鮑志成
金秋時(shí)節(jié)的10月14日晚,在杭州的浙江省人民大會(huì)堂里,一場(chǎng)舞蹈盛宴華美登場(chǎng)!作為浙江省委宣傳部、省文化廳“慶祝黨的十八大召開(kāi)優(yōu)秀劇目展演”系列節(jié)目中唯一的舞蹈專場(chǎng),由青年舞蹈家、浙江歌舞劇院有限公司舞蹈團(tuán)團(tuán)長(zhǎng)劉福洋領(lǐng)銜主演的原創(chuàng)舞蹈專場(chǎng)《生命·舞跡》正在傾情上演。
演出獲得巨大成功,觀眾反響非常熱烈。舞蹈界的專家更是好評(píng)如潮!
事實(shí)上,改制以來(lái)的浙江各大文藝院團(tuán)像這樣在藝術(shù)與市場(chǎng)取得雙贏的精品力作還有不少,如浙歌的《李叔同》,浙江話劇團(tuán)的《誰(shuí)主沉浮》,浙江曲雜團(tuán)的《美猴王》等,都可圈可點(diǎn)。跑基層、走市場(chǎng),海外商演,如火如荼,改革促使藝術(shù)生產(chǎn)力展現(xiàn)旺盛活力,一片勃勃生機(jī)。
試點(diǎn)改革:激活內(nèi)部機(jī)制
2003年,浙江被中央確定為全國(guó)文化體制改革綜合試點(diǎn)省之一,省里成立省文化體制改革綜合試點(diǎn)工作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組辦公室,出臺(tái)支持省級(jí)國(guó)有文化單位改革試點(diǎn)和文化產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的若干政策意見(jiàn),在杭州開(kāi)辦文化體制改革試點(diǎn)配套政策培訓(xùn)班,在寧波召開(kāi)全省文化體制改革試點(diǎn)工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)交流會(huì),承辦全國(guó)文化體制改革試點(diǎn)工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)交流會(huì),一系列強(qiáng)有力的舉措,推啟省屬文藝院團(tuán)的改革大門。
浙江歌舞劇院設(shè)置了演出獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)工資,與演職員對(duì)劇院藝術(shù)生產(chǎn)和演出的貢獻(xiàn)緊密掛鉤,多勞多得、能者多得。演職員工資報(bào)酬一分為二,固定工資即演職員的聘任工資,活工資即演出補(bǔ)貼、年底一次性獎(jiǎng)金和年底一次性發(fā)放的演出獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)金。劇院著眼國(guó)際商業(yè)性演出,重組民樂(lè)團(tuán),精干高效。劇目創(chuàng)編采取項(xiàng)目制,制作人總負(fù)責(zé),嚴(yán)格預(yù)算,超出自籌,探索藝術(shù)生產(chǎn)新機(jī)制。
浙江曲藝雜技總團(tuán)下有三個(gè)分團(tuán),改革前職工工資基本靠政府撥款和演出補(bǔ)貼;試點(diǎn)改制后,演出收入的分配作了較大調(diào)整,演員工資足額發(fā)給,演出收入20%上交總團(tuán),80%用作差旅費(fèi)、住宿費(fèi)、化妝費(fèi)和勞務(wù)費(fèi)?;鼊F(tuán)原按100%發(fā)放工資,但演出收入全部歸總團(tuán),由總團(tuán)承擔(dān)演出中的所有開(kāi)支,演員勞務(wù)費(fèi)由總團(tuán)根據(jù)收入情況制定每場(chǎng)演出的演員勞務(wù)費(fèi);改革后演員工資由總團(tuán)足額發(fā)放,演出收入除去演出開(kāi)支后40%上交總團(tuán),60%用作演員勞務(wù)費(fèi)。