讓出小舞臺(tái)，收獲大精彩——謝弗勒“人類的潛能”理論與英語課學(xué)生自主式導(dǎo)入

袁曉琳

(江蘇省如皋中學(xué))

俗話說，良好的開端是成功的一半。英語課堂上引人入勝的導(dǎo)入，能夠激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣和求知欲，活躍課堂氣氛，為提高課堂效率奠定基礎(chǔ)。著名教育哲學(xué)家伊斯雷爾·謝弗勒在《人類的潛能——一項(xiàng)教育哲學(xué)的研究》一書中說：“學(xué)習(xí)的能力并不是一種無限的、可供學(xué)習(xí)者隨便浪費(fèi)的資源，如果孩子們的好奇心沒有得到喚醒，而是受到嚴(yán)重壓抑的話，就會(huì)逐漸喪失掉。如果孩子們天生的問題意識(shí)沒有得到保護(hù)，而是不斷受到阻礙的話，最終也將失去。對(duì)于探究新的東西來說，理智的靈活性、冒險(xiǎn)精神、自信等是非常必要和寶貴的品質(zhì)，如若長期不用或?yàn)E用的話，也會(huì)失去它們?cè)镜淖饔??！薄镀胀ǜ咧杏⒄Z課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》也提出：高中英語教學(xué)應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生通過積極嘗試、自我探究、自我發(fā)現(xiàn)和主動(dòng)實(shí)踐等學(xué)習(xí)方式，形成具有高中生特點(diǎn)的英語學(xué)習(xí)的過程與方法。在這樣的精神指導(dǎo)下，筆者在實(shí)踐中，嘗試把導(dǎo)入環(huán)節(jié)這方舞臺(tái)讓給學(xué)生，取得了很好的教學(xué)效果。

一、提出要求，有章可循

讓學(xué)生自主設(shè)計(jì)導(dǎo)入環(huán)節(jié)，不是說完全放手，而是在教師的指導(dǎo)下，學(xué)生自行設(shè)計(jì)與自我完善。筆者對(duì)同學(xué)們提出的要求如下：

1.形式多樣。可以根據(jù)個(gè)人的喜好和特長，自主選擇猜謎、演講、朗誦、唱歌等多種形式，鼓勵(lì)創(chuàng)新和突破傳統(tǒng)形式，并根據(jù)需要使用錄音機(jī)、投影儀等多媒體設(shè)備。

2.盡量使用英語。提出這一要求的目的是為了幫助學(xué)生盡快轉(zhuǎn)換學(xué)科思維。

3.盡量結(jié)合當(dāng)前所學(xué)內(nèi)容。導(dǎo)入環(huán)節(jié)是為新授課做準(zhǔn)備，因此要盡量結(jié)合本節(jié)課內(nèi)容、本單元話題或者當(dāng)前的教學(xué)熱點(diǎn)。

4.有序進(jìn)行。具體由課代表協(xié)調(diào)安排，可以按照學(xué)號(hào)順序、座位順序、姓氏筆畫順序等進(jìn)行。實(shí)施過程中，也可以適當(dāng)調(diào)整順序；可以單獨(dú)完成，也可以幾人合作完成。

5.努力出彩。我對(duì)學(xué)生說：“你的舞臺(tái)你做主！”同時(shí)，要求每個(gè)人都要努力做到讓大家拍手叫絕、經(jīng)久難忘。只有這樣，短短三分鐘的導(dǎo)入才能集思廣益、厚積薄發(fā)。

二、相信學(xué)生，創(chuàng)意無限

筆者執(zhí)教的班級(jí)，學(xué)生自主式導(dǎo)入經(jīng)過不斷改進(jìn)與提高，如今已逐步完善。下面我把同學(xué)們的導(dǎo)入分為六種類型，與廣大高中英語教師探討。

1.勵(lì)志型

例1：勵(lì)志文。

It’s up to you!

Today,I have a dream.I dream that we can be proud of ourselves.Why?Here are the reasons.

Consider you!In all of the time before now and in all of the time to come,there has never been and will never be anyone just like you.You are unique in the entire history and future of universe.

You arebeautiful!You areyoung!Beautiful and young people are the whimsy of nature,but beautiful old people are true works of art.But you don’t become “beautiful” just by the aging process.Real beauty comes from learning,growing,and loving in the way of life.That is the art of life.And you are the artist that paints your future with the brush of today.

God gives every bird its food,but he doesn’t throw it into its nest.Wherever you want to go,whatever you want to do,it’s truly up to you!Also,whether today’s dream will come true,it’s up to you!

例2：句子串串燒。

Don’t let the past hold you back,or you’ll miss the good stuff.

Life is short.If you don’t look around once in a while,you might miss it.

Everything is okay in the end.If it is not okay,then it’s not the end.

Yesterday is history,tomorrow is mystery,today is a gift,that is why it is called the present!

2.幽默型

例1：英語是個(gè)有趣的語言。

There is no egg in eggplant;nor ham in hamburger;neither pine in pineapple.

Quicksand can work slowly and boxing rings are square.

