邁克?華萊士:真相“拷問者”

“My epitaph? I want it to be this: tough， but fair. Nothing else.”

“我的墓志銘？我希望這樣寫：他不好對付，但為人公正。就這一句，我不需要別的。”

——Mike Wallace (邁克·華萊士)

Mike Wallace， the CBS reporter who became one of America’s best-known broadcast journalists as an interrogator of the famous and infamous on 60 Minutes， died on April 7th， 2012. He was 93.

A reporter with the presence2) of a performer， Mr. Wallace went head to head with chiefs of state， celebrities and con artists3) for more than 50 years， living for when “you forget the lights， the cameras， everything else， and you’re really talking to each other，” he said in an interview.

Mr. Wallace created enough such moments to become a paragon4) of television journalism in the heyday of network news. As he grilled5) his subjects， he said， he walked “a fine line between sadism6) and intellectual curiosity.”

His success often lay in the questions he hurled7)， not the answers he received.

“Perjury8)，” he said， in his staccato style， to President Richard M. Nixon’s right-hand man9)， John D. Ehrlichman， while interviewing him during the Watergate affair10). “Plans to audit tax returns11) for political retaliation12). Theft of psychiatric records. Spying by undercover agents. Conspiracy to obstruct justice. All of this by the law-and-order administration of Richard Nixon.”

Mr. Ehrlichman paused and said， “Is there a question in there somewhere?”

No， Mr. Wallace later conceded. But it was riveting13) television.

Both the style and the substance of his work drew criticism. CBS paid Nixon’s chief of staff H. R. Haldeman $100，000 for exclusive interviews with Mr. Wallace in 1975. Critics called it checkbook journalism， and Mr. Wallace conceded later that was “a bad idea.”

Some subjects were unfazed by Mr. Wallace’s unblinking stare. When he sat down with the Ayatollah14) Khomeini， the Iranian leader， in 1979， he said that President Anwar el-Sadat of Egypt “calls you， Imam15)—forgive me， his words， not mine—a lunatic.” The translator blanched16)， but the Ayatollah responded， calmly calling Sadat a heretic17).

“Forgive me” was a favorite Wallace phrase， the caress before the garrote18). “As soon as you hear that，” he told The New York Times， “you realize the nasty question’s about to come.”

Mr. Wallace invented his hard-boiled persona on a program called Night Beat. Television was black and white， and so was the discourse， when the show went on in 1956， weeknights at 11， on the New York affiliate of the short-lived DuMont Television Network.

“We had lighting that was warts-and-all19) close-ups20)，” he remembered. The camera closed in tighter and tighter on the guests. The smoke from Mr. Wallace’s cigarette swirled between him and his quarry. Sweat beaded on his subject’s brows.

“I was asking tough questions，” he said. “And I had found my bliss.” He had become Mike Wallace.

“All of a sudden，” he said， “I was no longer anonymous.” He was “the fiery prosecutor， the righteous and wrathful D.A.21) determined to rid Gotham City22) of its undesirables，” in the words of Michael J. Arlen， The New Yorker’s television critic.

Night Beat moved to ABC23) in 1957 as a half-hour， coast-to-coast， primetime program， renamed The Mike Wallace Interview. ABC promoted him as “the Terrible Torquemada24) of the TV Inquisition.”

Mr. Wallace’s career path meandered after ABC canceled The Mike Wallace Interview in 1958. He had done entertainment shows and quiz shows and cigarette commercials. He had acted onstage. But he resolved to become a real journalist after a harrowing journey to recover the body of his firstborn son， Peter， who died at 19 in a mountain-climbing accident in Greece in 1962.

“He was going to be a writer，” Mr. Wallace said in the interview with The Times. “And so I said， ‘I’m going to do something that would make Peter proud.’ ”

Forging a Career Path

He set his sights on25) CBS News and joined the network as a special correspondent. He was soon anchoring The CBS Morning News With Mike Wallace and reporting from Vietnam. Then he caught the eye of Richard Nixon.

Running for president， Nixon offered Mr. Wallace a job as his press secretary shortly before the 1968 primaries began. “I thought very， very seriously about it，” Mr. Wallace told The Times. “I regarded him with great respect. He was savvy， smart， hard working.”

But Mr. Wallace turned Nixon down， saying that putting a happy face on bad news was not his cup of tea.

Only months later 60 Minutes made its debut， at 10 pm on Tuesday， Sept. 24， 1968.

