出租子宮——揭秘印度“嬰兒工廠”

去年，廣州一對(duì)夫婦通過代孕誕下八胞胎的事件轟動(dòng)全國(guó)。這除了引起大家對(duì)違反計(jì)生規(guī)定的討論外，也讓“代孕”這個(gè)灰色的產(chǎn)業(yè)浮出水面?！按小?，在我國(guó)以及世界其他許多國(guó)家都是明令禁止的。但是，在相對(duì)保守的印度，這卻是一個(gè)合法的產(chǎn)業(yè)，以致世界各地的“求子若渴”的夫婦不惜遠(yuǎn)道前去?！按小边@種行為依然充滿神秘，但或許我們能從印度這個(gè)“嬰兒工廠”窺探一斑。

Human beings have two main 1）instincts： the instinct of self-protection and the instinct to reproduce，” says Dr Nayana Patel.

And she should know—she has 2）carved out a career matching 3）infertile couples with poor women willing to “rent their wombs”. Beginning with a couple of 4）surrogacies a year in 2003， Dr Patels Akanksha Infertility Clinic in the west Indian state of Gujarat， now delivers around 110 surrogate babies a year.

Commercial surrogacy is highly 5）controversial and banned in many countries across the world.

But in India， a socially 6）conservative society， surrogacy has 7）thrived since the Supreme High Court of India legalized the practice in 2002， with a report by the Confederation of Indian Industry estimating the industry will generate $2.3bn （1.5bn euros） annually by 2012.

人類有兩種主要的本能：自我保護(hù)和繁殖，” 納雅娜·帕特爾醫(yī)生說道。

她是很清楚的——她正是替不孕不育的夫婦與那些愿意“出租自己的子宮”的貧困婦女搭橋，成功開拓出一番事業(yè)。這一切始于2003年，當(dāng)年帕特爾醫(yī)生在她那位于印度西部古吉拉特邦的阿坎可沙不孕不育診所進(jìn)行了幾例代孕醫(yī)療服務(wù)，如今，該診所每年接生的代孕寶寶約有110個(gè)。

有償代孕是一種極具爭(zhēng)議性的行為，而且在全球許多國(guó)家被禁止。

但是在印度這個(gè)社會(huì)道德保守的群體，自從2002年印度最高法院將代孕行為合法化后，代孕服務(wù)便盛行起來。印度工業(yè)聯(lián)合會(huì)在一份報(bào)告中估算：到2012年，該產(chǎn)業(yè)每年將能產(chǎn)生23億美元（15億歐元）收益。

Partly due to pressure from 8）campaigners， the Indian government set out a draft bill last year， which aims to limit the age of surrogate mothers to 35， 9）imposes a maximum of five pregnancies—including their own children—and makes medical insurance 10）mandatory.

Attempting to avoid messy legal battles that have occurred in the past， another proposal makes it 11）compulsory for 12）prospective parents prove that any infant born to a surrogate mother will have automatic citizenship in their home countries. The bill also aims to stop clinics sourcing， supplying and taking care of the surrogate mothers themselves.

However， for now， its business as usual at Akanksha Infertility Clinic.

Its a little after 10 on a Wednesday morning as Dr Patel arrives at the clinic. Inside， there is a 13）flurry of activity. Medical staff clad in light and navy blue run about， calling out names and carrying files. The lobby is full of women in brightly colored saris， while others are in Western clothes. They are either desperately seeking a baby of their own or seeking to lift themselves out of poverty and offer their own children a better life.

One of the main attractions of surrogacy in India is the price. Most of Dr Patels clients are from the U.S.， Canada and Europe. Where it is legal， surrogacy in Western countries can cost 70，000 euros. At Dr Patels Akanksha Infertility Clinic， tucked down a narrow lane behind a 14）chaotic market in Anand， it costs around a third of that.

一定程度上是受到社會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)人士的壓力，印度政府于去年制訂出一條法令草案，旨在限定代孕母親的年齡不高于35歲，并不得懷孕超過五次——包括懷孕自己的孩子在內(nèi)——而且強(qiáng)制購(gòu)買醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)。

為了盡量避免以往發(fā)生過的麻煩的法律糾紛，另一項(xiàng)法律提案要求準(zhǔn)父母親必須提供證據(jù)，證明任何由代孕母親所生的孩子能夠自動(dòng)成為他們?cè)畤?guó)的公民。該法令的提出同時(shí)旨在阻止診所招徠、供應(yīng)和護(hù)養(yǎng)代孕母親。