If a vegetarian eats vegetables,what does a humanitarian eat?

How can a person be “pretty ugly”?

例2：英語幽默。

Mr Smith was terribly overweight.So his doctor put him on a diet.

“I want you to eat regularly for 2 days,then skip a day.And repeat this for 2 weeks.The next time I see you,you will have lost 5 pounds.”

When Mr Smith returned,he had lost nearly 20 pounds.

“Why?That’s amazing! ” the doctor said.“Did you follow my instructions?”

Mr Smith nodded. “I’ll tell you,though,I thought I was going to drop dead by the end of the 3rd week.”

“From hunger,you mean?”

“No,from skipping.”

3.激智型

例1：“千呼萬喚始出來”。

Guess who he/she is according to the descriptions.The answer may be revealed before the description is finished.

He is recognized as“the king of pop” all the time.He created the coolest dancing steps—moonwalk.He died in the summer of 2009.(Michal Jackson)

He was born in Hunan Province.He was a poet as well as a great leader.He made great contributions to the foundation of the People’s Republic of China.He has passed away,but we can still see him in Tian’anmen Square.(Mao Zedong)

He is young but brilliant.He is one of the richest writers in China now.He has written many popular novels,such as “In my left hand is my reflection,in my right hand is my youth”, “Tiny Times”.His magazine called“Top Novels” is very popular among young students.(Guo Jingming)

例2：腦筋急轉(zhuǎn)彎。

Why is a river very rich?(Because it has two banks.)

Which is the longest word in English?(“Smiles”,because it has a mile in it.)

Where can afternoon come before morning?(In a dictionary.)

4.跨文化型

例1：說出中文里與下列英語俗語對(duì)應(yīng)的句子。

Set a thief to catch a thief.（以毒攻毒。）

Speak of the devil and he will come.（說曹操，曹操到。）

A plant may produce new flowers;man is young but once.（花有重開日，人無再少年。）

The finest diamond must be cut. （玉不琢，不成器。）

例2：根據(jù)古詩的英文翻譯，猜出作者和詩詞的名字。

Beside my bed a pool of light

Is it hoarfrost on the ground

I lift my head and see the moon

I bend my head and think of home

（李白 《靜夜思》）

It rained endlessly during the rainy season in spring

Travelers along the road look gloomy

I ask a boy where I can find a bar

He points at a distance village for me

（杜牧《清明》）

此外，根據(jù)英文歌詞猜曲名、英文繞口令、英語順口溜、英語俚語、演唱英文歌曲、介紹英語國家文化等，也是被學(xué)生經(jīng)常采用的、深受歡迎的導(dǎo)入方式。

5.時(shí)事熱點(diǎn)型

例1：說出下列中文詞匯的英文。

card slave卡奴

house slave房奴

dink（double income and no kids） 丁克一

族

spam messages垃圾短信

rushing clan奔奔族

sub-health亞健康

例2：有關(guān)世博的英語。

expo garden世博園

theme pavilion主題館

stand-alone pavilion獨(dú)立館

trial operation試運(yùn)行

Expo Performance Centre世博演藝中心

peak day ticket指定日票

universal ticket system一票通用制度

host city主辦城市

licensed products特許商品

mobile toilet移動(dòng)廁所

passenger flow客流

emergency assistance facility緊急服務(wù)設(shè)施

6.心靈雞湯型

例1：關(guān)于友誼的名句。

Some friends come and go like a season.Others are arranged in our lives for good reason.

True friends are hard to find,difficult to leave and impossible to forget.

Friends are like stars.You don’t always see them,but you know they are always there.

Memories last forever,never do they die.Friends stay together,never say goodbye.

With clothes the new are the best;with friends the old are best.

例2：寫給祖父母的一封信。Dear grandparents:

When I write this letter,you have left the world forever.Whenever I think of you,memories came flooding back.You bought me beautiful clothes and birthday cakes on my birthday;you told me stories on winter nights....I was the happiest child in the world because of you!

However,several years ago you got cancer and left us.Grandmother couldn’t stand the sorrow of losing you and passed away only half a year after your death.How sad and regretful I am! I had meant to tell you how much I love you！I had meant to tell you that I wanted to take good care of you when I grew up!But it is too late!Just as a famous saying goes,“The tree wants to be quiet but the wind won’t stop blowing;the child wants to support his parents but they have passed away!”

Please forgive me,my dear grandparents!Wish you live a happy life in the heaven!

Please believe in me,dear grandparents!I will work hard to realize my dream!

At last,I want to remind all of you,my classmates,please treasure everything you have now.When you have lost it,it is too late to regret about it!

