陳衍景,張 成,李 諾,楊永飛,鄧 軻
北京大學(xué)造山帶與地殼演化重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100871
中國東北鉬礦床地質(zhì)
陳衍景,張 成,李 諾,楊永飛,鄧 軻
北京大學(xué)造山帶與地殼演化重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100871
中國東北地區(qū)是中亞造山帶和環(huán)太平洋構(gòu)造帶疊加的區(qū)域,成礦作用復(fù)雜而強(qiáng)烈。系統(tǒng)總結(jié)了東北地區(qū)的鉬礦床勘查和研究進(jìn)展,形成如下主要認(rèn)識:1)研究區(qū)已發(fā)現(xiàn)3個超大型、18個大型等70余處鉬礦床,探明資源量僅次于東秦嶺鉬礦帶;2)礦床成因類型主要為斑巖型(含爆破角礫巖型)、矽卡巖型,次為熱液脈型;3)成礦巖漿巖多為高硅富鉀鈣堿性的I型花崗巖,巖漿活動具有多期多階段性;4)鉬礦床集中分布在華北克拉通北緣、南大興安嶺、北大興安嶺和吉黑褶皺帶等4個地區(qū);5)與巖漿活動的多期多階段性相一致,鉬礦化具有多期多階段性,但中生代最為重要,并集中在250~210、190~160和150~110Ma等3個高峰期;6)鉬礦床的輝鉬礦Re含量變化較大,總體較低,顯示成礦物質(zhì)來源復(fù)雜,但以殼源為主;7)成礦時代越老,輝鉬礦Re含量越高,Cu/Mo儲量比越大;8)鉬礦床主要形成于增生造山和大陸碰撞造山(含后碰撞)兩種構(gòu)造背景,單鉬礦床始現(xiàn)于三疊紀(jì),只形成于大陸碰撞造山體制。
中國東北;鉬礦床;成礦時間;礦床地質(zhì);構(gòu)造背景
我國東北地區(qū),東起中朝邊界,北至中俄邊界(含東北和西北邊界),西為中蒙邊界,南抵華北克拉通北緣(圖1,據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[1]修改),包括黑龍江、吉林、遼寧和內(nèi)蒙古中東部以及河北北部。在大地構(gòu)造上,夾于西伯利亞板塊和華北克拉通之間,是中亞造山帶的東段[2],以微地塊與褶皺帶的交織分布為特征。研究區(qū)構(gòu)造演化歷史復(fù)雜,既有古亞洲洋演化特征,又有濱太平洋造山帶所疊加的特點(diǎn)[3-7],是大陸造山帶地質(zhì)構(gòu)造研究遺留問題和爭議較多的地區(qū),也是研究構(gòu)造域轉(zhuǎn)換、疊合成礦作用的理想地區(qū)[8]。
中國是世界鉬資源最豐富的國家之一,鉬礦床和含鉬礦床或礦點(diǎn)尤其集中于華北克拉通南緣和北緣的造山帶地區(qū)。其中,東秦嶺是我國最重要的鉬礦帶[9],也是世界最重要的鉬礦帶之一[10],其構(gòu)造演化、成巖成礦規(guī)律以及地球動力學(xué)背景等已被大批學(xué)者高度重視。東北地區(qū)是我國重要的有色及貴金屬資源基地,最近陸續(xù)發(fā)現(xiàn)了一批重要的單鉬礦床(如半砬山)、以鉬為主的鉬多金屬礦床(如岔路口)和以其他金屬為主的含鉬多金屬礦床(如多寶山),尤以岔路口(134×104t)、鹿鳴(80×104t)和大黑山(109×104t)等超大型鉬礦床為代表??辈檫M(jìn)展帶動了東北地區(qū)單個礦床的研究熱潮和深入,使一些鉬礦床的地質(zhì)特征、賦礦規(guī)律及成礦時代等方面的資料快速增長,單個礦床成礦機(jī)制認(rèn)識不斷深入,并出現(xiàn)較多爭議。相對而言,對區(qū)域成礦類型、成礦元素組合、成礦巖體特征、成礦物質(zhì)來源、大規(guī)模成礦時間和期次、成礦構(gòu)造背景等研究較為薄弱,亟待總結(jié)區(qū)域性成礦規(guī)律研究,提升認(rèn)識水平。
鑒于上述,筆者在充分收集和整理東北地區(qū)有關(guān)鉬礦床地質(zhì)勘查和研究資料的基礎(chǔ)上,系統(tǒng)總結(jié)了該區(qū)典型鉬礦床的地質(zhì)特征、礦床時空分布特點(diǎn),劃分了成礦集中區(qū),分析了成礦物質(zhì)來源和成礦動力學(xué)背景,以期供同行參考,服務(wù)于未來鉬礦地質(zhì)勘查和科學(xué)研究。
古亞洲洋是古生代期間發(fā)育于西伯利亞板塊和華北板塊之間的一個復(fù)雜的多島洋,以廣泛發(fā)育弧盆體系和陸緣增生為特征。隨著古亞洲洋板塊俯沖消減,散布其中的微陸塊、島弧等拼貼、碰撞、造山,伴隨強(qiáng)烈的巖漿活動,使陸殼在側(cè)向和垂向上不斷增生[8,11-13]。古亞洲洋最終閉合于晚二疊世末—三疊紀(jì)初[3,14],華北板塊與蒙古地塊拼貼到一起,形成華北—蒙古聯(lián)合板塊[15-18]。此后至晚侏羅世,華北—蒙古板塊與西伯利亞板塊南緣之間被蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋分隔[3],晚侏羅世蒙古—鄂霍次克洋閉合,西伯利亞板塊與華北—蒙古板塊發(fā)生了強(qiáng)烈的陸陸碰撞,前中生代地層不同程度地發(fā)生變形和變質(zhì)[19-22]。中生代中期,即晚侏羅世和早白堊世,造山帶巖石圈的減壓伸展與太平洋板塊俯沖引發(fā)的弧后伸展疊加,導(dǎo)致大量花崗巖類和中酸性火山巖發(fā)育,形成了環(huán)繞松遼盆地的大面積中酸性火山-侵入雜巖以及多種類型的熱液礦床[2,19,23],特別是斑巖型銅金鉬礦床[1,24],矽卡巖型銅鉛鋅金礦床[18],淺成低溫?zé)嵋盒徒疸y礦床[2]。晚白堊世以來,巖石圈伸展減薄,中酸性巖漿活動減弱,玄武巖類開始發(fā)育,局部發(fā)育大陸裂谷型盆地[25]。
在東西向古亞洲洋構(gòu)造域和北北東向環(huán)太平洋構(gòu)造域的疊加作用下,東北地區(qū)產(chǎn)生了一系列深達(dá)地幔的從EW向逐漸變化為NNE向的斷裂構(gòu)造,從南到北依次為華北克拉通北緣斷裂(康?!喾鍞嗔眩⑽骼鍌悢嗔?、二連—賀根山斷裂、得爾布干斷裂以及較晚活動的切穿早期斷裂的近NNE向嫩江斷裂、NE向依蘭—伊通斷裂和敦密斷裂(圖1)。這些深大斷裂為幔源物質(zhì)上涌提供了良好的通道,火山活動頻繁,伴隨眾多不同巖性的中小型侵入體和火山巖,誘發(fā)了成礦作用,表現(xiàn)出較多的環(huán)太平洋構(gòu)造成礦帶的特征[1,26]。
圖1 中國東北地區(qū)地質(zhì)和鉬礦床空間分布圖(底圖據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[1]修改)Fig.1 Simplified geological map showing the distribution of Mo deposits of in Northeast China(modified from reference[1])
