趙建萍,吳瑋峰
(1.上海工會(huì)管理職業(yè)學(xué)院健康安全系,上海 201400; 2.上海市奉賢區(qū)中心醫(yī)院藥劑科,上海 201400)
圖1 噸酮骨架
圖2 噸酮Xan-1~Xan-18的結(jié)構(gòu)
人工合成化合物主要包括O-取代化合物[11-12]和N-取代化合物兩類。前者的代表藥物是5,6-二甲基-4-乙酸基二苯吡酮(DMXAA,Xan-8),具有良好的血管阻斷和抗腫瘤活性,已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了Ⅲ期臨床[13]。后者的代表藥物為Xan-9,Xan-10,Xan-11?;衔颴an-9對(duì)小鼠白血病細(xì)胞L1210的半數(shù)抑制濃度為2μmol/L,而對(duì)直腸癌細(xì)胞HT29的半數(shù)抑制濃度為1.7μmol/L,顯示了強(qiáng)大的抗腫瘤活性[14]?;衔颴an-10對(duì)人口腔表皮樣癌細(xì)胞 KB 3.1的半數(shù)抑制濃度為1.6μmol/L,而對(duì)癌細(xì)胞直腸MCF-7的半數(shù)抑制濃度為1.9μmol/L,顯示了強(qiáng)大的抗腫瘤活性[15]。化合物Xan-11對(duì)肺癌細(xì)胞MDA-MB-231的半數(shù)抑制濃度為 16 μmol/L[16]。
蛋白激酶C在腫瘤病理過程中扮演著重要角色,因此影響其表達(dá)或抑制其作用均可能產(chǎn)生抗腫瘤作用[24]。一些異戊二烯基取代的噸酮類化合物,包括α和γ曼果斯廷(Xan-12和Xan-13)已被證實(shí)對(duì)蛋白激酶C有一定的抑制活性[25]。降阿賽里奧(Xan-14)、優(yōu)中酮(Xan-15)、3,4-二羥基噸酮(Xan-16)和 1-甲?;?4-羥基 -3-甲氧基噸酮(Xan-17)也被發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)蛋白激酶C有抑制作用。對(duì)一些蛋白激酶C亞型來說,上述4種化合物的抑制活性甚至比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的蛋白激酶C抑制劑白屈菜赤堿和NPC15437[26]還要好。更進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),噸酮類化合物能夠通過上調(diào)蛋白激酶C-α,β,γ,δ等亞型誘導(dǎo)分化腫瘤細(xì)胞,不同取代基團(tuán)的化合物對(duì)蛋白激酶C的亞型具有選擇性抑制[27]。如3,4-二甲基噸酮可選擇性作用于蛋白激酶C-δ,2-羥基-2-甲氧基,3-羥基-4-甲氧基和1,2-二羥基噸酮?jiǎng)t對(duì)蛋白激酶C-ζ有選擇性[28],1,2-二甲氧基噸酮對(duì)蛋白激酶C-η有選擇性[29]。因此,這些化合物對(duì)闡述蛋白激酶C各亞型的生理作用具有重要意義。
多藥耐藥性(MDR)是腫瘤化學(xué)治療失敗的主要原因之一。Tcham等[30]發(fā)現(xiàn)噸酮類化合物對(duì)P-糖蛋白C末端具有較強(qiáng)的親和力,可調(diào)節(jié)P-糖蛋白活性,經(jīng)過結(jié)構(gòu)改造將成為潛在的P-糖蛋白抑制劑。吳秋歌等[31]也發(fā)現(xiàn),P13K/Akt抑制劑噸酮類化合物L(fēng)Y294002能通過增強(qiáng)對(duì)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路的調(diào)控,從而增強(qiáng)P13K信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路在多細(xì)胞耐藥中發(fā)揮作用。
普梭草素(Xan-18)是從非洲植物莽吉柿的根和皮提取分離得到的噸酮類化合物[32]。這一天然產(chǎn)物在體內(nèi)和體外都有較好的抗白血病活性,并且對(duì)乳腺癌、結(jié)腸癌、淋巴癌和白血病等多種人類腫瘤細(xì)胞有抑制作用[33]。機(jī)理學(xué)研究證明,普梭草素的作用機(jī)理是其在拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)酶Ⅱ的分裂位點(diǎn)進(jìn)行鳥嘌呤烷基化,從而對(duì)插入的DNA分子產(chǎn)生作用[34]。普梭草素的結(jié)構(gòu)類似物及其功能性基團(tuán)環(huán)氧二氫呋喃對(duì)體內(nèi)活性的影響也已被證實(shí)[33]。最新研究表明,R構(gòu)型的普梭草素具有最佳的DNA烷基化和抗腫瘤活性[33]。覃江克等[35]人工合成的酮并吡啶季銨鹽類化合物,體外試驗(yàn)顯示其對(duì)人卵巢癌細(xì)胞(A2780)、宮頸癌細(xì)胞(Hela)、肺癌細(xì)胞(SIC-A)和口腔上皮癌細(xì)胞(KB)均有較好的抑制作用,其作用機(jī)理也證實(shí)與DNA的相互作用有關(guān)。
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