院士風(fēng)采

院士風(fēng)采

馮德培1907.02.20～1995.04.10

神經(jīng)生理學(xué)家。中國科學(xué)院上海生物研究所研究員、名譽(yù)所長。浙江臨海人。1926年畢業(yè)于上海復(fù)旦大學(xué)生物系，1927年～1929年在北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院生物系當(dāng)研究生。1933年在英國倫敦大學(xué)獲博士學(xué)位。馮德培發(fā)現(xiàn)靜息肌肉被拉長時(shí)產(chǎn)熱增加，這個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)被稱為“馮氏效應(yīng)”；在神經(jīng)肌肉接頭生理學(xué)方面，他早在1936年～1941年間就進(jìn)行了大量的開創(chuàng)性研究，成為國際公認(rèn)的這一領(lǐng)域的先驅(qū)者。在神經(jīng)肌肉間營養(yǎng)性關(guān)系方面，他帶領(lǐng)共同工作者發(fā)現(xiàn)了雞慢肌纖維去神經(jīng)后肥大的現(xiàn)象，并對(duì)闡明如何決定肌纖維類型的機(jī)制作出重要貢獻(xiàn)。晚年他帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生開展了中樞突觸可塑性的研究。

1955年被選聘為中國科學(xué)院院士（學(xué)部委員）。

Neurophysiologist.Born in Linhai, Zhejiang Province.Graduated from the Department of Biology, Fudan University in 1926 and finished postgraduate study from the Department of Physiology, Peking Union Medical College in 1929.Received Ph.D.from the University of London in 1933.Professor and honorary director, Shangai Institute of Physiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Feng discovered the increase of resting heat production of muscle on stretch (the “Feng effect”).In physiology of neuromuscular junction he made a number of seminal discoveries in the early 1930s and is an internationally recogniaed pioneer.In the field of nervemuscle trophic relations, together with his collaborators, he discovered the new phenomenon of post-denervation hypertrophy in slow muscle fibers of the chick and contributed to the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the nerual determination of the phenotypic characteristics of skeletal muscle fibers.He and his students are currently doing research on activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in hippocampus.

He became Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1955.

朱洗1900.10.14～1962.07.24

細(xì)胞學(xué)家。浙江臨海人。1925年進(jìn)入法國蒙彼利埃大學(xué)生物系學(xué)習(xí)，1931年獲法國國家博士學(xué)位。中國科學(xué)院實(shí)驗(yàn)生物研究所研究員、所長。長期從事兩棲類、魚類、家蠶等動(dòng)物卵子成熟、受精等研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)卵子成熟程度與胚胎的正常發(fā)育有密切關(guān)系；輸卵管產(chǎn)生的膠膜對(duì)受精有重要作用；創(chuàng)立了蟾蜍卵巢離體排卵的方法，為探討卵子成熟、受精和發(fā)育問題開辟了新途徑。1961年使人工雌性發(fā)育的雌蟾蜍與雄蟾蜍交配，繁殖出后代，證明了單性生殖的高等動(dòng)物仍保有傳代的能力；家蠶的混精雜交研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)了不同品種的逾數(shù)精子能影響子代的遺傳形狀。在應(yīng)用方面，與合作者解決了蓖麻蠶的引種、馴化、越冬以及品種培育等問題；應(yīng)用絨毛膜促性腺激素，成功地解決了鰱、鳙等池養(yǎng)家魚的人工催產(chǎn)以及魚卵孵化和魚苗培育等問題。

1955年被選聘為中國科學(xué)院院士（學(xué)部委員）。

Cytologist.Born in Linhai, Zhejiang Province.Studied at the Department of Biology, Montpellier University, France in 1925.Received French national doctor degree in 1931.Research professor and director, Institute of Experimental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Zhu was engaged in the studieds of maturation and fertilization of amphibian, fish and silkworm eggs and discovered that the normal development of an egg depends on its proper degree of maturation at the time of fertilization and that egg jelly produced by the oviduct is indispensable for fertilization.He devised a method of ovulation in vitro that provided a new way of analysis of maturation and fertilization of amphibian eggs.He further proved that the parthenogenetically developed female toad is fertile and capable of producing viable offspring.In hybrids obtained by successive mating of a female moth with males of different strains of silkworm, he discovered that some phenotypic characters of the descendants were derived from the superumerary sperms of other strains as a result of polyspermy.He and his colleagues introduced Eri-silkworm（Philosamia cynthia ricine）and solved problems of acclimatization, over-wintering and breeding.Using chorionic gonadotropin, he succeeded in the induced spawning of domestic fishes like silver carp and Aristichthys nobilis and worked out the procedures for the hatching of larvae and cultivation of fish fries.