東北地區(qū)顯生宙花崗巖十分發(fā)育,中生代(印支—燕山期)巖體分布面積巨大,形成中國大陸極為醒目的地質(zhì)景觀——“巨型花崗巖省”。顯生宙花崗巖大致劃分為如下期次:1)早古生代或加里東期花崗巖,主要分布在華北克拉通北緣附近、張廣才嶺地區(qū)[27-28]以及多寶山—大新屯島弧帶,主要巖石類型有花崗閃長巖、石英閃長巖、英云閃長巖及部分二長花崗巖。2)晚古生代或海西期花崗巖,主要分布于大興安嶺地區(qū),巖性變化較大,從花崗閃長巖、石英閃長巖、英云閃長巖到二長花崗巖均有發(fā)育,且多以規(guī)模較大的巖基產(chǎn)出。3)三疊紀(jì)或印支期花崗巖廣泛分布,巖體規(guī)模大,主要由花崗閃長巖、二長花崗巖、鉀長花崗巖和堿性花崗巖組成,絕大多數(shù)巖石暗色礦物含量低,部分被稱作白崗巖[29]。4)侏羅紀(jì)—早白堊世或燕山期花崗巖廣泛出露于松遼盆地周邊的造山帶中[28,30],早中侏羅世巖體規(guī)模較大,基本缺乏同期火山巖,晚侏羅—早白堊世多為規(guī)模較小的花崗斑巖巖體,同期火山巖較多,末期則出現(xiàn)堿性花崗巖[28-29,31-33]。值得補(bǔ)充的是,研究區(qū)基本缺乏晚白堊世及其以后的中酸性巖漿巖,但發(fā)育較多的玄武巖類。
總之,東北地區(qū)是古亞洲構(gòu)造成礦域與環(huán)太平洋構(gòu)造成礦域的疊加復(fù)合和構(gòu)造轉(zhuǎn)換區(qū)域,地質(zhì)作用復(fù)雜,成礦條件優(yōu)越,成礦作用強(qiáng)烈,礦床類型豐富,找礦潛力巨大。
迄今,東北地區(qū)至少已發(fā)現(xiàn)76個鉬礦床或含鉬礦床(表1),它們分布于環(huán)繞松遼盆地的造山帶中,集中于大興安嶺、小興安嶺、張廣才嶺、龍崗山、燕山等山脈,多沿?cái)嗔眩瓗r漿帶分布,與花崗巖類關(guān)系密切 (圖1)。總體而言,鉬礦床集中分布在3個大地構(gòu)造單元,即松遼盆地以西的大興安嶺地區(qū)、以東的吉黑褶皺帶和以南的華北克拉通北緣??紤]到前人關(guān)于大興安嶺地區(qū)的研究成果和表述習(xí)慣,以及遭受蒙古—鄂霍茨克海板塊影響程度的差異,筆者以烏蘭浩特市為界,進(jìn)一步劃分為大興安嶺南段和北段2個次級成礦帶。如此以來,將研究區(qū)分為4個礦化集中區(qū):華北克拉通北緣,包括29個礦床(表1中編號1—29);南大興安嶺礦集區(qū),包括11個礦床(表1中編號30—40);北大興安嶺礦集區(qū),包括17個礦床(表1中編號41—57號);吉黑褶皺帶,含19個礦床(表1中編號58—76號)。下面簡單介紹各礦集區(qū)特征。
華北克拉通北緣是我國較早發(fā)現(xiàn)的重要鉬礦帶,曾稱燕遼成礦帶[117](圖1),其北界為康?!喾鍞嗔?,南臨北京北部山區(qū),西起內(nèi)蒙古四子王旗、白乃廟,東至朝鮮半島,東西跨越陰山、燕山和遼東半島,已發(fā)現(xiàn)重要鉬礦床和礦點(diǎn)29處,以楊家杖子—蘭家溝礦田為典型代表。在中生代以前,華北克拉通北緣的主體構(gòu)造為近EW向,東部為NE向,略呈弧形隆起帶,沿隆起兩側(cè)邊緣發(fā)育大斷裂[118];中生代該區(qū)陸內(nèi)造山作用強(qiáng)烈,發(fā)生大規(guī)模塊斷、推覆和伸展事件,早期EW向、NE向構(gòu)造受到活化,形成了不同期次的NE向、NNE向逆沖推覆構(gòu)造、韌性剪切帶和變質(zhì)核雜巖構(gòu)造[38,119-123],是燕山運(yùn)動的代表性特征和命名地;新生代地殼運(yùn)動減弱,進(jìn)入以伸展構(gòu)造主導(dǎo)的盆嶺構(gòu)造演化階段,以渤海灣為典型代表。
該成礦帶的突出地質(zhì)標(biāo)志是發(fā)育早前寒武紀(jì)(太古宙—古元古代)結(jié)晶基底,多處表現(xiàn)為中高級變質(zhì)巖和混合巖,遼吉地區(qū)的古元古代遼河群碳酸鹽建造變質(zhì)程度稍淺[124-126],主要為綠片巖相和角閃巖相。結(jié)晶基底之上的蓋層主要有中、新元古界碎屑巖和鈣、鎂質(zhì)碳酸鹽巖層,局部有下古生界淺海相碳酸鹽巖[118]。華北克拉通北緣歷經(jīng)多旋回、多期次、多類型的巖漿活動:在早前寒武紀(jì)大量發(fā)育花崗-綠巖帶;中、新元古代廣泛分布基性巖墻、高鉀質(zhì)火山巖以及斜長巖-奧長環(huán)斑花崗巖;古生代晚期,變質(zhì)基底受到弧巖漿巖和偏堿性雜巖、基性—超基性雜巖的侵入[127],伴隨部分銅金多金屬礦床,但缺乏鉬礦床;中生代,中酸性巖漿活動強(qiáng)烈,廣泛發(fā)育花崗巖類侵入體和火山-次火山雜巖[38,128-129],伴隨強(qiáng)烈的鉬成礦作用;晚白堊世至新生代,巖漿活動以玄武巖噴發(fā)為特征,但基本缺乏相關(guān)熱液金屬成礦作用。
華北克拉通北緣發(fā)育多期多階段形成的熱液礦床,但以中生代成礦作用最為顯著,形成了大量造山型金礦[130]、淺成低溫?zé)嵋盒徒疸y銅鉛鋅礦床[129]、巖漿熱液型(斑巖型、矽卡巖型、斑巖-矽卡巖型、爆破角礫巖型、脈型)多金屬礦床。鉬礦床,特別是單鉬或獨(dú)立鉬礦床,主要形成于中生代,如蘭家溝斑巖型鉬礦,楊家杖子矽卡巖型鉬礦,肖家營子斑巖-矽卡巖型鉬礦,大莊科爆破角礫巖型鉬礦等(表1)。
南大興安嶺成礦帶南起康?!喾鍞嗔?,北至烏蘭浩特市,主體沿西拉沐倫斷裂及其南、北兩岸發(fā)育(圖1),包括了前人所稱的更次級的西拉沐倫成礦帶[73,131-132]。大地構(gòu)造上包括了西拉沐倫斷裂以南的溫都爾廟早古生代增生造山帶[129,133],斷裂以北的晚古生代增生造山帶,跨越了二連—賀根山縫合帶(索倫縫合帶)。其中,索倫縫合帶記錄了古亞洲洋的最晚閉合,發(fā)育林西組等二疊紀(jì)海相地層,表明最晚閉合時間為二疊紀(jì)末至三疊紀(jì)初[8,13,25,134-135]。三疊紀(jì)開始轉(zhuǎn)入大陸碰撞造山以及更晚的陸內(nèi)造山、造山后巖石圈伸展減薄環(huán)境[17,132,136]。
南大興安嶺成礦帶的前中生代地層和巖石發(fā)生了不同程度的變質(zhì)和變形,構(gòu)成了中生代陸相沉積物和火山巖的基底,其主要巖石地層單位包括:前寒武紀(jì)片巖、片麻巖類,早古生代(寒武紀(jì)—志留紀(jì))海相碎屑巖-碳酸鹽巖建造和相伴的火山巖類,石炭—二疊紀(jì)火山巖-沉積巖系。其中,石炭—二疊紀(jì)火山巖具有巖漿弧的特征[13,132,137]。
南大興安嶺地區(qū)缺失三疊紀(jì)及其以后的海相地層,主要發(fā)育侏羅紀(jì)—白堊紀(jì)陸相中酸性火山巖和碎屑沉積物,伴隨大面積印支—燕山期中酸性侵入巖發(fā)育(圖1)。其中:火山巖類主要為晚侏羅世火山碎屑巖、熔結(jié)凝灰?guī)r、碎屑凝灰?guī)r、流紋巖等,與淺成低溫?zé)嵋盒徒疸y鉛鋅礦化關(guān)系密切[2];侵入巖主要巖性是花崗閃長巖、黑云母二長花崗巖、黑云母花崗巖、鉀長花崗巖等,與斑巖型/矽卡巖型鉬、銅鉬礦化密切[138]。目前,該成礦帶內(nèi)已發(fā)現(xiàn)重要鉬礦床10多個,如小東溝、敖侖花、好力寶、半砬山等斑巖型鉬礦床,且多沿西拉沐倫河兩岸分布(圖1,表1)。