三、有效評(píng)價(jià)，收獲滿足

《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》提出：評(píng)價(jià)應(yīng)有利于學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)自我，樹立自信；應(yīng)有助于學(xué)生反思和調(diào)控自己的學(xué)習(xí)過程，從而促進(jìn)綜合語言運(yùn)用能力的不斷發(fā)展。教師應(yīng)使學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)到自我評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)于學(xué)習(xí)能力發(fā)展的意義，學(xué)會(huì)自我評(píng)價(jià)的方法，并在學(xué)習(xí)中積極、有效地加以運(yùn)用，不斷提高學(xué)習(xí)的自主性。在各類評(píng)價(jià)活動(dòng)中，學(xué)生都應(yīng)是積極的參與者與合作者。因此，對(duì)于學(xué)生的表現(xiàn)，不僅要當(dāng)堂點(diǎn)評(píng)，還要階段點(diǎn)評(píng)，及時(shí)給予恰當(dāng)?shù)谋頁P(yáng)和鼓勵(lì)，才能持續(xù)激發(fā)學(xué)生的表現(xiàn)熱情。每天的導(dǎo)入部分，筆者都會(huì)很認(rèn)真地“聽講”，同時(shí)觀察學(xué)生的反應(yīng)。因?yàn)閷W(xué)生畢竟不是教師，他們很難做到在“講課”的同時(shí)還去關(guān)注同學(xué)們的反應(yīng)。所以，當(dāng)他們需要同學(xué)參與互動(dòng)時(shí)，常因找不到合適的對(duì)象而影響整體效果和課堂效率。這個(gè)時(shí)候，筆者順乎自然地幫個(gè)小忙，會(huì)使得整個(gè)過程更順利圓滿。

筆者把點(diǎn)評(píng)環(huán)節(jié)分成下列幾步：一、每節(jié)課的導(dǎo)入之后，由學(xué)生用英文進(jìn)行言簡意賅的點(diǎn)評(píng)，談?wù)勛约旱母惺堋６?、課代表在周末組織全班同學(xué)或部分同學(xué)對(duì)本周情況點(diǎn)評(píng)，評(píng)出各類獎(jiǎng)次，在下周一的課上宣讀。三、月底對(duì)本月情況進(jìn)行點(diǎn)評(píng)，評(píng)出該月的前三名。四、一輪結(jié)束后，進(jìn)行全班的點(diǎn)評(píng)，評(píng)出一、二、三等獎(jiǎng)。對(duì)于獲獎(jiǎng)同學(xué)，給予精神鼓勵(lì)和物質(zhì)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。精神鼓勵(lì)的形式有張榜公布、家長會(huì)表揚(yáng)、獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)一次上臺(tái)表現(xiàn)機(jī)會(huì)等；物質(zhì)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)不在于價(jià)值多少，重在意義。有了這樣的評(píng)價(jià)與激勵(lì)機(jī)制，同學(xué)們參與的積極性越來越高、質(zhì)量越來越好，課前三分鐘融趣味性、互動(dòng)性、知識(shí)性為一體，成了師生心目中精彩的記憶。下面例舉兩例學(xué)生的點(diǎn)評(píng)：

例1：

Last week,Bai Yashu got the third place for his fluent English and good pronunciation;the second place is given to She Zhiwei because he wrote the passage himself and it was so encouraging.All of us agreed that,since Qiu Xiaofeng challenged himself to sing a song for us,he will get the first place.

例2：

Everyone did a good job last month,so it is really difficult for us to make judgments about their performances.

At last,we decide to give the Prize of Inspiration to Zhu Tianyao.He encouraged the whole class to be ambitious eagles instead of ordinary worms;we will award the Prize of Creation to Xu Tingting,all of us consider her performance the most creative one;the Prize of Humor should be awarded to Zheng Yu,for he amused us so much with two interesting jokes.Thank you!

綜上所述，導(dǎo)入環(huán)節(jié)是否成功直接關(guān)系到整節(jié)課成功與否（邵利群，2008）。英語教師千萬不可“認(rèn)識(shí)不到或者欣賞不到學(xué)生身上重要的潛能，使得一些有價(jià)值的潛能由于缺乏對(duì)其認(rèn)識(shí)或關(guān)注而得不到開發(fā)”（謝弗勒，1985）。教師如果能夠?qū)W(xué)生進(jìn)行合理的指導(dǎo)、提出恰當(dāng)?shù)囊?、巧妙運(yùn)用教學(xué)機(jī)智、充分體現(xiàn)學(xué)生的主體性，學(xué)生自主式導(dǎo)入能夠讓學(xué)生很快調(diào)整松散心緒、進(jìn)入英語情境、調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)興趣、降低對(duì)英語課的恐懼感和陌生感，讓不同的學(xué)生都獲得滿足感與成就感?？梢哉f，老師讓出這方小小的舞臺(tái)，收獲的是大大的精彩！

[1]謝弗勒.人類的潛能——一項(xiàng)教育哲學(xué)的研究[M].上海華東師范大學(xué)出版社,2006.

[2]教育部.普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（實(shí)驗(yàn)）[M].北京:人民教育出版社，2003.

[3]邵利群.初中英語閱讀課的有效設(shè)計(jì)[J].中小學(xué)英語教學(xué)與研究，2008.12.

[4]熊亦波.精心設(shè)計(jì)導(dǎo)入實(shí)施有效閱讀[J].中小學(xué)外語教學(xué)（中學(xué)篇），2010.6.