雜技團(tuán)也由原來(lái)的由總團(tuán)分配調(diào)整為工資足額發(fā)放,演出收入扣除演出開(kāi)支后余額部分的70%上交總團(tuán),30%用作演員勞務(wù)費(fèi)。經(jīng)過(guò)內(nèi)部微調(diào),激活演員積極性,2006年曲藝雜技總團(tuán)演出1900多場(chǎng),其中國(guó)外演出429場(chǎng),在國(guó)內(nèi)外各個(gè)門類比賽中取得獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)50多項(xiàng),并第一次從世界魔術(shù)大會(huì)上捧回了金杯。
浙江話劇團(tuán)、浙江京劇團(tuán)等的試點(diǎn)改革也進(jìn)行了大膽嘗試,引進(jìn)企業(yè)化管理理念和機(jī)制,激活內(nèi)部藝術(shù)能量。藝術(shù)創(chuàng)新和營(yíng)銷推廣兩手抓,以市場(chǎng)為導(dǎo)向,以藝術(shù)規(guī)律為準(zhǔn)則,打破常規(guī),將鮮明的市場(chǎng)理念貫穿于策劃創(chuàng)意、創(chuàng)作排演、宣傳推廣等各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),根據(jù)市場(chǎng)的實(shí)際和觀眾的需求來(lái)選擇題材、定位風(fēng)格、變化版本、開(kāi)展?fàn)I銷,將新穎的現(xiàn)代舞臺(tái)形式與傳統(tǒng)表演藝術(shù)進(jìn)行嫁接,吸引了眾多的年輕觀眾。浙話兒童劇《孔雀翎》上演400多場(chǎng);浙京新創(chuàng)劇目《紅拂》《寶蓮燈》演出雙超百場(chǎng)、收入雙超百萬(wàn),青春京劇《網(wǎng)絡(luò)戀曲》、大型綜藝京劇晚會(huì)“京韻”多次進(jìn)入校園巡演,現(xiàn)代京劇《告別迷茫》在校園、監(jiān)獄、社區(qū)連演12場(chǎng),廣受歡迎。
調(diào)整內(nèi)部管理、分配機(jī)制,調(diào)動(dòng)演職員積極性,激活藝術(shù)生產(chǎn)力,第一波試點(diǎn)改革取得良好開(kāi)局,為深化改革打下了良好的思想基礎(chǔ)、實(shí)踐基礎(chǔ)和工作基礎(chǔ)。但是,很顯然,試點(diǎn)改革觸及的只是文藝院團(tuán)的皮毛。
深化改革:創(chuàng)新體制機(jī)制
文化體制改革是經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革縱深發(fā)展的必然要求。
2006年6月,全省文化體制改革工作會(huì)議強(qiáng)調(diào),要積極推進(jìn)國(guó)有文化事業(yè)單位轉(zhuǎn)企改制,逐步深化藝術(shù)院團(tuán)改革。2007年7月,全國(guó)文藝演出院團(tuán)改革創(chuàng)新經(jīng)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)交流會(huì)明確提出,要進(jìn)一步深化文藝演出院團(tuán)體制改革,創(chuàng)新文化體制機(jī)制,塑造新型市場(chǎng)主體。
省里確定深化省屬文藝院團(tuán)改革的三大原則:“分類指導(dǎo)、一團(tuán)一策”,“大膽創(chuàng)新、注重實(shí)效”,“一視同仁、大力扶持”。在三大原則指導(dǎo)下,進(jìn)一步提出三點(diǎn)具體要求:一是體制創(chuàng)新,打造新型市場(chǎng)主體;二是機(jī)制創(chuàng)新,形成企業(yè)化的運(yùn)作方式;三是提高藝術(shù)創(chuàng)新能力,不斷地可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