該帶位于烏蘭浩特市以北、松遼盆地以西的大興安嶺腹地,西、北、東北邊界均為中蒙、中俄國界。大地構(gòu)造上位于二連—賀根山—黑河縫合帶以北,包括海拉爾—塔源古生代巖漿弧和額爾古納地塊兩個主要構(gòu)造單元(圖1)。在中生代以前,研究區(qū)屬于西伯利亞板塊的東南緣增生帶,其基底由眾多微陸塊拼合而成,構(gòu)成“兩塊一帶一盆”的格局,即西部的額爾古納地塊、東部的興安地塊或布列亞地塊、中部的鄂倫春晚古生代增生帶及北部的上黑龍江盆地,屬古亞洲洋構(gòu)造域[92,139]。中生代以來,研究區(qū)主要受蒙古—鄂霍茨克板塊俯沖作用的影響,發(fā)育得爾布干等NE—NNE向和NW向斷裂構(gòu)造[140-141](圖1),巖漿活動強(qiáng)烈,發(fā)育大規(guī)模中酸性侵入巖和火山巖,誘發(fā)了大規(guī)模的成礦事件[3,7,18,142-143]。
礦帶內(nèi)局部出露中、新元古界變質(zhì)基底[144]和古生代海相-海陸交互相火山-沉積地層,大面積分布中生代陸相火山巖和沉積巖,尤其是侏羅—白堊系的火山碎屑凝灰?guī)r、熔結(jié)凝灰?guī)r、礫巖、砂巖、粉砂巖等,中生代海相地層僅見于上黑龍江盆地[23]。區(qū)內(nèi)古生代花崗巖類(花崗閃長巖、花崗巖及花崗斑巖)較發(fā)育,部分顯示埃達(dá)克巖的特征。印支期巖漿活動形成二長花崗巖-鉀長花崗巖系列,屬造山環(huán)境下的S型花崗巖;燕山期巖漿活動形成偏堿性的中酸性侵入巖,如二長巖、花崗斑巖、石英斑巖、正長斑巖、流紋斑巖等[23]。多期巖漿活動形成了多期斑巖礦床,特別是斑巖鉬礦床或銅鉬礦床[14,145-146],如岔路口超大型和興阿大型鉬礦床,多寶山、烏努格吐山[1]、太平川等大型銅鉬礦床。
本文所稱的吉黑褶皺帶包括松遼盆地以東、華北克拉通以北的我國境內(nèi)的所有構(gòu)造單元,北起小興安嶺,經(jīng)張廣才嶺、龍崗山,南抵康保—赤峰斷裂(華北克拉通北緣斷裂),呈近南北向展布,成礦帶主體位于張廣才嶺褶皺帶內(nèi)(圖1)。該帶地質(zhì)演化歷史和構(gòu)造格局復(fù)雜,包括松嫩、佳木斯、興凱、龍崗等4個前寒武紀(jì)微地塊。從晚元古代至早古生代末期(加里東期造山運(yùn)動),松嫩地塊、佳木斯地塊和興凱地塊間發(fā)生過大洋板塊的俯沖消減,地塊拼合、碰撞乃至逆沖推覆等造山事件。在經(jīng)歷了華力西期和印支期構(gòu)造發(fā)展階段,各地塊的陸緣活動帶過渡型陸殼在發(fā)生幔源物質(zhì)的添加與陸殼物質(zhì)的再循環(huán)后,逐步轉(zhuǎn)化為成熟陸殼,最終于二疊紀(jì)末或三疊紀(jì)初實(shí)現(xiàn)地塊的拼貼,組成統(tǒng)一的復(fù)合大陸[147-148]。在中生代,本區(qū)由古亞洲洋構(gòu)造域逐漸轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榄h(huán)太平洋構(gòu)造域,形成了一系列NE向深斷裂(敦密斷裂和依蘭—伊通斷裂);這些深斷裂切穿了早期形成的EW向華北克拉通北緣斷裂和NEE向西拉沐倫河斷裂,并且在斷裂構(gòu)造交錯部位中酸性花崗巖類異常發(fā)育,形成了中生代構(gòu)造-巖漿巖帶和相關(guān)鉬礦床(圖1)。
吉黑褶皺帶出露巖性地層單位有:太古宇—元古宇混合巖、花崗片麻巖、大理巖等;古生界淺變質(zhì)碎屑巖-碳酸鹽建造,特別是晚古生代白云質(zhì)灰?guī)r、灰?guī)r、粉砂巖、凝灰?guī)r;早白堊世陸相中酸性火山巖。白堊系火山-次火山雜巖與淺成低溫?zé)嵋盒徒鸬V成礦關(guān)系密切[2]。
燕山期花崗巖類包括黑云母花崗巖、二長花崗巖、花崗閃長巖、花崗質(zhì)混合巖等[149-150],巖漿作用總體緣于前中生代地殼的部分熔融,形成了斑巖型、矽卡巖型、隱爆角礫巖型鉬礦床[108,151],如大黑山超大型斑巖鉬礦床、鹿鳴超大型斑巖鉬礦床、五道嶺大型矽卡巖鉬礦床、大石河大型隱爆角礫巖鉬礦床(圖1,表1)。
東北地區(qū)的鉬礦床主要產(chǎn)于中生代中酸性侵入體和陸相火山巖中,部分產(chǎn)于古生代沉積地層或前寒武基底變質(zhì)巖中,并且與主要深大斷裂空間關(guān)系密切(圖1)。鉬礦床主要分為4種類型:斑巖型、矽卡巖型、爆破角礫巖型、熱液脈型,但80%的礦床屬于斑巖型。值得強(qiáng)調(diào),即矽卡巖型、角礫巖筒型和熱液脈型也與花崗斑巖有關(guān),甚至與斑巖型礦床構(gòu)成統(tǒng)一的成礦系統(tǒng),亦可從廣義角度視為斑巖型。
在華北克拉通北緣,鉬礦床賦礦地層從早前寒武紀(jì)(太古宇—古元古界)變質(zhì)基底,經(jīng)古元古界遼河群、中元古界薊縣系、新元古界青白口系、下古生界海相地層、上古生界海陸交互相含煤巖系,至侏羅系—白堊系陸相火山-沉積建造,跨越了新生代之前的各時期地層。巖性組合總體分為4類:一是中高級變質(zhì)片麻巖系,包括建平群或紅旗營子群、集寧群、烏拉山群等,如撒岱門溝鉬礦床;二是淺變質(zhì)或弱變質(zhì)的海相碳酸鹽、碎屑巖建造,包括遼河群、薊縣系、青白口系、寒武—奧陶系,如楊家杖子鉬礦床;三是石炭系—二疊系的含煤建造,如新臺門鉬礦床;四是與燕山期中酸性巖漿侵入作用密切相關(guān)的侏羅系—白堊系陸相碎屑巖-火山巖建造,如遼寧法庫鉬礦床。
南大興安嶺成礦帶的賦礦地層主要為古生代火山-沉積巖系,次為中生代陸相火山巖-碎屑巖建造,在溫都爾廟增生帶偶見中低級變質(zhì)的前寒武紀(jì)地層。其中,二疊紀(jì)中酸性火山巖和淺海相沉積巖(如林西組、大石寨組),晚侏羅世—早白堊世(上侏羅統(tǒng)白音高老組、上侏羅統(tǒng)—下白堊統(tǒng)滿克頭鄂博組以及下白堊系義縣組)中酸性火山角礫巖、熔結(jié)凝灰?guī)r、熔巖等,是該區(qū)最常見的賦礦巖性。
在北大興安嶺成礦帶,礦床主要賦存于新元古界—下寒武統(tǒng)倭勒根群大網(wǎng)子組、奧陶系多寶山組、侏羅系白音高老組、白堊系龍江組和光華組。大網(wǎng)子組以變粒巖、變砂巖、板巖為主要巖性;多寶山組是以安山巖為主的島弧火山巖建造;白音高老組是以流紋質(zhì)角礫凝灰?guī)r、流紋巖為主的火山巖建造;龍江組和光華組則是以安山巖、安山質(zhì)角礫凝灰?guī)r、流紋巖、流紋質(zhì)熔結(jié)凝灰?guī)r為主的火山巖建造。
吉黑鉬成礦帶中的鉬礦床主要產(chǎn)于晚古生代至中生代火山巖中,并以二疊系五道嶺組和土門嶺組、三疊系或侏羅系南樓山組(時代需進(jìn)一步厘定)、侏羅系太安屯組為主要賦礦層位,主要巖性為變質(zhì)砂巖、大理巖、板巖、中酸性火山碎屑巖等;個別礦床產(chǎn)于前寒武紀(jì)變質(zhì)基底中,如金場溝銅鉬礦床、大梨樹溝銅鉬礦床、大石河鉬礦床。
總體而言,賦礦地層從早前寒武紀(jì)變質(zhì)巖系變化至白堊系,沒有時代或巖性方面的專屬性或選擇性,但礦床類型、成礦元素組合和礦化強(qiáng)度與賦礦地層巖性有關(guān)。例如:當(dāng)圍巖地層中主要為碳酸鹽巖時,往往發(fā)育矽卡巖型或斑巖-矽卡巖型礦床,如五道嶺、肖家營子、楊家杖子、大灣等;當(dāng)鉬礦床產(chǎn)于花崗斑巖、長英質(zhì)或中性火山巖內(nèi),且圍巖地層不含碳酸鹽時,則為斑巖型或角礫巖筒型,如岔路口、大黑山、多寶山、大石河等,或者是熱液脈狀型,如鴨雞山、法庫等。
