溫紹艷, 王 欣, 曹旭晨
前哨淋巴結(jié)(sentinel lymph node, SLN)是原發(fā)腫瘤淋巴引流的第一個(gè)站,是發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移必經(jīng)的第一站淋巴結(jié)。1992年,Morton等[1]證明了在黑色素瘤患者術(shù)中應(yīng)用淋巴造影尋找SLN具有較高的準(zhǔn)確性。Kraq等[2]首先將SLNB引入乳腺癌的外科治療,因其創(chuàng)傷小、并發(fā)癥少而引起人們廣泛關(guān)注,之后Albertini等[3]將生物染料法聯(lián)合放射性核素示蹤法應(yīng)用于乳腺癌SLNB,獲得檢出率92%、準(zhǔn)確率100%的結(jié)果,且無(wú)假陰性。近十年來許多研究已經(jīng)證實(shí)了SLNB能準(zhǔn)確反映腋窩淋巴結(jié)狀態(tài),并已確定了SLNB在早期乳腺癌中應(yīng)用的最佳方法[4]。目前,對(duì)早期乳腺癌患者手術(shù)中以SLNB取代腋窩淋巴結(jié)切除術(shù)(axillary lymph node dissection,ALND)已經(jīng)成為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的治療模式。
另一方面,新輔助化療(neoadjuvant chemotherapy,NAC)也越來越多的應(yīng)用于乳腺癌的治療。首先NAC提高了乳腺癌患者行保乳手術(shù)的可能性;其次NAC是活體的藥敏試驗(yàn),以便選擇敏感的化療方案[5]。近年來,SLNB的適應(yīng)證逐步擴(kuò)大,之前有認(rèn)為NAC是SLNB的禁忌證,但也有許多研究[6-12]報(bào)道在NAC前后行SLNB可獲得較高的準(zhǔn)確性。本文圍繞NAC前后行SLNB的可行性以及SLNB的最佳時(shí)機(jī)進(jìn)行綜述。
NAC前行SLNB的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是可以對(duì)化療前ALN狀態(tài)提供準(zhǔn)確的評(píng)估,有助于制定新輔助化療方案和決定是否進(jìn)行術(shù)后局部放射治療。關(guān)于NAC前行SLNB的報(bào)道較少[7-8,13]。NAC前SLNB一般適用于原發(fā)腫瘤較大但臨床診斷無(wú)ALN轉(zhuǎn)移的乳腺癌患者。由于(1)NAC可導(dǎo)致淋巴管阻塞或纖維化從而改變淋巴引流路徑,因此會(huì)影響SLNB的準(zhǔn)確性;(2)患者在接受NAC后ALN轉(zhuǎn)移灶可能會(huì)被清除,可能增加SLNB的假陰性率。但有兩項(xiàng)研究[14-15]表明,SLNB可在NAC前為腫瘤較大的乳腺癌患者提供準(zhǔn)確的ALN評(píng)估。熟練的操作和豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)可使NAC前SLNB檢出率達(dá)到100%[7-8,12]。
NAC后的腋窩淋巴結(jié)狀態(tài)具有非常重要的評(píng)估價(jià)值[16]。許多研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),NAC后腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)陰的乳腺癌患者相較未轉(zhuǎn)陰的患者具有更長(zhǎng)的總生存期和無(wú)病生存期[17]。因此為了提高生存率,在決定術(shù)后輔助治療方案時(shí)NAC后腋窩淋巴結(jié)的狀態(tài)勢(shì)必成為重要的考慮因素。但考慮到化療有可能會(huì)破壞并改變腫瘤的淋巴引流路徑,在NAC后應(yīng)用SLNB來預(yù)測(cè)腋窩淋巴結(jié)狀態(tài)仍不被推薦[18]。