It was something new on the air: a “newsmagazine，” usually three substantial pieces of about 15 minutes each—a near-eternity on television. Mr. Wallace and Harry Reasoner26) were the first co-hosts， one fierce， one folksy27).

The show， which moved to Sunday nights at 7 in 1970， was slow to catch on. Creative conflict marked its climb to the top of the heap in the 1970s. Mr. Wallace fought his fellow correspondents for stories and airtime.

“There would be blood on the floor，” Mr. Wallace said in the interview. He said he developed the “not necessarily undeserved reputation” of being prickly and “of stealing stories from my colleagues.” “This was just competition，” he said. “Get the story. Get it first.”

The time was ripe for investigative television journalism. Watergate and its many seamy sideshows had made muckraking28) a respectable trade. By the late 1970s， 60 Minutes was the top-rated show on Sundays. Five different years it was the No. 1 show on television. In 1977， it began a 23-year run in the top 10. No show of any kind has matched that. Mr. Wallace was rich and famous and a powerful figure in television news when his life took a stressful turn in 1982.

That year he anchored a CBS Reports documentary called “The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception.” It led to a $120 million libel29) suit filed by Gen. William C. Westmoreland， the commander of American troops in Vietnam from 1964 to 1968. At issue was the show’s assertion that General Westmoreland had deliberately falsified the “order of battle30)，” the estimate of the strength of the enemy.

The question turned on a decision that American military commanders made in 1967. The uniformed military said the enemy was no more than 300，000 strong， but intelligence analysts said the number could be half a million or more. If the analysts were correct， then there was no “l(fā)ight at the end of the tunnel，” the optimistic phrase General Westmoreland had used.

Documents declassified after the cold war showed that the general’s top aide had cited reasons of politics and public relations for insisting on the lower figure. The military was “stonewalling， obviously under orders” from General Westmoreland， a senior Central Intelligence Agency analyst cabled his headquarters; the “predetermined total” was “fixed on public-relations grounds.” The C.I.A.31) officially accepted the military’s invented figure of 299，000 enemy forces or fewer.

The documentary asserted that rather than a politically expedient lie， the struggle revealed a vast conspiracy to suppress the truth. The key theorist for that case， Sam Adams， a former C.I.A. analyst， was not only interviewed for the documentary but also received a consultant’s fee of $25，000. The show had arrived at something close to the truth， but it had used questionable means to that end.

After more than two years General Westmoreland abandoned his suit， CBS lost some of its reputation， and Mr. Wallace had a nervous breakdown.

He said at the time that he feared “the lawyers for the other side would employ the same techniques against me that I had employed on television.” Already on antidepressants， which gave him tremors， he had a waking nightmare sitting through the trial.

He attempted suicide. “I was so low that I wanted to exit，” Mr. Wallace said. “And I took a bunch of pills， and they were sleeping pills. And at least they would put me to sleep， and maybe I wouldn’t wake up， and that was fine.”

The despair and anger he felt over the documentary were outdone 13 years later when， as he put it in a memoir， “the corporate management of CBS emasculated a 60 Minutes documentary I had done just as we were preparing to put it on the air.”

The cutting involved a damning interview with Jeffrey Wigand， a chemist who had been director of research at Brown Williamson， the tobacco company. The chemist said on camera that the nation’s tobacco executives had been lying when they swore under oath before Congress that they believed nicotine was not addictive. Among many complicating factors， one of those executives was the son of Laurence A. Tisch， the chairman of CBS at the time. The interview was not broadcast.

Mr. Wallace remained bitter at Mr. Tisch’s stewardship32)， which ended when he sold CBS in 1995， after dismissing many employees and dismantling some of its parts.

Official “Retirement”

Mr. Wallace officially retired from 60 Minutes in 2006， after a 38-year run， at the age of 88. A few months later he was back on the program with an exclusive interview with the president of Iran， Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.

He won his 21st Emmy33) for the interview.

And he kept working. Only weeks before his 2008 bypass surgery， he interviewed the baseball star Roger Clemens as accusations swirled that Mr. Clemens had used performance-enhancing drugs. It was Mr. Wallace’s last appearance on television， CBS said.

Myron Leon Wallace was born in Brookline， Mass.， on May 9， 1918， one of four children of Friedan and Zina Wallik， who had come to the United States from a Russian shtetl34) before the turn of the 20th century.

Myron came out of Brookline High School with a B-minus average， worked his way through the University of Michigan， graduating in 1939.