東北地區(qū)中生代巖漿活動強(qiáng)烈,以中酸性巖漿侵入和火山噴發(fā)為主,為形成鉬礦床提供了熱源、物源和賦礦空間,是控制礦床形成的最重要條件。研究區(qū)幾乎所有鉬礦床都產(chǎn)于或受控于中酸性中淺成侵入巖或次火山巖(表1),只有多寶山礦床與早古生代斑巖有關(guān)??氐V巖體規(guī)模普遍較小,形態(tài)簡單,多呈長柱形、橢圓形或不規(guī)則狀,以小巖株、巖筒或巖枝形式產(chǎn)出。巖體巖石類型總體上以花崗斑巖、花崗閃長斑巖、二長花崗巖、爆破角礫巖為主。不同成礦帶的控礦巖體的巖石類型略有差異:華北克拉通北緣主要為鉀長花崗巖、二長花崗巖、似斑狀花崗巖;吉黑成礦帶以花崗閃長斑巖、似斑狀二長花崗巖為主;南大興安嶺成礦帶主要為花崗斑巖、流紋斑巖、二長花崗巖、斜長花崗斑巖;北大興安嶺成礦帶以花崗斑巖、流紋斑巖、花崗閃長斑巖為主。具體說明如下:
1)華北克拉通北緣成礦帶的成礦花崗巖既有S型或陸殼改造型,也有I型或殼幔同熔型。前者以高硅、富鉀、鋁過飽和為特征,其w(SiO2)為73.65%~77.88%,w(Al2O3)為 11.73%~13.60%,K2O/Na2O為1.06~1.69[152],以楊家杖子和蘭家溝鉬礦為代表,多形成單鉬礦床或獨(dú)立鉬礦床。后者為鈣堿性系列,其w(SiO2)=60.59%~66.68%,K2O+ Na2O=7.65%~8.08%,w(K2O)/w(Na2O)=0.61~0.94,里特曼指數(shù)σ=2.67~3.51,以大莊科和壽王墳等礦床為代表[38],往往形成銅鉬綜合礦床,或者鉬作為伴生組分。但是,主要鉬礦床的成礦巖體元素地球化學(xué)特征表明,成礦巖漿巖主要源于下地殼或太古宙結(jié)晶基底的部分熔融作用[38]。
2)南大興安嶺成礦帶成礦巖體可分為兩類:一是以小東溝鉬礦為代表的A型花崗巖,其w(SiO2)=74.62%~75.56% ,富堿(w(K2O+Na2O)=8.70%~9.85%,w(K2O)=4.50%~5.48%,K2O/Na2O = 1.14~1.77),貧鈣(w(CaO)=0.28%~0.75%),F(xiàn)e、Cr組分相對較貧(w(FeO)=1.26%~3.52%,w(Fe2O3)=2.21%~3.15%),(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.705 0~0.705 5,形成于造山后伸展構(gòu)造背景[131,153];二是以敖侖花和半砬山為代表的I型花崗巖,其w(SiO2)>70%,w(K2O+Na2O)為8.55%~8.74%,K2O/Na2O<1,A/CNK=0.86~1.03,σ=3.33~3.68,Mg#為60~61,(La/Yb)N=12.7~13.7,具有高硅富堿特征,來源于富集地幔楔或新生地殼[77,154]。
3)北大興安嶺成礦帶中,早古生代多寶山銅鉬礦床的成礦花崗閃長斑巖的w(SiO2)為59.88%~69.46%,w(Al2O3)介于13.68%~16.87%,w(MgO)介于0.80%~3.26%,K2O/Na2O 介于0.52~1.56,A/CNK介于0.83~1.33,Mg#介于27~56,弱負(fù)Eu異常((0.87~1.00)×10-6),輕稀土元素富集,重稀土元素虧損,Yb含量低于1.9×10-6,(La/Yb)N介于7.62~8.28;這些特征與埃達(dá)克巖的稀土特征相似,巖石屬于高鉀鈣堿性系列,產(chǎn)于島弧火山巖環(huán)境[93]。燕山期主要礦床成礦巖體的w(SiO2)變化于65.86%~71.70%,w(Na2O+K2O)變化于6.04%~6.99%,w(Al2O3)為13.69%~16.05%,w(MgO)為0.57%~1.06%,σ=0.97~2.35,屬過鋁質(zhì)高鉀鈣堿性I型花崗巖;輕稀土富集,重稀土虧損,Eu負(fù)異常較弱,Rb、Ba、K等大離子親石元素富集,Th、Nb、Ta、Ti等高場強(qiáng)元素虧損,低Sr高Y、Yb,顯示埃達(dá)克巖的地球化學(xué)屬性,巖漿起源于蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋俯沖洋殼或碰撞造山帶加厚下地殼的部分熔融[85,155-156]。
4)吉黑成礦帶中,與成礦有關(guān)的印支期堿長花崗巖的w(SiO2)為67.38%~76.12%,w(Na2O+K2O)=7.21%~8.18%,K2O/Na2O=1.11~1.44,(87Sr/86Sr)i為0.704 3~0.711 1[115,148]。燕山期鉬礦床(如金場溝、三岔和大黑山)成礦巖體的w(SiO2)為 62.60%~72%,w(Na2O+K2O)=6.08%~7.45%,w(K2O)>w(Na2O),A/CNK=1.01~1.06,平均σ為1.85,屬于鈣堿性高硅富鉀I型花崗巖,巖漿主要來自下地殼[105,113,157],形成于加厚地殼在伸展構(gòu)造環(huán)境的部分熔融作用。
東北地區(qū)常見NE—NNE向、NW—NNW向、近NS向、近EW向4組斷裂(圖1),以近EW向和NE—NNE向斷裂構(gòu)造規(guī)模最大,切割較深,常有多期活動的特點(diǎn)。在這些斷裂構(gòu)造的活動過程中,往往伴隨強(qiáng)烈的火山噴發(fā)和中酸性巖漿侵入以及成礦作用,形成了多個含礦的火山-侵入雜巖帶。多數(shù)鉬礦床及其相關(guān)巖漿巖與深大斷裂有密切的空間和成因聯(lián)系,使近EW向、NE—NNE向斷裂表現(xiàn)為控巖、控礦構(gòu)造的特點(diǎn),呈現(xiàn)以大斷裂為脊梁(backbone)、次級斷裂為枝肋(rib)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)式斷裂構(gòu)造控礦體系(圖1,表1)。例如,華北克拉通北緣斷裂和西拉沐倫河斷裂控制了燕遼地區(qū)和西拉沐倫兩個鉬礦集中區(qū)的礦床展布,依蘭—伊通和敦密斷裂控制了吉黑鉬礦帶的空間展布,得爾布干斷裂和二連—賀根山斷裂控制了鉬礦床在大興安嶺北部地區(qū)的空間分布。不同方向的大斷裂交匯部位以及大斷裂與次級斷裂的交匯部位,往往是最有利的成礦部位,時見多個礦床群居。
礦床規(guī)模、礦體形態(tài)、產(chǎn)狀等直接受巖體與構(gòu)造的控制。多數(shù)礦體呈似層狀、透鏡狀、筒狀、脈狀。礦體多產(chǎn)于侵入體與圍巖內(nèi)外接觸帶或巖體內(nèi)部,角礫巖筒型礦床常產(chǎn)于爆破角礫巖筒內(nèi)部。礦體與巖體在空間上有3種關(guān)系:1)礦體直接產(chǎn)于巖體之中,或位于巖體的頂部和邊部,呈厚大的似層狀、透鏡狀、環(huán)狀,岔路口和大黑山超大型鉬礦的礦體即為巖體本身,車戶溝、多布庫爾礦床的鉬礦體位于巖體頂部,烏努格吐山礦床的鉬礦體在巖體邊部呈環(huán)狀產(chǎn)出;2)礦體呈透鏡狀、脈狀、不規(guī)則狀產(chǎn)于侵入體內(nèi)外接觸帶或圍巖中,例如,必魯甘干、雞冠山鉬礦體分布于內(nèi)外接觸帶上,毛家營子和大石河鉬礦體產(chǎn)于圍巖中;3)礦體遠(yuǎn)離侵入體,成因上仍屬巖漿熱液礦床,礦體呈脈狀、似層狀及透鏡狀,如五道嶺鉬鋅多金屬礦床。
