張怡堃,李 慧,黃根山,董 波,蘇振濤
(1.第二炮兵總醫(yī)院血液科,北京 100088;2.總裝司令部黃寺門(mén)診部,北京 100021;3.軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院放射與輻射醫(yī)學(xué)研究所,北京 100850)
持續(xù)高劑量電磁輻射對(duì)小鼠外周血免疫細(xì)胞數(shù)量影響的長(zhǎng)期效應(yīng)
張怡堃1,李 慧1,黃根山2,董 波3,蘇振濤3
(1.第二炮兵總醫(yī)院血液科,北京 100088;2.總裝司令部黃寺門(mén)診部,北京 100021;3.軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院放射與輻射醫(yī)學(xué)研究所,北京 100850)
目的:觀察慢性持續(xù)高劑量電磁輻射照射后小鼠外周血免疫細(xì)胞數(shù)量及比例變化,探討慢性持續(xù)高劑量電磁輻射對(duì)小鼠免疫系統(tǒng)的影響。方法:采用隨機(jī)、平行對(duì)照分組法,將30只雄性Balb/c小鼠平均分為正常對(duì)照組、10mW·cm-2輻照組及環(huán)磷酰胺給藥組,每組10只。輻照組動(dòng)物予以30min·d-1、每周輻照5d,持續(xù)4周;給藥組在輻照組開(kāi)始輻照時(shí)給藥,每次每只30mg·kg-1,共7次;各組小鼠于輻照結(jié)束后30、45、60、75、90、105和120d分別采集尾靜脈血,應(yīng)用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)外周血中CD4+T細(xì)胞、CD8+T細(xì)胞、CD4+/CD8+比率、CD49+NK細(xì)胞數(shù)量及比例的變化。結(jié)果:經(jīng)持續(xù)高劑量電磁輻射后,小鼠的外周血白細(xì)胞數(shù)量顯著上升,CD4+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量于輻照后75d開(kāi)始明顯升高,輻照后90d開(kāi)始下降但仍高于正常組(P<0.05),觀察周期結(jié)束時(shí),CD4+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量下降到與正常組相同(120d);CD8+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量于輻照后75d明顯降低,直到觀察周期結(jié)束時(shí)(120d),T細(xì)胞的數(shù)量恢復(fù)至與正常組的T細(xì)胞數(shù)量相同;CD4+/CD8+比率在持續(xù)高劑量電磁輻射誘導(dǎo)下呈上升趨勢(shì),并且明顯高于正常對(duì)照組(P<0.05);CD49+NK細(xì)胞數(shù)量在輻射后明顯低于正常對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:慢性、持續(xù)性大劑量電磁輻射可導(dǎo)致小鼠免疫系統(tǒng)的紊亂,通過(guò)檢測(cè)外周血中CD4+T細(xì)胞、CD8+T細(xì)胞、CD4+/CD8+T細(xì)胞、CD49+NK細(xì)胞數(shù)量及比例的變化,可了解輻照后機(jī)體的免疫狀態(tài)。
電磁輻射;免疫細(xì)胞;小鼠,近交BALB/C
電磁污染已成為新的環(huán)境污染因素,其對(duì)人群的健康威脅日益凸顯[1-2]。近來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)外報(bào)道:在電磁輻射超出衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的作業(yè)環(huán)境中的人群,發(fā)生神經(jīng)癥狀、行為能力下降、免疫功能減弱和血液細(xì)胞突變的幾率增加,提示應(yīng)當(dāng)重視該人群的健康追蹤研究[3-4]。高劑量電磁輻射對(duì)生物的損傷效應(yīng)的研究取得了一定的進(jìn)展[5-6]。但是電磁輻射對(duì)人體淋巴細(xì)胞免疫活性的影響及進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生的遠(yuǎn)期效應(yīng)尚無(wú)定論[7-8]。因此,本研究擬建立高劑量電磁輻射的動(dòng)物研究模型,通過(guò)檢測(cè)輻照后小鼠外周血中免疫細(xì)胞數(shù)量及比例的變化,初步探討電磁輻射對(duì)免疫系統(tǒng)的損傷以及損傷程度與輻照劑量之間的關(guān)系,為深入研究電磁輻射的生物效應(yīng)提供借鑒。
1.1 主要儀器及試劑 輻射源由軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院放射與輻射醫(yī)學(xué)研究所提供,流式細(xì)胞儀 (BD pharmingen公司,美國(guó)),MEK-7222K全自動(dòng)血細(xì)胞分析儀 (日本光電工業(yè)株式會(huì)社,日本),高速冷凍離心機(jī)(德國(guó)Heraeus賀力氏),臺(tái)式高速離心機(jī)(上海安亭科學(xué)儀器廠)。肝素、FITC antimouse CD3ε抗體、APC anti-mouse CD8a抗體、PE anti-mouse CD4抗體和 PE anti-mouse CD49b抗體(BioLegend公司,美國(guó))。