After he graduated from college， he went almost immediately into radio， starting at $20 a week at a station with the call letters WOOD-WASH in Grand Rapids， Mich. He went on to Detroit and Chicago stations as narrator and actor on shows like The Lone Ranger， acquiring “Mike” as his broadcast name.

In 1943 he enlisted in the Navy， did a tour of duty35) in the Pacific and wound up as a lieutenant junior grade in charge of radio entertainment at the Great Lakes Naval Training Station.

After three failed marriages， Mr. Wallace finally found his lifetime companion， Mary Yates， the widow of one of his best friends—his Night Beat producer， Ted Yates. They were married in 1986. Mr. Wallace said that Ms. Yates had saved his life when he came close to suicide before they married， and that their marriage had saved him afterward.

He also said that he had known since he was a child that he wanted to be on the air. He felt it was his calling. He said he wanted people to ask: “Who’s this guy， Myron Wallace?”

邁克·華萊士，哥倫比亞廣播公司(譯注：下文簡稱CBS)記者，美國最著名的新聞廣播工作者之一，在《60分鐘》節(jié)目中采訪過許許多多英名遠播或者臭名昭著的人物，贏得了“拷問者”的稱號，于2012年4月7日辭世，享年93歲。

華萊士是個記者，但卻擁有演員的風度。五十多年來，他與國家元首、社會名流乃至江湖騙子面對面侃侃而談，生活的目標正如他在一次訪談中所說的那樣，就是“忘掉燈光，忘掉攝像機，忘掉一切，實實在在地和對方交談”。

華萊士創(chuàng)造了無數(shù)次這樣的時刻，在網(wǎng)絡(luò)新聞如日中天的時代，他成為電視新聞的杰出典范。他說自己在拷問受訪者的同時，也是“在施虐心理和求知欲之間”走“鋼絲”。

他的成功常常在于他所拋出的問題，而非他所得到的答案。

水門事件發(fā)生后，在采訪理查德·M·尼克松總統(tǒng)的得力助手約翰·D·埃利希曼時，他以他那特有的不連貫方式說：“作偽證。為了政治報復(fù)而計劃對納稅申報單進行審計。偷盜精神病病歷檔案。利用便衣偵探暗中監(jiān)視。密謀妨礙司法公正。這些都是遵紀守法的理查德·尼克松政府干的好事?！?/p>

埃利希曼先生愣了一下，問：“這里面有需要回答的問題嗎？”

沒有，華萊士后來坦承說。但這讓他的電視節(jié)目魅力盡現(xiàn)。

他的主持風格和節(jié)目的實質(zhì)內(nèi)容都曾引來指責。1975年，CBS曾支付尼克松的幕僚長H. R. 霍爾德曼十萬美元，請他接受華萊士的獨家專訪。批評家稱其為“有償新聞”，華萊士后來也承認這是個“壞主意”。

面對華萊士目不轉(zhuǎn)睛的凝視，有些受訪者仍能泰然自若。1979年，當他采訪伊朗什葉派領(lǐng)袖霍梅尼時，他告訴霍梅尼說，埃及總統(tǒng)安瓦爾·埃爾-薩達特“說伊瑪目您是——請原諒，這是他說的，不是我的話——一個瘋子。”翻譯當時臉就白了，但這位什葉派領(lǐng)袖鎮(zhèn)定自若地回答說：薩達特就是個異教徒。

“請原諒”是華萊士最喜歡說的話，這是把人送上絞刑架前溫柔的撫慰。他曾對《紐約時報》說過：“只要聽到這句話，你就知道馬上要提刁鉆難纏的問題了?！?/p>

華萊士強悍的主持形象是在一檔名叫《晚間節(jié)奏》的節(jié)目中樹立起來的。這檔節(jié)目于1956年開播，每個工作日晚間11點播出，屬于曇花一現(xiàn)的杜蒙特電視網(wǎng)紐約分公司。那時還是黑白電視，這檔談話節(jié)目的風格也是黑白分明。

“那時燈光很強，特寫鏡頭能把所有面部瑕疵都暴露無遺?！彼貞浀?。鏡頭對著嘉賓越拉越近。華萊士抽著煙，煙霧繚繞在他和他的“獵物”中間。受訪者的額頭上汗珠直冒。

“我問的都是一些刁鉆的問題，”他說，“我終于找到了自己的福音?！庇谑撬闪吮M人皆知的邁克·華萊士。

他說：“突然之間，我不再籍籍無名?！庇谩都~約客》電視評論員邁克爾·J·阿倫的話說，他成了“脾氣火爆的公訴人，那個充滿正義感、義憤填膺的地區(qū)檢察官，一心要把不良分子清理出哥譚市”。