東北地區(qū)的鉬礦床總體上為漿控高溫?zé)嵋盒?,圍巖蝕變具有共同特征:常常以侵入體或接觸帶為中心,由內(nèi)向外、從下到上發(fā)生明顯的蝕變分帶,由高溫蝕變組合(鉀長石化、鈉長石化、黑云母化)降為低溫蝕變組合(碳酸鹽化、泥化),由面型滲透蝕變變?yōu)榫€型貫入蝕變,由堿交代變?yōu)樗崃転V蝕變[158-160]。其中:斑巖型、爆破角礫巖型鉬礦發(fā)育典型的面狀蝕變,主要蝕變類型包括鉀長石化、綠簾石化、硅化、絹英巖化、黑云母化、螢石化、綠泥石化、碳酸鹽化、矽卡巖化等;熱液脈型礦床的圍巖蝕變主要沿礦脈向兩側(cè)對稱發(fā)育,呈現(xiàn)線型蝕變特征,相關(guān)的蝕變主要有鉀長石化、硅化、絹云母化、綠泥石化、方解石化等。鉬礦床圍巖蝕變類型大致分為兩個系列:以鉀長石化、綠簾石化、碳酸鹽化、螢石化為主的“富鉀富氟貧水蝕變組合”和以鈉長石化、黑云母化、絹云母化、綠泥石化為主的“低鉀富氯富水蝕變組合”。陳衍景和李諾[161]認(rèn)為,這兩種蝕變組合分別屬于大陸碰撞環(huán)境和巖漿弧環(huán)境的漿控高溫?zé)嵋旱V床圍巖蝕變類型。據(jù)此,可以認(rèn)為俯沖增生造山和大陸碰撞造山體制的巖漿熱液礦床在東北地區(qū)均有發(fā)育,與東北地區(qū)曾經(jīng)歷洋殼俯沖消減、島弧發(fā)育、大陸增生、微地塊拼合、大陸碰撞等復(fù)雜的構(gòu)造演化過程相吻合。
不同成因系列、不同成因類型的鉬礦床其礦石礦物組合具有相似性,主要有輝鉬礦、黃鐵礦、黃銅礦、方鉛礦、閃鋅礦等。其中,與單鉬礦床相比,銅鉬礦床可見較多的黃銅礦,矽卡巖型礦床有較多的磁鐵礦和方鉛礦等。脈石礦物成分上,不同類型礦床之間差異顯著:單鉬礦床有更多的鉀長石、綠簾石和螢石、碳酸鹽等,矽卡巖礦床含較多的石榴子石、陽起石、透閃石、透輝石等矽卡巖礦物組合,銅鉬礦床則有較多的絹云母、綠泥石。
參考東秦嶺鉬礦帶的特點(diǎn),總結(jié)發(fā)現(xiàn)(表1),按照斜長花崗巖→花崗閃長斑巖→二長花崗斑巖→花崗斑巖→鉀長花崗巖的巖性變化順序,成礦元素組合的變化順序大致是Cu(-Au)→Cu-Mo→Mo-Cu→Mo。也就是說,相對富鈉的花崗巖類有利于形成銅礦床,高鉀花崗巖有利于形成鉬礦床。
侵入體的含礦性與巖石地球化學(xué)特征也有一定的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,統(tǒng)計(jì)顯示:形成鉬礦床的花崗質(zhì)巖w(SiO2)平均為72%,w(K2O)為 4%~6%,w(Na2O)為2%~3%;形成銅礦床的花崗巖類w(SiO2)平均為66%,w(K2O)≤w(Na2O);形成Cu-Mo礦床的花崗巖普遍高硅、富堿和富鉀,CaO、FeO、Fe2O3含量較低,A/CNK 介于0.95~1.03,且?guī)r石(87Sr/86Sr)i小于0.708[117,153,162]。研究區(qū)成礦巖體主要為高硅、富鉀的鈣堿性I型花崗巖,總體有利于形成Cu-Mo礦床。
前人對東北地區(qū)的鉬礦床形成時間開展了大量研究,積累了豐富的年代學(xué)資料。然而,由于不同測試方法給出的年齡數(shù)據(jù)其地質(zhì)意義不盡相同,因此得出了多種解釋和觀點(diǎn)。為了更準(zhǔn)確地厘定相關(guān)礦床的成礦時間,筆者重點(diǎn)收集并使用了近期獲得的成礦巖體鋯石年代學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)、含鉀礦物的氬氬年齡以及輝鉬礦Re-Os同位素年齡,個別礦床參考了Rb-Sr等時線年齡或鉀氬年齡(圖2和表2),并得出如下認(rèn)識:
圖2 東北地區(qū)鉬礦床成巖成礦作用時間Fig.2 Isotope ages of Mo deposits and associated magmatism in Northeast China
1)東北地區(qū)存在古生代成礦作用。對于多寶山銅鉬礦床的大量年代學(xué)研究表明,多寶山—大新屯地區(qū)廣泛出露的以多寶山組為代表的早古生代地層屬于島弧背景的火山巖-沉積巖建造,表明索倫縫合帶以北曾發(fā)育早古生代島弧帶,并形成了至今仍保存的多寶山和銅山斑巖型銅鉬礦床。劉軍[93]研究證明,多寶山礦床輝鉬礦、黃銅礦、黃鐵礦等礦物給出了較為一致的 Re-Os年齡((477.2±3.1)~(488.9±4.2)Ma),與葛文春等[157]獲得的成礦花崗閃長斑巖的鋯石SHRIMP U-Pb年齡(485Ma)一致;與多寶山毗鄰的銅山銅鉬礦床的兩件輝鉬礦Re-Os年齡分別為505Ma和476Ma[171],兩件黃鐵礦Re-Os年齡分別為(486.8±7.9)Ma和(489.5±18.5)Ma[93]。據(jù)陳衍景等[7],在西拉沐倫斷裂以南的溫都爾廟早古生代增生帶中,蘊(yùn)涵白乃廟銅金鉬礦床的白乃廟群、細(xì)別河群等為一套變質(zhì)的島弧背景火山巖-沉積巖建造,其鋯石SHRIMP U-Pb年齡為(449±8)Ma(n=15,MSWD=1.31),被后期構(gòu)造破碎的含銅金鉬礦化的花崗斑巖之鋯石SHRIMP U-Pb年齡為(445±6)Ma(n=14,MSWD=2.4),輝鉬礦Re-Os等時線年齡為(444±30)Ma(MSWD=2.8),同樣顯示了早古生代成礦作用的存在。
2)東北地區(qū)的絕大多數(shù)鉬礦床或含鉬礦床集中形成于中生代,即印支期(三疊紀(jì))和燕山期(侏羅紀(jì)—白堊紀(jì)),同位素年齡介于246~112Ma,集中在3個區(qū)間:250~210Ma(7個礦床)、190~160Ma(10個礦床)、150~110Ma(18個礦床;圖2),代表了3次成巖成礦高峰,可能反映了3次構(gòu)造熱事件或3種地球動力學(xué)環(huán)境。中生代成礦大爆發(fā)的原因可能有兩個:其一是中生代發(fā)生了前所未有的強(qiáng)烈的大陸碰撞造山作用,形成了大批礦床;其二是前中生代形成的礦床或礦化體在中生代又經(jīng)過了疊加、改造或者破壞,能夠完全保存并記錄下來者大幅度減少。例如,盡管多寶山和銅山礦田給出了大量早古生代成礦的硫化物Re-Os年齡,但礦區(qū)多數(shù)侵入巖的鋯石U-Pb年齡卻明顯較晚,主要屬于中生代,多寶山與銅山礦床之間的花崗閃長斑巖和閃長巖分別給出鋯石LA-ICPMS U-Pb年齡為(221.8±1.5)Ma(n=12,MSWD=0.77)和鋯石SHRIMP U-Pb年齡為(221±4)Ma(n=6,MSWD=1.4)[93]。