1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物及分組 30只雄性Balb/c小鼠,6~8周齡,體質(zhì)量(20±2)g,由軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院動(dòng) 物 實(shí) 驗(yàn) 中 心 提 供 [BASK-(軍 )(2007-004)],30只小鼠隨機(jī)分為正常對(duì)照組、環(huán)磷酰胺(CTX)及輻照組共3組,每組10只。
1.3 照射及給藥處理 小鼠供試前在清潔動(dòng)物房中適應(yīng)性喂養(yǎng)1周,動(dòng)物基本狀態(tài)良好即開(kāi)始實(shí)驗(yàn)。輻照組小鼠接受照射,照射劑量10mW·cm-2,每天照射30min,連續(xù)4周;給藥組小鼠,每次每只給予CTX 30mg·kg-1,共7次;正常對(duì)照組放置于電磁輻射室外未接受照射。
1.4 小鼠外周血象白細(xì)胞的檢測(cè) 將小鼠固定于小鼠固定器,在尾靜脈的中下1/3尾靜脈,采50μL靜脈血置于已抗凝的 (EDTA-K2)的EP管中,混勻,吸出20μL加到2mL稀釋液中,加入對(duì)應(yīng)的熒光抗體,在室溫下避光孵育15min,加500μL紅細(xì)胞溶解素,室溫避光孵育10min,1 500r·min-1離心5min,棄上清,加1mL PBS洗細(xì)胞重懸細(xì)胞,1 500r·min-1離心5min,棄上清,加300μL 0.5%多聚甲醛的PBS重懸細(xì)胞,混勻后利用流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)白細(xì)胞的總數(shù)。
1.5 小鼠外周血免疫細(xì)胞的檢測(cè) 取小鼠外周血約500μL置于肝素抗凝的EP管中。依據(jù)外周血WBC計(jì)數(shù),按照抗體所需標(biāo)準(zhǔn)量分別加入anti-mouse CD4抗體0.625μL、anti-mouse CD8抗體0.625μL,常溫避光,孵育30min。按比例加入紅細(xì)胞裂解液NH4Cl-NaHCO3液,振蕩混勻,常溫避光,孵育15min,溶血。加PBS終止溶血,離心,1 700r·min-1×5min,棄上清,后再用PBS洗滌細(xì)胞2遍,1 700r·min-1×5min,離心,棄上清,用250μL PBS重懸細(xì)胞,加入250μL 4%多聚甲醛混勻后利用流式細(xì)胞儀進(jìn)行分析,檢測(cè)CD4+T細(xì)胞、CD8+T細(xì)胞的數(shù)量,計(jì)算CD4+/CD8+比例。
1.6 觀察指標(biāo) 各實(shí)驗(yàn)組均于照射后30、45、60、75、90、105和120d于尾靜脈的中下1/3處采靜脈血,取10μL抗凝血至1.5mL EP管中,加入10μL 1∶50倍稀釋大鼠血清10μL,封閉Fc受體,加入1∶300稀釋的anti-CD49單抗(1mg·L-1)10μL,避 光 標(biāo) 記 15min,加 入FACS專(zhuān)用裂解液200μL,充分混勻,避光室溫作用5min應(yīng)用流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)淋巴細(xì)胞表面標(biāo)志CD49+。
1.7 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析 使用Chiss 2005統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,CD4+T 細(xì)胞、CD8+T 細(xì)胞、CD4+/CD8+比率等指標(biāo)以±s表示,多組間樣本均數(shù)比較采用單因素方差分析。
2.1 電磁輻射對(duì)小鼠體溫的影響 為排除電磁輻射的熱效應(yīng)而檢測(cè)其生物效應(yīng),于輻照前后檢測(cè)小鼠肛溫的變化,對(duì)于肛溫變化≤1℃的小鼠進(jìn)行生物效應(yīng)的檢測(cè)。照射組10只小鼠肛溫度變化均小于1℃。
2.2 持續(xù)高劑量電磁輻射作用下小鼠外周血白細(xì)胞總數(shù)的變化 慢性持續(xù)高劑量的電磁輻射后,與正常對(duì)照組及環(huán)磷酰胺組比較,輻照組小鼠外周血白細(xì)胞總數(shù)在檢測(cè)時(shí)間內(nèi)顯著降低(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
表1 各組小鼠外周血白細(xì)胞總數(shù)的變化Tab.1 Changes of the number of white blood cells in peripheral blood of the mice in various groups (n=10,±s)
表1 各組小鼠外周血白細(xì)胞總數(shù)的變化Tab.1 Changes of the number of white blood cells in peripheral blood of the mice in various groups (n=10,±s)