然而，直到目前為止，阿坎可沙不孕不育診所的業(yè)務(wù)量一如以往。

這是一個(gè)星期三的早上，時(shí)間是十點(diǎn)過一點(diǎn)兒，帕特爾醫(yī)生來到診所。診所里一陣忙亂。醫(yī)務(wù)人員穿著淺海軍藍(lán)色的制服到處跑，拿著文件，叫喚著名字。大廳里塞滿穿著亮麗莎麗服的婦女，而其他的人則穿著西方服飾。他們有的是急切希望得到一個(gè)屬于自己的孩子，有的是要設(shè)法擺脫貧困給自己的孩子提供更好的生活。

印度的代孕服務(wù)最誘人之處便是價(jià)格。帕特爾醫(yī)生的大部分客戶都來自美國(guó)、加拿大和歐洲。在西方國(guó)家里，合法代孕要花上七萬歐元。而在帕特爾醫(yī)生的阿坎可沙不孕不育診所里，代孕價(jià)格僅約為其三分之一。這家診所位于安納德一個(gè)雜亂市場(chǎng)后的一條窄巷深處。

For the surrogates， who get paid between 4，700 and 5，500 euros by the clinic， the money is worth several years income and is a fast track out of poverty.

When 32-year-old Ranju Rajubhais husband sustained severe burns in an accident in 2007 and could no longer work， surrogacy was the answer to the couples problems. “I thought Ill be doing a good deed， my work will also get done and [the couple] will also get a baby，”says Rajubhai who is due to give birth to a surrogate baby in a month. Like all the women signed on by Patels Akanksha Fertility Clinic， Rajubhai will get a minimum of around ￡4，000， 15）equivalent to seven years of her husbands salary. “I will get my husbands surgery done[for his burns]，” she says.

“I also want to buy a house. It costs [￡8，500 to￡11，000] these days. One pregnancy wont be enough， so I am thinking of coming back.”

Rajubhais is a familiar story in the “surrogate house”where she lives with 39 other pregnant surrogates from similar backgrounds. Owned by Patel， the house is located ten minutes away from the clinic. With two to three ironframed beds in each room， the house has the look and feel of a hospital ward. The surrogates， clad in loose， colorful gowns are sitting， lying， stretching， watching TV or chatting with each other. In one room， hangs a picture of a crawling toddler with the words： “The time to be happy is now.”

對(duì)于代孕婦女來說，她們能從診所獲得4700至5500歐元，這筆錢相當(dāng)于她們好幾年的收入，而且是一條快速脫貧的捷徑。

32歲的蘭吉·拉吉布海的丈夫在2007年的一次意外中被嚴(yán)重?zé)齻⑹スぷ髂芰?，代孕成為了這對(duì)夫婦的解困之法。“我認(rèn)為我所做的會(huì)是一件好事，這將能解決我們的問題，并能為（其他夫婦）帶來孩子，” 拉吉布海如是說，她將在一個(gè)月后生下一個(gè)代孕寶寶。正如其他和帕特爾醫(yī)生的阿坎可沙不孕不育診所簽約的婦女一樣，拉吉布海最少將獲得約4000英鎊，這相當(dāng)于她丈夫七年的工錢。她說：“我會(huì)讓丈夫完成（治療燒傷的）手術(shù)?！?/p>

“我還想買一所房子。目前來說大概需要（8500到11000英鎊）。一次代孕還不夠，所以我考慮再來。”

拉吉布海的故事在“代孕小屋”里很常見，在這里，她將與另外39名有著相似背景的代孕婦女一起生活。這間屋子是帕特爾所有，坐落在距離診所十分鐘路程的地方。每個(gè)房間里有兩到三張鐵架床，屋子看起來感覺就像醫(yī)院病房一樣。這些代孕婦們穿著寬松多彩的衫裙，或坐著，或躺著，或伸展著，或看著電視，或互相聊著天。在一間房間里，掛著一幅畫，畫面里那幼童在爬行著，旁邊有些字：“快樂的時(shí)光就是此刻。”

The time spent at the surrogate house creates a sense of sisterhood. They enjoy the rest and care they might not have had during their own pregnancies but are confined to the house for the entire duration of pregnancy. Their families are allowed to visit on Sundays but the surrogates are not allowed to leave the house premises except for regular medical check-ups or a family emergency.

The worlds inhabited by surrogates and those seeking surrogacy are vastly different but the compulsions that lead them to the clinic are not.