3)前人認(rèn)為中亞造山帶中生代成礦時間具有從西向東變新的趨勢[7,174]。筆者統(tǒng)計(jì)發(fā)現(xiàn),除多寶山—銅山銅鉬礦田為早古生代之外,東北地區(qū)不同成礦帶鉬礦床大規(guī)模的成礦時間雖然發(fā)生在中生代,但呈現(xiàn)從東南向北、從東向西變新的趨勢(表2),與前人認(rèn)識相反,可能反映了蒙古—鄂霍茨克板塊作用的影響。具體情況是:吉黑鉬成礦帶多數(shù)礦床集中形成于燕山早期(200~160Ma)和印支期,尤以燕山早期為盛(表2),只有金場溝和砍椽溝兩個礦床成礦巖體給出了早白堊世的年齡[116];華北克拉通北緣成礦帶大規(guī)模的鉬礦化事件發(fā)生于三疊紀(jì)和侏羅紀(jì),早白堊世礦床甚少;陰山地區(qū)的鉬礦床基本屬于印支期,赤峰地區(qū)的鉬礦床主要屬于印支期至燕山中期(晚侏羅世),燕遼地區(qū)的鉬礦床主要形成于燕山早期,同位素年齡為180Ma左右,少數(shù)為侏羅紀(jì)—白堊紀(jì)之交的燕山中期(140Ma左右)(表2);南大興安嶺成礦帶鉬礦床形成于侏羅紀(jì)—白堊紀(jì)之交,同位素年齡集中于160~120Ma(圖2,表2);北大興安嶺成礦帶只有太平川銅鉬礦為印支期,其余鉬礦床主要形成于燕山中晚期,同位素年齡為160~100Ma(圖2)。
4)就整個東北地區(qū)而言,多數(shù)鉬礦床中伴生了其他成礦元素,或者鉬元素作為其他金屬礦床中的伴生組分,它們發(fā)育于古生代至中生代的不同時期。但是,單鉬礦床或以鉬為主的多元素礦床,始見于三疊紀(jì),即只出現(xiàn)于印支期和燕山期(<250Ma),而以銅為主的銅鉬礦床整體年齡偏老,最早發(fā)生于加里東期(480~500Ma)(圖2)。這一現(xiàn)象表明,鉬礦床是造山帶地殼演化到一定程度的產(chǎn)物,因此,鉬礦床產(chǎn)地往往發(fā)育成礦前的結(jié)晶基底。
張春暉等[26]提出,東北地區(qū)中生代巖漿活動可分為兩個階段:第一階段為190~155Ma,主要形成巖基或巖株?duì)钪兴嵝郧秩霂r;第二階段為135~100 Ma,主要形成規(guī)模較小的巖株。晚中生代東北地區(qū)地殼性質(zhì)發(fā)生重大變化。王成文等[175]統(tǒng)計(jì)表明,東北地區(qū)的顯生宙花崗巖鋯石U-Pb年齡集中在540~440、350~240、230~200、190~160、140~110 Ma等5個區(qū)間(圖3)。其中:中生代的3個高峰與前述東北地區(qū)中生代3次重要鉬成礦事件(250~210、190~160、150~110Ma)相對應(yīng);早古生代年齡高峰與多寶山—銅山礦田以及白乃廟礦區(qū)的鋯石U-Pb和輝鉬礦Re-Os同位素年齡一致。以上充分證明區(qū)域巖漿活動事件與鉬成礦事件的高度吻合和密切的成因聯(lián)系。東北地區(qū)尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)350~250Ma巖漿活動高峰期的鉬礦床,因此,東北地區(qū)具有尋找晚古生代鉬礦床的潛力。
巖漿熱液型礦床的成礦物質(zhì)與成礦巖漿在來源上具有很大程度的相似性。目前東北地區(qū)各(含)鉬礦床的研究資料表明,其成巖成礦物質(zhì)來源復(fù)雜,從地殼變化到地幔。Re作為基性場元素和強(qiáng)親鐵性元素,傾向于富集在超基性的地幔和鐵-鎳金屬構(gòu)成的地核中。輝鉬礦是含Re最高的礦物,輝鉬礦Re含量(w(Re))是鉬礦床成礦物質(zhì)來源的示蹤劑[10,176,177]。Stein等[178]提出,由地幔底侵、交代或鎂鐵-超鎂鐵質(zhì)巖石部分熔融產(chǎn)生的巖漿熱液鉬礦床比殼源巖漿熱液礦床具有高得多的Re含量;Mao等[177]認(rèn)為,隨著成巖成礦物質(zhì)從幔源到殼?;煸丛俚綒ぴ?,輝鉬礦w(Re)從n×10-4→n×10-5→n×10-6,呈數(shù)量級下降。
表2 東北地區(qū)鉬礦床成巖成礦年齡及Re含量Table 2 Lithogenetic and metallogenic ages and Re contents in molybdenite of Mo deposits in Northeast China
表2 (續(xù))
表2 (續(xù))
表2 (續(xù))
表2 (續(xù))
從圖4和表2可見,成礦年齡最大的多寶山—銅山礦田的輝鉬礦w(Re)最高,達(dá)n×10-4,而且成礦元素以銅為主,鉬為次,顯示成礦物質(zhì)來自地?;蛞葬T礊橹鞯男畔?。車戶溝銅鉬礦床的同位素年齡僅次于多寶山—銅山礦田,為245Ma左右,其輝鉬礦w(Re)為(48.21~113.30)×10-6,顯示了殼?;煸吹奈镌葱畔?。
華北克拉通北緣成礦帶和南大興安嶺成礦帶的多數(shù)鉬礦床輝鉬礦w(Re)較低,屬于n×10-6數(shù)量級,反映成礦物質(zhì)以殼源為主。張連昌等[162]通過對赤峰一帶鉬礦床Sr-Nd-Pb同位素研究認(rèn)為,成礦巖漿源自古老下地殼或部分源于殼幔過渡帶,與Re含量示蹤結(jié)果一致。燕遼地區(qū)的姚家溝和肖家營子鉬銅礦輝鉬礦w(Re)變化范圍較大且偏高,分別為(98.12~184.7)×10-6和(21.75~162.95)×10-6,指示成礦物質(zhì)主要來自下地殼,并有部分地幔物質(zhì)參與。但是,該地區(qū)其他礦床輝鉬礦w(Re)分布于n×10-6到n×10-5,表明成礦物質(zhì)主要來自下地殼,與代軍治等[38]的研究結(jié)論一致,即成礦物質(zhì)主要來源于下地殼或與太古宙結(jié)晶基底有關(guān)的花崗質(zhì)巖。
在北大興安嶺成礦帶,除多寶山—銅山礦田之外,烏努格吐山銅鉬礦床輝鉬礦w(Re)變化于n×10-5到n×10-4,顯示殼?;煸刺卣?。該帶其余礦床,特別是單鉬礦床,其輝鉬礦w(Re)變化于n×10-6到n×10-5,均呈現(xiàn)了成礦物質(zhì)來源以殼源為主的特征。吉黑成礦帶的大黑山和福安堡鉬礦床輝鉬礦w(Re)分別為(24.2~43.6)×10-6和(9.9~15.1)×10-6,總體顯示了以殼源為主的特征,與前人關(guān)于該帶鉬礦成礦物質(zhì)來源的研究結(jié)果[101,107,179]一致。
圖3 東北地區(qū)顯生宙花崗巖形成年齡(據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[175]補(bǔ)充修改)Fig.3 Isotope ages of Phanerozoic granites in Northeast China(Modified from reference 175)
圖4 東北地區(qū)鉬礦床輝鉬礦w(Re)Fig.4 The Re contents in molybdenites from Mo deposits in Northeast China
就整個東北地區(qū)而言,鉬礦床輝鉬礦w(Re)變化范圍較大(圖4),表明成礦物質(zhì)的源區(qū)性質(zhì)差異較大,從多寶山、銅山銅鉬礦床的幔源為主,變化為半砬山單鉬礦床的殼源為主。圖5顯示,輝鉬礦w(Re)與Cu/Mo儲量比近似呈正相關(guān):隨礦床Cu/Mo儲量比增大,輝鉬礦w(Re)增高。而且,輝鉬礦w(Re)似乎與成礦元素組合有一定的相關(guān)關(guān)系:從單鉬礦床→鉬銅礦床→銅鉬礦床,輝鉬礦w(Re)升高(圖6)。此與Berzina等[180]對蒙古和西伯利亞Cu-Mo和 Mo-Cu礦床的研究結(jié)果一致,即從銅鉬礦床經(jīng)鉬銅礦床到鉬礦床,其輝鉬礦w(Re)呈數(shù)量級水平降低。