《晚間節(jié)奏》于1957年遷移到美國廣播公司(譯注：下文簡稱ABC)，改名為《邁克·華萊士訪談》，成了一檔為期半小時的黃金時段節(jié)目，面向全美播出。ABC為他打的廣告是“‘電視法庭’的恐怖審判官托克馬達”。

1958年，ABC取消了《邁克·華萊士訪談》節(jié)目，之后華萊士的事業(yè)之路出現(xiàn)了一些波折。他先后做過娛樂節(jié)目、智力競賽節(jié)目和香煙廣告，還曾在舞臺上做過表演。1962年，他的大兒子彼得在希臘的一次登山事故中不幸遇難，年僅19歲。華萊士踏上了尋找兒子尸體的悲慟之旅。自此以后，他下定決心要做一名真正的新聞工作者。

“他打算成為一名作家，”華萊士在接受《紐約時報》采訪時說，“于是我告訴自己：‘我要做一些事情，一些讓皮特感到自豪的事情?！?/p>

鋪就事業(yè)之路

他將目光投向了CBS新聞網(wǎng)，并加入該新聞網(wǎng)，成為一名特約記者。不久，他開始主持《邁克·華萊士CBS早間新聞》節(jié)目，并前往越南進行采訪報道。接著，他引起了理查德·尼克松的關(guān)注。

當時尼克松正在競選總統(tǒng)，在1968年總統(tǒng)預(yù)選開始前不久，尼克松邀請華萊士做他的新聞秘書?！拔曳浅７浅Ｉ髦氐乜紤]過這個問題，”華萊士告訴《紐約時報》，“我非常敬重他。他頭腦機敏，聰明而又勤奮。”

但華萊士還是拒絕了尼克松。他說，面對壞消息還要假裝愉悅不是他的風格。

這之后僅僅幾個月，在1968年9月24日，星期四晚上十點，《60分鐘》首次亮相。

這是廣播史上前所未有的創(chuàng)新：一種“新聞雜志”，通常包括三段重要話題，每段長約十五分鐘——這幾乎成了電視屏幕上經(jīng)久不衰的一檔節(jié)目。華萊士和哈里·里森納是這檔節(jié)目最早的主持搭檔，兩人一個強悍好斗，一個平易近人。

這檔節(jié)目于1970年改到星期天晚上七點播出，并沒有很快就紅起來。20世紀70年代，在它攀登頂峰的過程中，一路伴隨著創(chuàng)意上的沖突。華萊士常常得和他的記者同事們搶新聞，爭奪開播時間。

“爭奪異常慘烈?！比A萊士在一次訪談中說道。他說，人們說他話中帶刺，還“從同事那里偷新聞”，這種說法“并非毫無根據(jù)”。“這只是競爭而已，”他說，“目的就是搶新聞。要第一個搶到手?！?/p>

從事調(diào)查式電視新聞節(jié)目的時機已經(jīng)成熟。水門事件及其諸多丑陋的穿插表演已經(jīng)使揭發(fā)丑聞成為一種令人尊敬的行當。到20世紀70年代末，《60分鐘》已經(jīng)成為星期天收視率最高的節(jié)目，曾有五年都在電視節(jié)目中排名第一。自1977年開始，它連續(xù)23年都在十大排行榜之列。沒有任何一種類型的節(jié)目能夠與之媲美。華萊士也因此名利雙收，成為電視新聞界舉足輕重的人物。然而，1982年，他的人生遭遇了一次轉(zhuǎn)變，讓他體會到沉重的壓力。

那一年，他在《CBS播報》節(jié)目中主持了一部名為《沒有數(shù)清的敵人：一場越戰(zhàn)騙局》的紀錄片。這部片子使華萊士卷入了一場賠償金高達1.2億美元的誹謗案官司，原告為威廉·C·威斯特摩蘭將軍——1964～1968年越戰(zhàn)期間美國軍隊司令官。爭議的焦點是該紀錄片聲稱威斯特摩蘭將軍故意謊報“戰(zhàn)斗序列”，即在評估敵軍戰(zhàn)斗力時弄虛作假。

