteristic of modern life： more and more time spent indoors under artificial lights. Humans brains and eyes originated long ago， when we spent most of our waking hours in the sun. The process of development takes advantage of such reliable features of the environment， which then may become necessary for normal growth.

Researchers suspect that bright outdoor light helps childrens developing eyes maintain the correct distance between the lens and the retina. Dim indoor lighting doesnt seem to provide the same kind of feedback. As a result， when children spend too many hours inside， their eyes fail to grow correctly.

One study compared six and seven-year-old children of Chinese ethnicity living in Sydney with those living in Singapore. The rate of nearsightedness in Singapore （29%） was nearly nine times higher than in Sydney. The children in Sydney spent on average nearly 14 hours per week outside， compared with just three hours per week in Singapore.

Similarly， another study by scholars at Ohio State University found that， among American children with two myopic parents， those who spent at least two hours per day outdoors were four times less likely to be nearsighted than those who spent less than one hour per day outside.

In short， the biological mechanism that kept our vision sharp for thousands of sunny years has， under new environmental conditions， driven visual development off course. This capacity for previously well-adapted genes can account for many imperfections. Brain wiring that effortlessly recognizes faces and animals can be thrown off by letters and numbers， leading to reading difficulties. A restless nature was once helpful to people who needed to find food sources in the wild， but in todays classrooms， its often classified as ADHD（attention deficit hyperactivity disorder）.

Luckily， there is a simple way to lower the risk of nearsightedness： spend more time outside！ If you are going to read a book， do it outdoors.

什么近視在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中如此常見(jiàn)？在20世紀(jì)70年代初，25%的美國(guó)人患有近視；30年之后，這個(gè)比例上升到42%，在全球范圍內(nèi)也有同樣的上升趨勢(shì)。有明顯證據(jù)表明近視會(huì)遺傳，于是你也會(huì)納悶，當(dāng)我們近視的祖先撞上一只饑餓的獅子時(shí)，為什么沒(méi)有從基因庫(kù)中淘汰呢？盡管基因確實(shí)會(huì)影響我們的命運(yùn)，但它并不是唯一因素。

近視的飆升似乎是由現(xiàn)代生活的特性引起的：我們?cè)谑覂?nèi)人造光源下待的時(shí)間越來(lái)越長(zhǎng)了。人的大腦和眼睛很早以前就形成了，當(dāng)時(shí)我們醒著的時(shí)間大多在陽(yáng)光底下度過(guò)。這種進(jìn)化過(guò)程利用了環(huán)境中可靠的因素——在當(dāng)時(shí)，這可能是正常發(fā)展的必要條件。

研究人員認(rèn)為，室外的明亮光線能幫助孩子們正在發(fā)育的眼睛保持晶狀體與視網(wǎng)膜之間的正確距離?；璋档氖覂?nèi)光線似乎不能帶來(lái)同樣的效果。因此，當(dāng)孩子們?cè)谑覂?nèi)待得太久，他們的眼睛就不能發(fā)育好。

一份研究報(bào)告對(duì)生活在悉尼和新加坡的6～7歲華裔兒童進(jìn)行了比較。新加坡的近視率為29%，比悉尼高出近九倍。悉尼兒童平均每星期在戶外待14小時(shí)左右，新加坡兒童只有三小時(shí)。

另一項(xiàng)由美國(guó)俄亥俄州立大學(xué)的學(xué)者展開(kāi)的研究同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)，在父母雙方都患有近視的美國(guó)兒童中，每天待在戶外至少兩小時(shí)的兒童患近視的概率是每天戶外活動(dòng)不足一小時(shí)的兒童的四分之一。

簡(jiǎn)而言之，在新的環(huán)境條件下，數(shù)千年來(lái)讓我們?cè)陉?yáng)光下保持良好視力的生物機(jī)制，如今令視覺(jué)發(fā)展偏離了正軌。之前能較好地適應(yīng)環(huán)境的基因正是許多缺陷的成因。能輕松識(shí)別人臉和動(dòng)物的大腦回路在面對(duì)字母和數(shù)字時(shí)找不著北，從而導(dǎo)致閱讀困難。好動(dòng)的天性曾經(jīng)為需要在野外覓食的人們帶來(lái)裨益，但在今天的課堂上，它通常會(huì)被歸結(jié)為小兒多動(dòng)癥（ADHD）。

幸運(yùn)的是，還有一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的方法能夠降低近視風(fēng)險(xiǎn)：多花點(diǎn)時(shí)間待在戶外吧！如果你打算看書，那就去室外看吧！