圖5 Cu、Mo儲量比與平均w(Re)關(guān)系Fig.5 Plots of Re contents in molybdenite vs.Cu/Mo ratios of reserve of Mo deposits in Northeast China
圖6 不同元素組合礦床的年齡與輝鉬礦w(Re)關(guān)系Fig.6 Plot of metallogenic ages vs.Re contents in molybdenite of deposits with various metal inventory
綜上所述:成礦時代越老,輝鉬礦w(Re)越高,Cu/Mo儲量比也越大;輝鉬礦w(Re)越高,幔源物質(zhì)參與成礦作用越多,或者地殼成熟度較低。
鑒于東北地區(qū)的鉬礦床最老不足500Ma,加之該區(qū)前寒武紀(jì)構(gòu)造演化和成礦作用研究薄弱,筆者僅對顯生宙構(gòu)造背景和演化略作討論,以期正確理解鉬礦化的構(gòu)造環(huán)境。
在古生代,東北地區(qū)是古亞洲洋的一部分,發(fā)育多個小洋盆和微陸塊。而且,這些洋盆在古生代發(fā)生消減閉合,巖漿弧不斷發(fā)育、陸殼增生,并最終發(fā)生巖漿弧、古陸塊以及大陸之間拼貼和碰撞,形成比環(huán)太平洋造山帶更復(fù)雜的增生型造山帶,被認(rèn)為是增生型造山帶的典型代表[13,134]。
在早古生代,研究區(qū)發(fā)育大量加里東期花崗巖,以多寶山銅鉬礦床成礦花崗閃長巖為代表,它們具有島弧巖漿巖地球化學(xué)特征,成礦年齡為480~490 Ma,是古亞洲洋俯沖消減的產(chǎn)物[93,157];同時,古亞洲洋沿溫都爾廟—西拉沐倫斷裂向南俯沖,形成了溫都爾廟巖漿弧增生雜巖,并形成在白乃廟北礦帶所見的因后期構(gòu)造破壞的而殘存斑巖銅鉬礦化。
早古生代末,雖然是否發(fā)生西伯利亞大陸與華北大陸之間的碰撞作用仍在爭議,但研究區(qū)至少發(fā)生了地體之間和地體與兩側(cè)大陸之間的碰撞作用。例如,溫都爾廟巖漿弧在早古生代末碰撞拼貼到華北克拉通的北緣,并在晚古生代成為華北大陸板塊的組成部分。
晚古生代中晚期,殘留的或再生的古亞洲洋分別向華北板塊北緣和西伯利亞板塊南緣俯沖,并在二疊紀(jì)—三疊紀(jì)之交沿索倫縫合帶最終閉合。此間,華北板塊北緣發(fā)育溝-?。梵w系,晚古生代弧巖漿作用空間范圍較寬,形成畢力赫斑巖銅金礦床[181]。西伯利亞板塊南緣發(fā)育多島海,在西伯利亞板塊與蒙古地塊之間出現(xiàn)蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋盆。至古生代末,除蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋盆一直殘留至中生代晚期以外,西伯利亞板塊、蒙古地塊和華北板塊之間的所有洋盆全部消減、閉合,發(fā)育了空間范圍寬廣的晚古生代中酸性巖漿巖,伴隨大量斑巖型、淺成低溫?zé)嵋盒偷V床形成,以蒙古國的歐玉陶勒蓋為典型代表。
在255~200Ma期間,華北板塊與蒙古地塊之間發(fā)生強(qiáng)烈的陸陸碰撞,地殼擠壓、縮短、疊覆、加厚造山,地殼物質(zhì)變質(zhì)脫水-部分熔融,形成殼源為主的高黏度的花崗巖類,伴隨部分印支期鉬礦床形成[8,38,162,182]。該成礦事件在華北克拉通北緣、南大興安嶺和吉黑成礦帶南段記錄較多。
200~130Ma期間,華北板塊和蒙古地塊之間的碰撞造山帶發(fā)生擠壓向伸展構(gòu)造體制的轉(zhuǎn)變,碰撞體制的巖漿-流體活動進(jìn)入高峰期,有利于形成多種類型的礦床。同時,蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋板塊俯沖消減,誘發(fā)研究區(qū)發(fā)育大規(guī)?;r漿作用和弧后伸展作用,也促進(jìn)多類型礦床大規(guī)模形成。此外,很多學(xué)者認(rèn)為古太平洋板塊從中侏羅世(~180Ma)開始向亞洲板塊俯沖,并于晚侏羅世—早白堊世達(dá)到高潮[162]。上述構(gòu)造體制轉(zhuǎn)折和多方向構(gòu)造聯(lián)合作用(華北北緣造山帶擠壓向伸展轉(zhuǎn)換、蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋俯沖、古太平洋板塊俯沖的遠(yuǎn)程效應(yīng))導(dǎo)致一系列EW向、NE向深大斷裂構(gòu)造發(fā)育,派生大量次級構(gòu)造,為巖漿活動、成礦流體及物質(zhì)運(yùn)移提供了有利條件[18],導(dǎo)致研究區(qū)最強(qiáng)烈的大規(guī)模成礦事件[2,38,129,174,183],形成了以烏努格吐山銅鉬礦床[1,78]為代表的大型成礦系統(tǒng)。
150~120Ma期間,蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋盆地閉合,西伯利亞板塊與華北—蒙古板塊碰撞,致使研究區(qū)地殼再次擠壓加厚造山,形成中酸性巖漿和成礦流體[18,19,22,184]。同時,太平洋板塊(~140Ma)俯沖進(jìn)入高峰期,整個中國東部區(qū)域構(gòu)造格局發(fā)生大轉(zhuǎn)換,演變?yōu)闉I西太平洋構(gòu)造域[20,38],開始發(fā)育濱太平洋體制的成礦系統(tǒng)[8]。因此,東北地區(qū)顯示190~160Ma和140~110Ma兩期強(qiáng)烈?guī)r漿-成礦事件,它們分別與古太平洋板塊的開始俯沖和俯沖高峰時間相對應(yīng),也與蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋板塊的俯沖消減和閉合事件相吻合,還與中亞造山帶東段自身構(gòu)造演化的規(guī)律一致,反映東北地區(qū)燕山期成礦事件是多個板塊聯(lián)合作用的結(jié)果。此間,EW向、NE向斷裂被復(fù)活,NE向、NNE向斷裂強(qiáng)烈活動[38,132,185],為成礦提供了熱源、物源、流體以及通道和賦礦空間,使大型礦集區(qū)和成礦系統(tǒng)常常發(fā)育在兩組斷裂的交互部位(圖1)。
100Ma至今,中國東部總體進(jìn)入純粹的巖石圈伸展減薄體制,軟流圈上涌,大面積玄武巖噴發(fā),造山帶伸展、垮塌,斷陷盆地發(fā)育,盆嶺構(gòu)造輪廓越發(fā)清晰[2,19,186-187]。然而,恰恰在巖石圈伸展減薄和軟流圈上涌最顯著的時期,東北地區(qū)卻沒有重要熱液金屬礦床形成,因此,一些學(xué)者簡單地將大規(guī)模成礦事件解釋為巖石圈板塊伸展減薄的結(jié)果,缺乏依據(jù);事實(shí)上,碰撞造山帶大規(guī)模成礦事件離不開巖石圈擠壓加厚作用[188],只有碰撞擠壓加厚巖石圈的伸展減薄才能導(dǎo)致大規(guī)模成礦事件!