*P<0.05compared with control group;△P<0.05compared with CTX group.
25.61±6.69 28.59±7.17 CTX 15.07±2.65 13.13±3.30* 10.43±3.07 19.91±6.32 7.58±1.29 20.04±5.06* 25.82±4.67 Irradiation 5.84±3.35** 13.44±2.60* 10.81±3.29 13.50±2.49△ 4.54±1.46△ 14.78±3.14**30 45 60 75 90 105 120 Control 14.00±2.84 17.68±2.31 10.26±2.00 16.48±5.00 4.30±0.97△Group No.of white blood cells(t/d)24.84±5.21
2.3 持續(xù)高劑量電磁輻射誘導(dǎo)小鼠外周血CD4+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量的變化 電磁輻射后,與正常對(duì)照組比較,照射組小鼠外周血淋巴細(xì)胞CD4+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量均明顯升高;與環(huán)磷酰組比較,在照射后75d及105dCD4+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量升高,且差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
表2 各組小鼠外周血淋巴細(xì)胞CD4+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量的變化Tab.2 Changes of the number of lymphocytes CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood of the mice in various groups (n=10,±s)
表2 各組小鼠外周血淋巴細(xì)胞CD4+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量的變化Tab.2 Changes of the number of lymphocytes CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood of the mice in various groups (n=10,±s)
*P<0.05compared with control group;△P<0.05,△△P<0.01compared with CTX group.
24.20±8.94 CTX 31.82±3.95 34.01±4.99 33.00±3.16 27.28±2.57 24.95±3.49 Irradiation 33.65±5.75 49.92±5.31*△△ 35.85±2.48 36.61±4.49△60 75 90 105 120 Control 32.05±7.15 36.69±6.59 33.16±5.51 35.13±2.62△Group No.of CD4+T cells(t/d)23.77±4.85
2.4 持續(xù)高劑量電磁輻射誘導(dǎo)小鼠外周血CD8+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量的變化 電磁輻射后,與對(duì)照組比較,輻照組小鼠淋巴細(xì)胞CD8+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量顯著下降;與加藥組比較,輻照組小鼠在照射后60、75及105dCD8+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量明顯降低,各組之間比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。
表3 各組小鼠外周血淋巴細(xì)胞CD8+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量的變化Tab.3 Changes of the number of lymphocytes CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood of the mice in various groups (n=10,±s)
表3 各組小鼠外周血淋巴細(xì)胞CD8+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量的變化Tab.3 Changes of the number of lymphocytes CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood of the mice in various groups (n=10,±s)
*P<0.05compared with control group;△P<0.05,△△P<0.01compared with CTX group.