于是,省屬文藝院團(tuán)內(nèi)部又掀起了一波以創(chuàng)新體制機(jī)制為核心的改革浪潮。小百花、越劇團(tuán)、京昆劇團(tuán)等傳承傳統(tǒng)戲劇的院團(tuán)繼續(xù)實(shí)行事業(yè)體制,鼓勵(lì)探索藝術(shù)創(chuàng)新,編創(chuàng)了一批新劇目精品,如小百花的新版越劇《梁?!?、浙越的草根越劇《九斤姑娘》、浙昆的《公孫子都》、浙京的《藏羚羊》等,都屢獲國(guó)家大獎(jiǎng)。對(duì)政府重點(diǎn)扶持以外的一般院團(tuán),逐步從事業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)制為企業(yè),重新整合資源,以優(yōu)秀表演藝術(shù)家為核心,為他們營(yíng)造演出的生存與發(fā)展的環(huán)境。
事業(yè)單位企業(yè)化管理,院團(tuán)演戲政府買單,精品劇目財(cái)政補(bǔ)貼、政府獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),組織演出小分隊(duì),轉(zhuǎn)制下海闖蕩市場(chǎng),各地各種舉措紛紛出臺(tái),創(chuàng)作熱情提高,演出場(chǎng)次增加,票房收入和職工收入實(shí)現(xiàn)雙增長(zhǎng),改革讓大家初嘗甜蜜的味道。
浙江歌舞劇院一直是省內(nèi)票房老大,2009年演出票房收入占所有院團(tuán)總票房的50%。劇院里的頭號(hào)牌子“浙江民樂(lè)”連續(xù)兩年春節(jié)出訪歐洲,成功開(kāi)拓了國(guó)外市場(chǎng)。成名之后,民樂(lè)團(tuán)出場(chǎng)費(fèi)水漲船高,以前商演只有幾千元一場(chǎng),現(xiàn)在起點(diǎn)就是四五萬(wàn);隨之票房收入也大幅提高,在蘇州接了三臺(tái)大型晚會(huì)演出,就有300萬(wàn)進(jìn)賬。
浙江話劇團(tuán)在話劇低潮中尋找生機(jī),別出蹊徑成立了浙江兒童藝術(shù)劇團(tuán),先后排演20多出優(yōu)秀兒童劇和課本劇,從科幻兒童劇《明天飛》《宇宙蛋》,到木偶劇《老豬和小豬》《美不美》,再到音樂(lè)童話劇《白雪公主》《阿拉丁和神燈》,平均每年演出400多場(chǎng),接待小觀眾達(dá)500多萬(wàn)人次,演員的人均收入在省屬院團(tuán)排名第二。
浙江曲藝雜技總團(tuán)在演出市場(chǎng)有不俗表現(xiàn),年輕魔術(shù)師戴濱淳的魔術(shù)表演十分紅火,驚險(xiǎn)版雜技《杭州故事》上座率高達(dá)八成,大型魔幻劇《美猴王》在北京保利劇院走紅一時(shí),長(zhǎng)演不衰……在省屬八個(gè)院團(tuán)中,該團(tuán)員工人均收入居第一。激勵(lì)之下,精品迭出,《天臺(tái)功夫—頭頂技巧》《良渚玉鳥—皮條》雙雙獲得第17屆法國(guó)瑪希國(guó)際雜技節(jié)金獎(jiǎng)和最高獎(jiǎng)“法蘭西共和國(guó)總統(tǒng)獎(jiǎng)”,名震海外。
縱深改革:徹底改制轉(zhuǎn)企
2009年以來(lái),全國(guó)文化體制改革全面提速,浙江文化體制改革進(jìn)一步向縱深加快推進(jìn)。2009年5月,省委提出將深化文化體制改革作為繼續(xù)深化改革的六個(gè)重點(diǎn)之一,全面部署在2010年基本完成我省文化體制改革任務(wù)。2010年3月,省政府制定下發(fā)了《浙江省經(jīng)營(yíng)性文化單位轉(zhuǎn)企改制任務(wù)分解表》,明確改革的任務(wù)、要求和進(jìn)度,為文化體制改革明確了“時(shí)間表”和“路線圖”。
2010年5月4日上午,浙江曲藝雜技總團(tuán)、浙江歌舞劇院、浙江話劇團(tuán)三家省屬文藝院團(tuán)率先改制轉(zhuǎn)企,掛上“有限公司”的牌子,邁出了關(guān)鍵的決勝一步!