特別值得重視的是,東北地區(qū)的單鉬礦床只出現(xiàn)于三疊紀(jì)及其以后,以鉬為主的多金屬礦床也主要形成于中生代,表明大規(guī)模鉬成礦作用只能發(fā)生在地殼演化到較為成熟的階段,即大型鉬礦系統(tǒng)發(fā)育在地殼成熟度較高的背景下。事實(shí)上,秦嶺造山帶的大型鉬礦床基本限于華北克拉通南緣;天山地區(qū)的東戈壁和白山等大型鉬礦床也都形成在中生代后碰撞體制;美國Climax-Henderson鉬礦帶也是在弧后陸殼背景發(fā)育的??梢姡笠?guī)模鉬成礦作用的前提是存在成熟陸殼。
綜上所述:東北地區(qū)的鉬礦床主要形成于增生造山和碰撞造山兩種構(gòu)造背景,后碰撞伸展體制的成礦作用與造山帶地殼碰撞擠壓加厚密不可分;單鉬礦床和鉬為主的多金屬礦床主要形成于古亞洲洋徹底閉合之后的中生代;東北地區(qū)鉬成礦規(guī)律與秦嶺、天山和美國西部等其他鉬礦省具有相似性,顯示找礦潛力巨大。
1)中國東北地區(qū)作為古亞洲與環(huán)太平洋兩個全球性構(gòu)造成礦域強(qiáng)烈疊加復(fù)合和轉(zhuǎn)換的區(qū)域,經(jīng)歷了極其復(fù)雜的火山巖漿-構(gòu)造活動,成礦地質(zhì)條件優(yōu)越、成礦期次多強(qiáng)度大、礦床類型復(fù)雜多樣。發(fā)現(xiàn)鉬礦床70余處,包括3個世界級超大型、18個大型鉬礦床,是僅次于東秦嶺鉬礦帶的中國第二大鉬成礦區(qū)帶。
2)東北地區(qū)鉬礦床及巖體的分布受區(qū)域性EW向、NE向、NNE向、近SN向斷裂的聯(lián)合控制;按區(qū)域構(gòu)造背景和鉬礦床空間分布規(guī)律將東北地區(qū)分為4個鉬成礦帶:華北克拉通北緣成礦帶、南大興安嶺成礦帶、北大興安嶺成礦帶、吉黑成礦帶。
3)東北地區(qū)鉬礦床類型有斑巖型(含爆破角礫巖型)、矽卡巖型、熱液脈型;賦礦地層從太古宙變化到晚中生代,賦礦圍巖巖性主要有前寒武紀(jì)變質(zhì)巖、古生代沉積巖、中生代中酸性侵入巖和火山巖;絕大部分鉬礦床與中生代花崗巖類有關(guān),特別與燕山期中酸性斑巖體關(guān)系密切;成礦巖體多為高硅富鉀鈣堿性I型花崗巖,主要巖石類型有花崗斑巖、花崗閃長(斑)巖、二長花崗巖、鉀長花崗巖、爆破角礫巖,且?guī)r性由(斜長)二長花崗巖到堿性花崗巖,成礦元素從Cu(Mo)向單Mo轉(zhuǎn)化。
4)礦體多以似層狀、脈狀、條帶狀、透鏡狀等形態(tài)產(chǎn)于侵入體與圍巖內(nèi)外接觸帶或巖體內(nèi)部;主要蝕變類型有鉀長石化、綠簾石化、硅化、絹英巖化、黑云母化、螢石化、綠泥石化、碳酸鹽化、矽卡巖化等,兼具“富氟貧水”和“富氯富水”兩種蝕變組合特征,反映成礦背景既有大陸構(gòu)造環(huán)境,亦有巖漿弧環(huán)境。
5)鉬礦化具有多期多階段性,除多寶山和銅山銅鉬礦床形成于早古生代(480~490Ma)外,中生代成礦的高峰為250~210、190~160和150~110 Ma等3個時期,與巖漿活動的多期多階段性一致。
6)中亞造山帶東段的古生代成礦事件由古亞洲洋俯沖消減所致,印支期成礦事件是西伯利亞板塊與蒙古地塊碰撞的產(chǎn)物,燕山期大規(guī)模成礦作用是后碰撞構(gòu)造演化的結(jié)果。燕山期成礦作用受到蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋板塊消減、閉合以及太平洋板塊向歐亞大陸俯沖的影響,顯示出脈動性、繼承性和定向演化的特征。
7)單鉬礦床始見于三疊紀(jì),是陸殼成熟演化到一定程度的產(chǎn)物。
8)東北地區(qū)鉬礦床的輝鉬礦w(Re)變化較大,指示成礦物質(zhì)來源差異較大。多寶山和銅山銅鉬礦床的輝鉬礦w(Re)最高,成礦物質(zhì)來源于地幔;其余礦床的成礦物質(zhì)主要源于地殼,部分有幔源物質(zhì)混入;成礦時代越老,輝鉬礦w(Re)越高;銅鉬礦床的輝鉬礦w(Re)高于單鉬礦床。
9)東北地區(qū)鉬成礦條件優(yōu)越,鉬礦床找礦潛力較大。中生代鉬成礦時間,自東南向北、自東向西顯示變新趨勢。
本項(xiàng)研究得到國家“973”計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2006CB403500,2012CB416602)、國土資源大調(diào)查項(xiàng)目(1212011120685)的資助;野外工作得到內(nèi)蒙昌順勘查公司、黑龍江地調(diào)院的大力支持和資助;研究和成文過程曾與翟明國、劉建明、張連昌、曾慶棟、孫景貴、葛文春、武廣、肖文交、陳斌、韓春明、賴勇等教授和于援幫、張東才等高工進(jìn)行討論,受益匪淺;特此一并感謝!第一作者在成長過程中,學(xué)習(xí)和吸收了“長春地院”老師、學(xué)生及畢業(yè)生們的大量教學(xué)和科研成果,謹(jǐn)以此文向他們表示感謝,向原長春地院成立60周年表示祝賀。
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Geology of the Mo Deposits in Northeast China
Chen Yan-jing,Zhang Cheng,Li Nuo,Yang Yong-fei,Deng Ke
KeyLaboratoryofOrogenandCrustEvolution,PekingUniversity,Beijing100871,China
The Northeast(NE)China is located in the combining area of the Central Asian orogenic belt and the circum-pacific orogenic belt,accommodating intensive and complicated mineralizations.The authors summarizes the progresses in exploration and geological research of the Mo deposits in the area,and draws out several conclusions as below:1)More than seventy Mo deposits have been discovered in NE China,including three world-class giant and eighteen large deposits,with total resource being next to the eastern Qinling Mo belt;2)The main genetic types are Mo-bearing porphyry(including explosive breccia pipe)and skarn,and minor of hydrothermal vein;3)The Mo-associated intrusions are generally Si-and K-enriched calc-alkaline I-type granites,and have been formed by multi-episodic and multistage magmatism;4)The Mo deposits are concentrated in regions:the northern margin of North China craton,the southern Great Hinggan Range,the northern Great Hinggan Range and the Ji-Hei fold belt;5)The Mo deposits were formed in multi-episodic and multistage events coinciding magmatic activities,but the majority were formed in Mesozoic,with three peak-mineralization pulses at 250-210,190-160 and 150-110Ma,respectively;6)The Re contents in molybdenites from the Mo deposits are widely variable and generaly low,indicating that the metal sources vary from mantle to crust,but mainly from continental crust;7)The Re contents in molybdenites and the reserve ratio of Cu/Mo increase along with the metallogenic time of the deposits;8)The Mo deposits in NE China were formed in subduction-related accretionary orogenesis and continental collision orogenesis(including post-collisional tevtonism),but the Mo-only deposits began to appear in Triassic,i.e.only in continental collision setting(including post-collision).
Northeast China;molybdenum deposits;metallogenic time;ore geology;tectonic setting
P618.65
A
1671-5888(2012)05-1223-46
2012-08-08
國家“973”計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2006CB403500;2012CB416602);國土資源大調(diào)查項(xiàng)目(1212011120685)
陳衍景(1962—),男,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事區(qū)域成礦學(xué)及礦床地質(zhì)研究,E-mail:yjchen@pku.edu.cn。