75.80±8.94 CTX 68.18±3.95 66.00±4.99 67.00±3.16 72.72±2.57 75.05±3.49 Irradiation 66.35±5.75 50.08±5.30*△△ 64.15±2.48 63.40±4.49△60 75 90 105 120 Control 67.95±7.15 63.31±6.59 66.84±5.51 64.87±2.62△Group No.of CD8+T cells(t/d)76.23±4.85
2.5 持續(xù)高劑量電磁輻射誘導(dǎo)小鼠外周血CD4+/CD8+比值的變化 電磁輻射后,輻照組小鼠外周血淋巴細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值呈上升趨勢(shì),輻照后75d及105d輻照組與對(duì)照組相比顯著上升 (P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表4。
表4 各組小鼠外周血CD4+/CD8+比值的變化Tab.4 Changes of the ratios of CD4+/CD8+in peripheral blood of the mice in various groups (n=10,±s)
表4 各組小鼠外周血CD4+/CD8+比值的變化Tab.4 Changes of the ratios of CD4+/CD8+in peripheral blood of the mice in various groups (n=10,±s)
*P<0.05compared with control group;△P<0.05compared with CTX group.
+0.06 0.33±0.16 CTX 0.47±0.09 0.52±0.12 0.49±0.07 0.37±0.05 0.33±0.06 Irradiation 0.52±0.13 1.02±0.24*△60 75 90 105 120 Control 0.49±0.16 0.59±0.17 0.50±0.13 0.54±Group CD4+/CD8(t/d)0.56±0.06 0.58±0.12 0.32±0.08
2.6 持續(xù)高劑量電磁輻射誘導(dǎo)小鼠外周血CD49+NK細(xì)胞數(shù)量的變化 電磁輻射后與正常對(duì)照組比較,輻照組小鼠淋巴細(xì)胞CD49+NK細(xì)胞數(shù)量明顯降低 (P<0.05),表明小鼠免疫系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)紊亂。見(jiàn)表5。
表5 各組小鼠外周血CD49+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量的變化Tab.5 Changes of the number of CD49+ T cells in peripheral blood of the mice in various groups (n=10,±s)
表5 各組小鼠外周血CD49+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量的變化Tab.5 Changes of the number of CD49+ T cells in peripheral blood of the mice in various groups (n=10,±s)
*P<0.05compared with control group;△P<0.05compared with CTX group.
Group No.of CD49+T cells(t/d)90 105 120 Control 32.44±4.59 19.76±2.75 13.65±2.67 CTX 36.44±1.97 24.38±4.23 20.15±2.88*Irradiation 22.93±2.24*△ 15.68±1.71△13.93±2.05
本研究采用隨機(jī)、平行以及獨(dú)立的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)方法,系統(tǒng)建立了慢性高劑量電磁照射小鼠模型,檢測(cè)10mW·cm-2大功率輻照對(duì)小鼠外周血免疫細(xì)胞的影響。為排除熱效應(yīng)的干擾,采用間斷暴露[3]的方法,最終測(cè)定小鼠肛溫在照射前后基本沒(méi)有變化,保證實(shí)驗(yàn)研究的非熱效應(yīng);同時(shí),在實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程中采用共同飼養(yǎng)、輻照,檢測(cè)時(shí)分別采集動(dòng)物樣品,排除感染、疾病等生物學(xué)效應(yīng)對(duì)血象的影響,保證實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果具有良好的穩(wěn)定性及重復(fù)性。
慢性高劑量密度電磁輻射對(duì)小鼠外周血免疫細(xì)胞的影響主要表現(xiàn)在CD4+T、CD8+T細(xì)胞以及CD4+/CD8+比值的變化。本研究結(jié)果顯示:電磁輻射后小鼠外周血淋巴細(xì)胞CD4+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量高于正常對(duì)照組,與對(duì)照組相比較,照射后75和105d淋巴細(xì)胞CD4+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量增高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;電磁輻射后,輻照組小鼠淋巴細(xì)胞CD8+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量與對(duì)照組相比顯著下降,在照射后60、75及105dCD8+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量明顯低于給藥組;電磁輻射后輻照組外周血淋巴細(xì)胞CD4+/CD8+絕對(duì)值呈上升趨勢(shì),且明顯高于正常對(duì)照組,在照射后75及105d照射組高于正常對(duì)照組。本研究結(jié)果表明:慢性高劑量電磁輻射可導(dǎo)致小鼠外周血淋巴細(xì)胞數(shù)降低,外周血淋巴細(xì)胞CD4+/CD8+比值有所增大,在檢測(cè)周期結(jié)束時(shí)小鼠外周血淋巴細(xì)胞數(shù)有恢復(fù)的趨勢(shì),提示去除高劑量輻射后,小鼠機(jī)體的免疫細(xì)胞數(shù)量可逐漸恢復(fù)。