目前,許多研究已經(jīng)證明了乳腺癌患者接受NAC后行SLNB具有很高的可行性和準(zhǔn)確性[6,9-10]。運(yùn)用乳暈旁注射染料的方法,約94%的患者可成功獲取SLN,假陰性率為12.1%[19]。有3個(gè)meta分析對(duì)NAC后行SLNB進(jìn)行了研究,涉及數(shù)千例乳腺癌患者。其中兩個(gè)meta分析[11-20]的結(jié)果支持在NAC后行SLNB,因其具有與未行NAC組結(jié)果一致的高檢出率和低假陰性率。然而,另一個(gè)meta分析[21]得出的結(jié)果是NAC后行SLNB的假陰性率是10.5%,而未行NAC組的假陰性率為5%,因此不推薦將NAC后行SLNB作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方案。在這些meta分析中,對(duì)假陰性率的解釋存在差異。早先一些小樣本量的研究報(bào)道過NAC后行SLNB具有較高的假陰性率,然而目前更多的研究結(jié)果顯示不存在假陰性率。因?yàn)閷?duì)于臨床診斷為淋巴結(jié)陰性的NAC后乳腺癌患者,醫(yī)生在對(duì)其行SLNB時(shí)需要具有豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)才能得到較高的成功率和較低的假陰性率。Hunt等[9]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SLN 的檢出率與術(shù)者經(jīng)驗(yàn)密切相關(guān)。如將此因素考慮在內(nèi),前面3個(gè)meta分析的結(jié)論是可以接受的,因?yàn)樵诖蠖鄶?shù)的研究中術(shù)者的經(jīng)驗(yàn)都相對(duì)較少。在另一項(xiàng)[22]針對(duì)早期乳腺癌患者的meta分析中顯示:SLN的檢出率為96%,假陰性率為7.3%,這與前面提到的meta分析結(jié)果一致。另外,臨床診斷為腋窩淋巴結(jié)陽(yáng)性的患者在接受NAC后,其SLNB假陰性率相比腋窩淋巴結(jié)陰性患者的SLNB假陰性率高,但無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異[6, 10, 19]。
在NAC后行SLNB的優(yōu)勢(shì)之一是可以避免不必要的腋窩淋巴結(jié)清掃。有報(bào)道稱有20%~40%的乳腺癌患者在接受NAC后其ALN會(huì)發(fā)生降期[23],但降期的患者SLNB假陰性率較高(16.7%)[24]。推測(cè)可能的原因是NAC后淋巴結(jié)發(fā)生降期的同時(shí)腫瘤也會(huì)因?qū)煹姆磻?yīng)而縮小,使得腫瘤的淋巴引流路徑遭到破壞或改變。此外,如果NAC僅清除了SLN的轉(zhuǎn)移灶,而未清除其他淋巴結(jié)中的腫瘤細(xì)胞,則會(huì)導(dǎo)致假陰性的發(fā)生。如果這一問題不能得到解決,前哨淋巴結(jié)活檢很難常規(guī)應(yīng)用于新輔助化療后的患者。此外,SLNB假陰性會(huì)導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤的淋巴結(jié)分期,以及術(shù)后化療方案的不當(dāng)選擇。而多數(shù)針對(duì)NAC后SLNB的研究均施行了ALND,故還需針對(duì)NAC后SLN陰性卻未行ALND的病例進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的研究。
對(duì)于NAC前SLN陽(yáng)性的患者在乳腺癌手術(shù)中必須行ALND,即便是NAC已經(jīng)消除了ALN中的腫瘤細(xì)胞。Khan等[25]報(bào)道了NAC前SLNB陽(yáng)性的患者二次前哨淋巴結(jié)活檢情況,研究顯示二次活檢的檢出率為97%,假陰性率為4.5%。Newman等[26]對(duì)53例NAC前細(xì)針活檢或SLNB為陽(yáng)性的患者,在其NAC后再次行SLNB,結(jié)果有 17例(32%)無(wú)病灶殘留,二次SLNB的檢出率和假陰性率分別為98%和8%,與未行NAC患者的檢出率和假陰性率一致。ALN轉(zhuǎn)陰的患者其SLNB的準(zhǔn)確性非常重要。如果假陰性率可以接受,即便NAC前淋巴結(jié)陽(yáng)性的患者也可以不行ALND。然而如前所述,這部分患者的假陰性率卻相對(duì)較高。另一方面,目前的研究顯示NAC達(dá)到CR的患者其SLNB無(wú)假陰性。原因可能為這些患者的腋窩轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)和前哨淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移灶亦對(duì)NAC高度敏感,故極少產(chǎn)生假陰性。近三分之一的SLN陽(yáng)性患者在二次SLNB中為淋巴結(jié)陰性,可避免ALND[25]。雖然二次SLNB彌補(bǔ)了NAC前行SLNB的不足,但是首次SLNB后的淋巴引流改變以及NAC帶來的淋巴引流路徑改變都會(huì)影響二次SLNB的準(zhǔn)確性。