剛掛上企業(yè)牌子,曲雜總團(tuán)公司就把目光投向上?!笆啦?huì)”,該團(tuán)的拿手好戲《美猴王》從2010年5月18日起在上海宛平劇院駐場(chǎng)演出5個(gè)多月,形成了規(guī)模效應(yīng),是走市場(chǎng)的制勝之寶。2010年9月,他們承辦第二屆中國(guó)(寧波)國(guó)際港口文化節(jié)開(kāi)幕演出,歌舞、小品、快板一起上,廣受群眾好評(píng)。該公司滑稽劇團(tuán)的大型滑稽戲《究竟誰(shuí)是爹》在寧波北侖區(qū)連演六場(chǎng),觀眾深受感動(dòng)。他們還組織出訪演出,傳播中華文化藝術(shù)。2011年春節(jié)期間,該公司組團(tuán)赴孟加拉國(guó)、印度、尼泊爾南亞三國(guó)進(jìn)行“歡樂(lè)春節(jié)”巡回演出,傾倒了無(wú)數(shù)外國(guó)觀眾。
浙江話劇團(tuán)有限公司及時(shí)把握熱點(diǎn),探索主旋律作品創(chuàng)作模式,接連推出了幾部重量級(jí)的主旋律作品,如《生命如歌》《雷鋒》《誰(shuí)主沉浮》等。除主旋律作品外,該公司確立都市情感劇、兒童劇為創(chuàng)作主攻方向,先后創(chuàng)作排演了《幸?!OM》《畫皮》《只愛(ài)你一天》《輕度深愛(ài)》《曖昧不起》《替身情人》和《小豬快跑》《小蝌蚪找媽媽》《琪琪的紅舞鞋》及《奇妙的穿越》等。該公司把市場(chǎng)作為第一舞臺(tái),立足浙話藝術(shù)劇院(劇場(chǎng)),打造童話狂歡節(jié)和新春話劇演出季,加盟中青院線,周末駐場(chǎng)演出,形成了“看話劇去湖墅南路”的市場(chǎng)效應(yīng);浙話、浙江兒藝、藝術(shù)劇院三個(gè)網(wǎng)站重新改版,同時(shí)借助新浪微博進(jìn)行宣傳;拓展演出項(xiàng)目,進(jìn)軍慶典演出等各種綜合性活動(dòng)。
浙江歌舞劇院有限公司堅(jiān)定走人才發(fā)展之路。2011年,該公司引進(jìn)了被譽(yù)為“中國(guó)舞劇男一號(hào)”的舞蹈演員劉福洋,使舞蹈團(tuán)的面貌煥然一新,摘得文化部第九屆全國(guó)舞蹈比賽最高榮譽(yù)“評(píng)委會(huì)特別大獎(jiǎng)”和第八屆中國(guó)舞蹈“荷花獎(jiǎng)”民族民間舞大賽表演金獎(jiǎng)第一名,刷新了紀(jì)錄,填補(bǔ)了空白。
2012年10月29日至11月2日,文化部全國(guó)文化系統(tǒng)國(guó)有文藝院團(tuán)體制改革復(fù)查驗(yàn)收(調(diào)研)工作組來(lái)浙江檢查指導(dǎo)工作,聽(tīng)取匯報(bào),實(shí)地走訪,認(rèn)為浙江省國(guó)有文藝院團(tuán)體制改革完成了階段性任務(wù),取得了階段性成果,進(jìn)一步解放和發(fā)展了藝術(shù)生產(chǎn)力。
九年跨越三大步,至此,浙江省屬文藝院團(tuán)走上了全新的發(fā)展之路,而市縣專業(yè)文藝院團(tuán)的改制也已全面鋪開(kāi),指日可成?!?/p>
(本文照片由作者提供)
System Restructuring Brings Vigor to Zhejiang Troupes
By Bao Zhicheng
In 2003, Zhejiang was designated as a pilot in a nationwide project for restructuring the cultural system. To ensure success, the provincial government set up a leadership office, launched a raft of preferential policies, formulated a range of measures, and held a training course to help the troupes turn to market.