爭議的問題直指1967年美軍指揮官作出的一個決定。軍方說敵軍的力量只不過30萬人，但情報分析人員卻說真實的數(shù)目可能是50萬，甚至更多。如果分析人員是對的，那么威斯特摩蘭將軍所描述的“隧道盡頭的光明”這種樂觀情形也就不存在了。

冷戰(zhàn)后解密的文件表明，威斯特摩蘭將軍的高級參謀曾列舉過堅稱敵軍人數(shù)較少的原因——都是政治和公共關(guān)系方面的原因。根據(jù)中央情報局一位資深分析師發(fā)給其總部的電報，軍方“在制造障礙，顯然是在執(zhí)行(威斯特摩蘭將軍的)命令”，這種“事先確定的總數(shù)”是“建立在公共關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)上”的。中央情報局正式接受了軍方虛構(gòu)的敵軍軍力為29.9萬或者更少的數(shù)據(jù)。

該紀錄片斷定，這種謊言并非政治上的權(quán)宜之計，而是一個掩蓋事實真相的龐大陰謀。塞姆·亞當斯是整個事件的一個重要理論研究者，曾做過中央情報局的分析員，他不僅接受了紀錄片的采訪，還接受了一筆2.5萬美元的顧問費。這部紀錄片得出的結(jié)論的確接近了事實真相，但它為達到目的而采用的手段卻值得質(zhì)疑。

經(jīng)過兩年多的時間，威斯特摩蘭將軍最終撤訴了，但CBS的信譽因此蒙受了損失，華萊士的精神也幾近崩潰。

他說，當時他擔心“對方的律師會使用我在電視中使用的方法來對付我”。那時他已經(jīng)在服用抗抑郁藥了，藥物使他身體產(chǎn)生了顫抖的毛病。整個審訊期間，他都像是在做一個清醒的噩夢。

他曾試圖自殺?！拔仪榫w低落，想一了百了，”華萊士說，“我服用了一大堆藥物，都是安眠藥。至少它們可以讓我入睡，也許我再也不會醒來，那樣就太好了?！?/p>

然而，這次紀錄片事件給他帶來的絕望和憤怒在13年后被另一件事超越了。其時，如他在回憶錄中所寫，“CBS公司管理方砍掉了《60分鐘》的一部紀錄片，這部片子我都做好了，正準備播出?！?/p>

砍掉的片子中有一段足以給相關(guān)人員定罪的專訪，受訪者是布朗與威廉姆森煙草公司研發(fā)部主任杰弗里·維甘德。這位化學(xué)家對著鏡頭說，美國煙草公司的管理人員在國會面前信誓旦旦地保證說他們堅信尼古丁沒有成癮性，但其實他們都在撒謊。這次事件牽涉到許多復(fù)雜的因素，其中之一就是在這些行政人員中，有一個人是時任CBS總裁的勞倫斯·A·蒂施的兒子。最終這次訪談沒有播出。

此后華萊士一直對蒂施先生的管理工作耿耿于懷。1995年，在解雇了許多雇員、解散了一些機構(gòu)后，蒂施先生賣掉了CBS，不再參與其管理。

正式“退休”

2006年，在連續(xù)主持了38年之后，華萊士從《60分鐘》退了下來，那時他已88歲。幾個月后，他又回到這個節(jié)目，對伊朗總統(tǒng)馬哈茂德·艾哈邁迪-內(nèi)賈德進行了專訪。

因為這次專訪，他第21次捧回了艾美獎。

他一直沒有放下工作。2008年，在他心臟搭橋手術(shù)前僅幾周的時間里，他還采訪了棒球明星羅杰·克萊門斯，其時人們對克萊門斯先生的指責滿天飛，說他使用了提升成績的藥物。CBS說，這是華萊士最后一次在電視上露面。

邁倫·里昂·華萊士于1918年5月9日生于馬薩諸塞州布魯克萊恩市，是弗萊頓和吉娜·沃里克四個孩子中的一個。他的父母在20世紀行將到來時從俄羅斯的一個猶太人小村莊來到了美國。

邁倫以B-的成績畢業(yè)于布魯克萊恩中學(xué)，后來通過努力考上了密歇根大學(xué)，于1939年畢業(yè)。

他幾乎是大學(xué)一畢業(yè)就立刻去了無線電臺，在密歇根州大急流市一家呼號為“WOOD-WASH”的電臺工作，每周20美元的薪水。后來他又去了底特律和芝加哥的一些電臺，在《孤獨游俠》之類的節(jié)目中充當解說員和演員，獲得了“邁克”這個播音藝名。