雖然此前絕大多數(shù)研究中對(duì)NAC后SLNB的患者均行腋窩淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù),但是將有越來越多接受NAC的乳腺癌患者通過SLNB結(jié)果來決定是否需要行腋窩淋巴結(jié)清掃。因此術(shù)中SLN情況的判定將變得更加重要,如術(shù)中SLN陽(yáng)性,患者可直接進(jìn)行ALND。
目前關(guān)于乳腺癌NAC后前哨淋巴結(jié)活檢術(shù)中冰凍(frozen-section,F(xiàn)S)病理檢查的研究較少[27-28]。盡管NAC會(huì)導(dǎo)致淋巴結(jié)或轉(zhuǎn)移灶的組織學(xué)改變(如纖維化、脂肪壞死、組織細(xì)胞蓄積、肉芽組織形成),但是與未接受NAC的乳腺癌患者在SLNB中行FS的結(jié)果相比,基本一致。比如Shimazu等[27]比較了接受NAC和未接受NAC乳腺癌患者術(shù)中的FS病理結(jié)果,發(fā)現(xiàn)NAC組SLN冰凍病理檢查的敏感性、特異性和準(zhǔn)確性分別為74%、100%和88%,而非NAC組分別為71%、99%、90%,結(jié)果接近。Rubio等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn),NAC組的FS病理敏感區(qū)間在78.5%(微轉(zhuǎn)移或單個(gè)腫瘤細(xì)胞)到100%(大體轉(zhuǎn)移)之間,與非NAC組的結(jié)果無(wú)差異。因此我們認(rèn)為,無(wú)論是否行NAC,術(shù)中SLN的FS病理結(jié)果都十分準(zhǔn)確,藉此可使接受NAC的乳腺癌患者避免再次手術(shù)帶來的痛苦。
SLNB對(duì)早期乳腺癌患者ALN分期的提示有突出優(yōu)勢(shì),已經(jīng)成為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的治療方式。如果前哨淋巴結(jié)陰性則可避免ALND及其帶來的術(shù)后并發(fā)癥。SLNB的另一個(gè)優(yōu)勢(shì)在于讓病理醫(yī)生專注于小標(biāo)本,給出詳細(xì)的ALN狀況的病理報(bào)告。SLNB并非只用于ALN分期,也能使患者避免過度手術(shù)。SLNB也為接受NAC的患者帶來同樣的益處。然而此前多數(shù)的研究都未放棄ALND,尤其是NAC后的患者。在SLNB成為NAC的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療前,尚需大量關(guān)于前哨淋巴結(jié)陰性且未行ALND患者的長(zhǎng)期研究。
NAC乳腺癌患者行SLNB的最佳時(shí)間仍存在爭(zhēng)議,檢出率是一個(gè)重要的影響因素。Jones 等[29]發(fā)現(xiàn)NAC前行SLNB的檢出率為100%,而NAC后行SLNB的檢出率為81%,最可能的一個(gè)原因就是化療導(dǎo)致腫瘤區(qū)域淋巴引流通路的改變。假陰性率是影響最佳時(shí)機(jī)選擇的另一個(gè)重要因素,因其可以導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤的淋巴結(jié)分期并導(dǎo)致治療不足。然而,在NAC前行SLNB患者中假陰性率的提法并不恰當(dāng),因?yàn)锳LND在NAC之后進(jìn)行,化療可能改變ALN的狀態(tài)。因此,NAC前后SLNB假陰性率的比較結(jié)果并不能說明問題。此外,第11屆St.Gallen專家研討會(huì)上一致認(rèn)為應(yīng)在NAC后行SLNB[30]。
綜上所述,大量研究和meta分析證明了NAC后行SLNB具有較高的可行性和準(zhǔn)確性。但為明確這一結(jié)論仍需進(jìn)一步對(duì)NAC后SLNB陰性且未行ALNB的患者進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)期隨訪研究。雖然幾個(gè)研究都表明在NAC后行二次SLNB更有保證,但終因樣本量少,說服力不足,尚需進(jìn)行大樣本量的臨床試驗(yàn)和研究。
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