奠定天下一統(tǒng)的基石

奠定天下一統(tǒng)的基石

TheCornerstoneof theUnificationallunder heaven

書同文Allwritingiswiththesame characters車同軌carriageshaveallwheelsof thesamesize物勒工名CarvingNamesonUtensils法家制度文化思想CulturalTheoryofLegalism

——《周禮·考工記》

To scan the appearances,yin-yang,and the orientations of the terrain or artifacts,in order to deal with various types of materials(substances)to manufacture utensils(for the needs of people's lives),is called BaiGong.

——《禮記·月令》

To carve the names of the craftsmen on the utensils is for the aim of verifying the truthfulness of them.If the utensils are exquisite while not sturdy,the craftsmen should be punished with due sentences,so that their fraudulent behaviors would be exposed.

——《史記·秦始皇本紀(jì)》

To unify the units of measurements such as lengths,capacities,and weights.To unify the size of the axles of carriages and the widths of the roads.To unify the characters for all writing by the abolition of different characters from all the other countries

——《秦律·工律》

Utensils of the same kind must be with the same shapes,same sizes and same degrees.

考工記·王城規(guī)劃示意圖

秦始皇詔銅方升

車同軌示意圖

從蒙昧的石器時(shí)代開(kāi)始，人類歷史在不知不覺(jué)中走過(guò)數(shù)十萬(wàn)年。如果說(shuō)赫茲定理和石器工具的功能三要素是今人為古人歸納出的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化方法論片段，那么從岐山渭水之畔走來(lái)的中國(guó)歷史上第一個(gè)封建王朝——秦，就是人類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化法制時(shí)代當(dāng)之無(wú)愧的開(kāi)啟者。

Starting from the barbarism of the Stone Age,the human history has imperceptibly gone through hundreds of thousands of years.If the Hertzian Cone principle and the three functional elements of stone tools could be regarded as some parts of standardized methods which people have generalized about ancient humankind,Qin Dynasty,the first imperial dynasty of China,would have been the undisputed opener of standardized legal history of humankind.

眾所周知，在與西戎交鋒的數(shù)百年間，秦人曾因重法輕文而導(dǎo)致國(guó)家蔽塞保守，但無(wú)意中卻在“言語(yǔ)異聲，文字異形”的春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)代，為中華民族保留了周朝的語(yǔ)言、正體文字乃至規(guī)范生產(chǎn)生活的各種禮制，這也成為中國(guó)后世標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化實(shí)踐的最初藍(lán)本。

As is known to all,during the centuries of battles against western ethnic minorities,Qin had been a backwater due to its emphasis on law-governing rather than culture and education.However,Qin had inadvertently preserved such cultural legacies as the language of the Zhou Dynasty,the standardized forms of Chinese characters and various social and ritual institutions for human life and production,which had become the earliest blueprints for the Chinese posterity's standardized practices.

事實(shí)上，在兩千多年前秦國(guó)崛起的進(jìn)程中，商鞅、呂不韋和秦王嬴政早已充分運(yùn)用了一種被現(xiàn)代人稱為“惠特尼標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化”的生產(chǎn)方式——無(wú)論是青銅馬車，還是秦始皇兵馬俑坑出土的眾多兵器，不僅制作規(guī)整，其零部件輪廓誤差亦不超過(guò)1 mm，充分體現(xiàn)了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的互換通用性本質(zhì)。

In fact,during the process of Qin's rise more than two thousand years ago,Shang Yang,Lü Buwei and Ying Zheng,the king of Qin had already utilized a mode of production later called by modern people as Whitney Standardization.Both the bronzecarriageandthousandsofbronze weapons excavated from the Terracotta Warriar had been very orderly made,with the maximum error of 1mm in their outlines,which had exactly reflected the essence of standardization——interchangeability.

在此基礎(chǔ)上，“物勒工名”的方法更被秦人發(fā)展成以實(shí)名制為基礎(chǔ)的古代“產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量責(zé)任制”，處處體現(xiàn)了精細(xì)化管理思想。這種問(wèn)責(zé)制甚至被納入《秦律·工律》，通過(guò)明確制作、監(jiān)造、校正與使用等各環(huán)節(jié)責(zé)任，適用于官營(yíng)手工業(yè)和官有器物管理。在掃清六合之后，秦始皇又以法制方式大力推行稅制、幣值、車軌、文字、度量衡等五項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，為統(tǒng)一的中華民族和統(tǒng)一的國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)形成奠定了最重要的基礎(chǔ)……

On this basis,a method called as Carving Names on Utensils had been invented by Qin people and had been developed into the ancient responsibility system for product quality based on real name system,whichthoroughlyreflectedtherefined managementthinkingofQinDynasty.The responsibility system had even been incorporated into the Qin Law·Work Law,applied to the state-run handicraftindustriesandmanagementofthe state-owned utensils,by setting roles and obligations forvariouslinksincludingmaking,supervision, calibration and use of utensils.After unified China,by laws and orders,Qin Shi Huang had been vigorously promoting the standardization of the tax systems,the currencies,the sizes of the axles of carriages,the characters for Chinese written language and the Chinese units of measurements such as measures and weights,which had laid the most important foundation for the unification of the Chinese nations and the domestic markets.

秦代熠熠生輝的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化實(shí)踐成果是我國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化發(fā)展史上當(dāng)仁不讓的重要里程碑，盡管由于極致尊崇法家而導(dǎo)致帝國(guó)覆亡，但毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)在那個(gè)以吏為師的時(shí)代，中國(guó)古人蘊(yùn)含法家制度文化思想的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化活動(dòng)早已超越了單純的技術(shù)范疇，而以其華麗的身姿在中華帝國(guó)“百代皆行秦政法”的歷史長(zhǎng)河中掀起了第一波標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化實(shí)踐高潮。

The sparkling outcomes of the standardization practices in Qin Dynasty have marked an inarguably important milestone in the history of China's standardization.Although the empire came to an end ultimately due to its extreme esteem for Legalism,the standardization activities our ancestors had taken during the times of Officials as Teachers,which had reflected the cultural theory of Legalism,had already exceeded the purely technical areas,and had undoubtedly awaken the first gorgeous wave of standardization practices in the long history of China.

（支持單位：上海市標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化研究院 整理：楊超 葉笑欣）

秦代弩機(jī)及零部件