He became Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1955.

伍獻(xiàn)文1900.03.15～1985.04.03

動(dòng)物學(xué)家。浙江瑞安人。1921年畢業(yè)于南京高等師范學(xué)校，1927年獲廈門大學(xué)理學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位。1932年獲法國巴黎大學(xué)科學(xué)博士學(xué)位。是中國科學(xué)院水生生物研究所研究員、名譽(yù)所長。是中國研究魚類學(xué)和水生生物學(xué)的奠基人之一。對(duì)蠕蟲、加殼、兩棲爬行、鳥類等動(dòng)物進(jìn)行了深入的研究，組織了渤海灣及山東半島的海洋生物調(diào)查，這是中國組織的海洋考察的開端；領(lǐng)導(dǎo)并參加了江蘇五里湖的調(diào)查工作。組織編寫了《中國鯉科魚類志》（上、下卷）?！鄂巵喣眶~類分科的系統(tǒng)及其科間系統(tǒng)發(fā)育的相互關(guān)系》提出了鯉亞目魚類的一個(gè)新的分類系統(tǒng)，其論點(diǎn)已被加拿大學(xué)者J.S.納爾遜引用與權(quán)威性著作《世界魚類》第二版。

1955年被選聘為中國科學(xué)院院士（學(xué)部委員）。

Zoologist.Born in Ruian, Zhejiang Province.Graduated from Nanjing Senior Normal School in 1921.Received B.Sc.From Xiamen Universyty in 1927, and Sc.D.From Paris University, France in 1932.Professor, director and honroary director, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

As one of the founders of Chinese ichthyology and aquatic biology, Wu conducted in-depth studies of many kinds of animals, including worms, crustaceans, amphibians, reptiles and birds.He organized the bilolgical survey of the Bohai Sea Gulf and Shandong Peninsula, which intiated the marine investigations in China.He organized the limnological investigation of the Wuli Lake in Jiangsu Province and the compilation of the two-volume book “Monograph of Chinese Cyprindae”.He proposed a new taxonomical system of the suborder Cyprinoidei, which was reflected in his paper “A Taxonomical System and Phylogenetic Relationship of the Families of the Suborder Cyprinoidei (Pisces)”.His argument was cited by Canadian scientist J.S.Nelson in the second edition of his authoritative book “Fishes of the World”.

He became Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1955.

劉承釗1900.09.25～1976.04.09

動(dòng)物學(xué)家。山東泰安人。1927年畢業(yè)于燕京大學(xué)生物學(xué)系，獲學(xué)士學(xué)位，1929年又獲理學(xué)碩士學(xué)位。1934年獲美國康乃爾大學(xué)哲學(xué)博士學(xué)位。四川醫(yī)學(xué)院教授、院長。曾先后在四川、云南、貴州、西藏、陜西、福建、廣東、廣西、湖南、湖北、新疆等14個(gè)省區(qū)調(diào)查采集了大量珍貴的標(biāo)本和資料；在兩棲動(dòng)物區(qū)系分類的基礎(chǔ)理論研究方面做出了成績，編寫了《華西兩棲類》(1950)及《中歐各國無尾兩棲類》專著，受到世界上同行的重視。先后發(fā)現(xiàn)了角蟾亞科7個(gè)屬40個(gè)種，定名新種和新亞種60余種，澄清了許多過去在分類上的問題；提出橫斷山脈是我國角蟾亞科分化中心的見解，為研究角蟾動(dòng)物的起源和演化提供了科學(xué)依據(jù)，為查明我國兩棲動(dòng)物的豐富資源作出了貢獻(xiàn)。

1955年被選聘為中國科學(xué)院院士（學(xué)部委員）。

Zoologist.Born in Taian, Shandong Province.Received BS in 1927 and MS in 1929 from the Department of Biology, Yanjing University and Ph.D.from Cornell University, USA in 1934.Professor and director, Sichuan Medical College.

Liu collected a vast amount of valuable specimens and data in 14 provinces such as Sichuan,Yunnan, Guizhou, Tibet, Shaansi, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Hubei and Xinjiang.He made contributions to the basic theoretical research on amphibia classification complied the book entitled “Amphibia in West China”which was praised highly by European and American scholars after publication in USA in 1950.He discovered 7 genera and 40 species of subphytaiidae, named over 60 new species and subspecies and clarified lots of classification problems.He proposed that Hengduan Mountain Chain is the distribution center of subphytaiidae in China, porvided scientific basis for studying the origin and evolutin of phytaiidae and made contributions to the clarfication of the rich resources of amphibia in China.

He became Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1955.