綜上所述,慢性大功率電磁輻射對(duì)生物體的免疫系統(tǒng)具有一定程度的損傷效應(yīng)[9],但該方面研究目前還處于基礎(chǔ)研究階段,需要與輻射后小鼠的組織病理?yè)p傷、造血干細(xì)胞的變化情況相結(jié)合,從而進(jìn)行更深入、系統(tǒng)的研究。
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Long-term effects of lasting and high-dose electromagnetic radiation on peripheral blood immune cells in mice
ZHANG Yi-kun1,LI Hui2,HUANG Gen-shan2,DONG Bo3,SU Zhen-tao3
(1.Department of Hematology,General Hospital of PLA Second Artillery Forces,Beijing 100088,China;2.Huangsi Out-patient Department,General Equipment Department Headquarters,Beijing 100021,China;3.Institute of Radiation Medicine,Academy of Military Medical Sciences,Beijing 100850,China)
Objective To study the long-term effects of lasting and high-dose electromagnetic radiation on number and percent of peripheral immune cells in mice and explore the influence of the lasting and high-dose electromagnetic radiation in murine immune system.Methods Thirty BALB/c mice were randomly divided into control group,CTX group and irradiation group.The mice in irradiation group were exposed to electromagnetic radiation at the power density of 10mW·cm-2,30min a day,for 5consecutive days every week,lasting for 4weeks.The mice in CTX group were fed with CTX with the concentration of 30mg·kg-1,for seven times.The number and percents of CD4+T cells,CD8+T cells,CD4+/CD8+,CD49+NK cells in peripheral blood cells were detected 30,45,60,75,90,105and 120dafter electromagnetic radiation.Results After high-dose electromagnetic radiation,the number of WBC was increased obviously(P<0.05).The number of CD4+T cells was increased on the 75th day(P<0.05)and began to decrease on the 90th day,while the number was much more than that in control group(0mW·cm-2).Until the 120th day,the number of T cells was as the same as the control.After the long-term effect of lasting and high-dose electromagnetic radiation,the number of CD8+T cells was decreased,and from the 90th day to the 120th day the number of T cells became normal(P<0.05).The ratio of CD4+/CD8+and the number of CD49+NK cells were lower than those in control group after irradiation (P<0.05).Conclusion Chronic,persistent large doses of electromagnetic radiation can lead to immune system disorders,through detecting the changes in the number of peripheral blood CD4+T cells,CD8+T cells,CD49+NK cells and the proportion of CD4+/CD8+,the immune status of mice after irradiation can be found.
electromagnetic radiation;immune cells;mice,inbred BALBC
R358.4
A
1671-587Ⅹ(2012)05-0856-05
2012-03-07
國(guó)家高技術(shù)研究發(fā)展計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目資助課題 (2009AA8030421E)
張怡堃 (1972-),女,吉林省長(zhǎng)春市人,副主任醫(yī)師,醫(yī)學(xué)博士,主要從事血液腫瘤的基礎(chǔ)與臨床研究。
張怡堃 (Tel:010-66355109,E-mail:zhangyikun1989@yahoo.com.cn)