Zhejiang has eight provincial-level troupes. At the beginning of the restructuring drive, the first step was to change the salary system to motivate the troupes to test what would be ahead in the market.
No longer completely dependent upon government funds, the troupes turned to market for revenues. Zhejiang Singing and Dancing Ensemble, for example, now operates a salary system that pays artists according to what they do in performances. The best artists get more pays. The more they appear in performance, the more payment they receive. To cater to the international performance market, the troupe reorganized the folk music orchestra to make it “l(fā)ean and mean”, fit for international performance and flourishing on the overseas market. The orchestra was made responsible for its profit and loss with project managers taking care of shows and the producer taking care of budgets. Nowadays, the orchestra is a big profit maker. The ensemble makes 50% of the total income of all the troupes in the province and the folk music orchestra is a big money maker of the ensemble. For two consecutive years, the folk music orchestra mounted shows in Europe during the Spring Festival, successfully opening up overseas market. Nowadays, the appearance money for the orchestra has risen from a few thousands to 50,000 per show. Recently the band had a 3-million contract for three performances in Suzhou, a city north of Hangzhou.
Zhejiang General Troupe for Folk Stage Arts & Acrobatics greatly adjusted its payment system after the restructuring. Before the restructuring, artists got paid out of the government funds. With the restructured arrangements in place, artists now receive flexible payments according to their individual contributions. Nowadays, artists make more because they stage more and better shows and these shows are staged more times. In 2006, the general troupe staged more 1,900 performances at home and abroad and brought back 50 plus awards at domestic and international competitions, including a gold cup at a FISM World Championships of Magic.
In 2006, the restructuring of the cultural system in Zhejiang took a further step. This time, the province decided to treat the eight major troupes differently due to the complicated circumstances of these troupes. The province launched three guidelines for the further restructuring. Under the new policies, Zhejiang 100 Little Flowers Yueju Opera Troupe, Zhejiang Yueju Opera Troupe, Zhejiang Peking Opera Troupe, Zhejiang Kunqu Opera Troupe, and Zhejiang Philharmonics remain as government-sponsored cultural institutions. The three remaining troupes would take steps to shed off the identity of government-sponsored institutions forever and become businesses. In order to complete the restructuring, resources were reorganized with masters as the cores of these new art organizations.
For these government-funded troupes, they are managed like businesses. They stage shows and the government buys their performances. Government subsidies the best shows and encourages the troupes to stage more shows so that artists can get better paid. For the troupes that no longer received government funds, they gradually reorganized their resources and developed shows that cater to markets. Zhejiang Drama Troupe set up a childrens drama troupe to tap into the childrens market in Hangzhou. Nowadays, the troupe stages 400 shows a year and caters to more than 5 million young theatergoers.
Zhejiang General Troupes for Folk Stage Arts & Acrobatics fared well in the market. Their shows were successful on the market and won two gold medals at the 17th Massy International Circus Festival and President Award in 2009. Of all the artists of the eight troupes at the provincial level, those at the general troupe are best paid as their shows are best on market.
In 2009, the provincial government stepped up efforts to restructure the troupes. The government planned to complete the restructuring in 2010. In March 2010, the provincial government issued a timeline and a roadmap for restructuring.
On May 4, 2010, Zhejiang General Troupes for Folk Stage Arts & Acrobatics, Zhejiang Singing and Dancing Ensemble and Zhejiang Drama Troupe took the decisive step and incorporated themselves into businesses. Since 2010, the other five troupes have remained under the wing of the provincial government.
From October 29 to November 2, 2012, a group of experts and officials from the Ministry of Culture came to Zhejiang to inspect how the cultural system restructuring was going on. The work panel heard reports and visited troupes. The officials and scholars concluded that the province did a good job in restructuring.
The three-step nine-year restructuring concluded at the provincial level successfully by the end of 2012. The restructuring program for troupes at municipal and county level across the province is now in full swing.