Slender-framed with green eyes and short-cropped blond hair， 38-year-old Robyn Wright runs a small beauty salon in Wilson， Wyoming. She has a 14-year-old daughter from her first marriage but a 16）hemorrhage after the birth led to a 17）hysterectomy. When she met Jason， a guide at Yellowstone National Park， the couple wanted their own biological child. The Wrights candidly admit they “werent born rich” and dont “l(fā)ive on credit”. Realizing surrogacy in the U.S. was financially impossible； the Wrights staked all their savings and traveled half way across the globe to fulfill their dream.

代孕小屋里的時(shí)光造就了一種姐妹情深的氛圍。雖然整個(gè)懷孕期被限制在這間屋子里，但她們卻可以得到休息和照顧，而這種享受在她們懷自己的孩子時(shí)是沒有的。她們的家人可以在星期天來看望這些代孕婦，但除了去做常規(guī)檢查或者家庭出現(xiàn)緊急情況外，她們均不準(zhǔn)離開屋子。

雖然代孕婦和尋求代孕的人們生活的世界極為不同，但是引領(lǐng)他們來到這間診所的緣由卻有所相似。

38歲的羅賓·賴特身材苗條，有著碧綠的雙眼和金色的短發(fā)，她在美國(guó)懷俄明州的威爾遜經(jīng)營(yíng)一家小美容院，有一個(gè)14歲的女兒，是她第一段婚姻的結(jié)晶，但那次生產(chǎn)出現(xiàn)大出血，導(dǎo)致她的子宮被切除。后來她遇到詹森，黃石國(guó)家公園的一名導(dǎo)游，他們想要親生的孩子。賴特夫婦坦承他們“并非出身豪門”，也不會(huì)“靠賒借度日”。當(dāng)意識(shí)到他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)條件無法在美國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)代孕后，賴特夫婦決定賭上他們?nèi)康姆e蓄，橫跨半個(gè)地球去追求他們的夢(mèng)想。

“There are so many cases where you are the genetic parent and [the surrogate mother] is 18）blackmailing you. She will not give you the baby … If you dont pay； youre not allowed to see the baby. Couples from abroad write to us saying that the legal liabilities are so much in the U.S.， that after paying so much money also， I dont know if Im going to hold my baby or not and that is what India has taken care of.”

She says shes in favor of regulation in India but that ultimately it depends on the 19）ethics of the people involved， not any law.

“See sex determination. Its 20）rampant in India but its illegal. So whatever you do， theres going to be unethical behavior. Its the ethics of the couple， surrogate and doctor， which counts … The laws， even if they are there or not there， it hardly matters. So， Im in favor yes， but ultimately its the people involved which makes it unethical. No amount of laws or 21）supervision can make a procedure ethical.”

Back at Patels clinic， three women who have each traveled from North America hoping to find a surrogate mother to bear them a baby are gushing over a newborn European baby recently born to one of the surrogates at the clinic—proof that their dreams could also come true. “Theres no perfect system， but given what we have and under the circumstances， Dr Patels clinic definitely helps create miracles，”says Fatima， a Canadian.

“出現(xiàn)過太多案例，血緣上的家長(zhǎng)受到（代孕母親的）敲詐勒索。她不把寶寶給你……如果你不給錢的話；你不準(zhǔn)去看寶寶。來自海外的夫婦寫信跟我們說在美國(guó)有很多法律責(zé)任約束，但在這里給了這么多錢之后，我還無法知道自己以后能否抱上自己的寶寶，而這點(diǎn)印度已在著力解決。”

她說她贊成印度立法規(guī)管，但最終的結(jié)果還得是取決于涉事者的道德而不是法律。

“就好比說性別鑒定。在印度這是非法的，但是情況卻很猖狂。所以說不管怎樣，都會(huì)有不道德的人出現(xiàn)。求孕夫婦、代孕婦和醫(yī)生們自身的道德才是關(guān)鍵所在……至于法律，不管有還是沒有，都幾乎沒有任何影響。所以說，我對(duì)此是贊成的，但最終還是涉事的人使事情變得不道德。即使再多的法律規(guī)定或者監(jiān)督也無法使得一個(gè)行為合乎道德?！?/p>

回到帕特爾的診所，有三位各自從北美遠(yuǎn)道而來的婦女，她們希望能找到代孕婦來孕育她們的寶寶，她們滔滔不絕地談?wù)撘粋€(gè)最近在診所里由代孕婦生下的歐洲寶寶——這證明她們的夢(mèng)想也有可能成真?！皼]有完美的制度，但考慮到我們現(xiàn)有的情況，帕特爾醫(yī)生的診所肯定有助我們創(chuàng)造奇跡，”加拿大人法蒂瑪如是說道。