1943年，他加入了海軍，在太平洋戰(zhàn)區(qū)服役，后來到五大湖區(qū)海軍訓(xùn)練站負責電臺娛樂，中尉軍銜。

在經(jīng)歷了三次失敗的婚姻后，華萊士終于找到了自己的終身伴侶瑪麗·葉慈——他最好的朋友以及《晚間節(jié)奏》的制作人泰德·葉慈的遺孀。他們于1986年結(jié)婚。華萊士說，在他們結(jié)婚之前，就在他快要自殺的時候，葉慈女士拯救了他的生命，而此后，他們的婚姻又挽救了他的生活。

他還說，他從小就知道自己要從事廣播電視事業(yè)。他覺得那是命運對他的召喚。他說他希望人們會這樣問：“邁倫·華萊士？這個家伙是誰？”

1.CBS：哥倫比亞廣播公司(Columbia Broadcasting System)，成立于1927年，為美國三大商業(yè)廣播電視公司之一。

2.presence [?prez(?)ns] n. (演員的)表演風度；(尤指演員等舞臺風度的)瀟灑，灑脫

3.con artist：[俚]騙子，以花言巧語騙人的人

4.paragon [?p?r?ɡ?n] n. 典型，模范

5.grill [ɡr?l] vt. 拷問，無休止地盤問

6.sadism [?se?d?z(?)m] n. [心]施虐的快感；施虐欲

7.hurl [h??(r)l] vt. 用力投擲，扔

8.perjury [?p??(r)d??ri] n. 偽誓，偽證

9.right-hand man：得力助手

10.Watergate affair：水門事件，美國歷史上的政治丑聞之一。1972年6月17日，共和黨競選連任委員會派人潛入水門大廈民主黨總部安裝竊聽器。此事暴露后，尼克松總統(tǒng)辭職。

11.tax return：納稅申報單

12.retaliation [r??t?li?e??(?)n] n. 報復(fù)，報仇

13.rivet [?r?v?t] vt. 吸引住(注意力等)

14.ayatollah [?a???t?l?] n. [伊斯蘭教]阿亞圖拉(對伊朗等國伊斯蘭教什葉派宗教領(lǐng)袖和法學(xué)權(quán)威的尊稱)

15.Imam：伊瑪目，原指阿拉伯語中的“領(lǐng)袖”。在伊斯蘭教創(chuàng)立的最初幾個世紀，伊瑪目一詞用以稱呼遜尼派及什葉派的伊斯蘭帝國領(lǐng)袖。

16.blanch [blɑ?nt?] vi. 發(fā)白或變蒼白

17.heretic [?her?t?k] n. 異教徒，異端者

18.garrote [ɡ??r?t] n. 絞死；絞刑

19.warts and all：不掩蓋任何瑕疵；包括缺點在內(nèi)

20.close-up：特寫鏡頭

21.D.A.：地區(qū)檢察官(District Attorney)

22.Gotham City：哥譚市，紐約市的別名

23.ABC：美國廣播公司(American Broadcasting Company)，美國三大傳統(tǒng)廣播電視公司之一，成立于1943年。

24.Torquemada：托克馬達，巴塞羅那宗教裁判所地牢里的大審判官

25.set one’s sights on：把……定為奮斗目標，極其渴望獲得(或達到)

26.Harry Reasoner：哈里·里森納(1923～1991)，美國廣播公司和哥倫比亞廣播公司新聞工作者，《60分鐘》節(jié)目的創(chuàng)辦者之一

27.folksy [?f??ksi] adj. 親切的，和藹可親的

28.muckrake [?m?k?re?k] vt. 揭發(fā)

29.libel [?la?b(?)l] n. 誹謗

30.order of battle：戰(zhàn)斗序列(一個武裝部隊的標志、指揮系統(tǒng)、實力、人員、裝備及部門的配置)

31.C.I.A.：中央情報局(Central Intelligence Agency)，美國最大的情報機構(gòu)

32.stewardship [?stju??(r)d??p] n. 管理工作，代管工作

33.Emmy：艾美獎，美國電視界的最高獎項，分為美國艾美獎和國際艾美獎。

34.shtetl [?tetl] n. (尤指第二次世界大戰(zhàn)前東歐的)猶太人小村(或小鎮(zhèn))

35.tour of duty：任期，服役期