喻愛和,趙文杰,李寧波,許新華
(湖南大學(xué)化學(xué)化工學(xué)院,湖南長沙 410082)
氯化銫催化氫氧化鉀促進(jìn)二烷基二硒醚的合成*
喻愛和,趙文杰,李寧波,許新華?
(湖南大學(xué)化學(xué)化工學(xué)院,湖南長沙 410082)
針對氫氧化鈉作用下水合肼還原硒形成Na2Se2與磺酸酯反應(yīng)制備二烷基二硒醚需要在高溫(100℃)下才能有效進(jìn)行,且僅適用于制備不含官能團(tuán)的二烷基二硒醚的問題.由于銫離子體積大,與陰離子之間的靜電作用弱,使與之鍵合的陰離子表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)的堿性和親核性,利用銫堿作縮合劑,能顯著降低反應(yīng)的活化能,使許多反應(yīng)在溫和條件下就能有效進(jìn)行.根據(jù)離子交換原理,采用氯化銫和TBAI作催化劑,以無水DMF作溶劑,4A分子篩作吸水劑,氫氧化鉀促進(jìn)肼還原硒,隨后與含官能團(tuán)的鹵代烴或磺酸酯反應(yīng),高收率地形成對應(yīng)的二烷基二硒醚.本方法不僅可以合成含官能團(tuán)的二硒醚,而且具有反應(yīng)條件溫和、產(chǎn)率高等優(yōu)點.
氯化銫;催化;二烷基二硒醚;肼;硒
有機(jī)硒化合物具有重要的生物活性,有機(jī)硒基團(tuán)在有機(jī)合成轉(zhuǎn)化中起著重要的作用,對有機(jī)硒化合物的研究日益得到生物、化學(xué)及材料等領(lǐng)域?qū)W者的重視.二硒醚是有機(jī)硒化學(xué)中重要的中間體.由于硒原子最外層具有孤對電子,同時又有空的4d軌道,所以二硒醚既是親核試劑又是親電試劑.盡管制備二硒醚的方法有多種[1-4].但是常用的方法是格氏試劑法,即硒插入C—Mg鍵,隨后進(jìn)行水解、氧化[5].這一方法主要應(yīng)用于制備二烷基二硒醚,由于涉及到格氏試劑的制備,所以要求在十分嚴(yán)格的無水、無氧下操作,且對于帶有官能團(tuán)如羰基、硝基的底物不適用.最近文獻(xiàn)報道了用(Et4N)2WSe4與鹵代烴反應(yīng)[6]及在氫氧化鈉作用下水合肼還原硒形成Na2Se2與磺酸酯反應(yīng)[7]制備二烷基二硒醚的方法.盡管前一方法在室溫就可有效進(jìn)行,可以制備含官能團(tuán)的二烷基二硒醚,但是要使用重金屬試劑;后一方法需要在高溫(100℃)下才能有效進(jìn)行,僅適用于制備不含官能團(tuán)的二烷基二硒醚.所以,開發(fā)新的簡便有效方法制備含官能團(tuán)的二烷基二硒醚具有一定應(yīng)用價值.
近幾年,關(guān)于氫氧化銫在有機(jī)合成中的應(yīng)用有許多報道[8-14].由于銫離子體積大,與陰離子之間的靜電作用弱,使與之鍵合的陰離子表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)的堿性和親核性.利用銫堿作縮合劑,能顯著降低反應(yīng)的活化能,使許多反應(yīng)在溫和條件下就能有效進(jìn)行.但是與KOH相比,CsOH價格昂貴,采用等當(dāng)量的CsOH,對于工業(yè)化生產(chǎn),成本很高.根據(jù)離子交換原理,本文設(shè)計用催化劑CsCl催化KOH促進(jìn)水合肼還原硒制備含官能團(tuán)的二烷基二硒醚.
1H NMR(以CDCl3作溶劑,TMS為內(nèi)標(biāo))用BRUKER AC-P400型儀測定;質(zhì)譜由VG Auto Spec-300儀測定;Yanaco CHN CORDER MT-3型自動元素分析儀,硅膠為青島海洋化工廠產(chǎn)品;溶劑DMF用無水硫酸鈣干燥,減壓蒸餾;氫氧化銫、硒粉從Aldrich公司購買;其他試劑均為分析純.
向50 m L單口瓶中依次加入KOH(1.5 mmol),2.0 m L無水DMF,CsCl(0.1 mmol),79 mg硒粉(1 mmol),0.17 m L水合肼,TBAI(0.1 mmol),4A分子篩(100 mg),氮氣保護(hù)下室溫攪拌15 min.,然后向反應(yīng)體系中加入鹵代烴或?qū)妆交撬狨ィ?.0 mmol),在室溫下攪拌,TLC跟蹤反應(yīng),當(dāng)原料反應(yīng)完畢,向體系中加入10 m L水,用乙酸乙酯萃取(3×10 m L),合并有機(jī)相,水洗(2×10 m L),無水硫酸鈉干燥,過濾,旋轉(zhuǎn)去掉溶劑,柱層析純化,用石油醚/乙酸乙酯(V石油醚∶V乙酸乙酯=2∶1)作洗脫劑,得產(chǎn)物.
實驗表明,在10%摩爾CsCl與相轉(zhuǎn)移催化劑存在下,氫氧化鉀促進(jìn)肼還原硒,形成親核的硒負(fù)離子與鹵代烴或磺酸酯在室溫就能有效反應(yīng)形成二烷基二硒醚,其結(jié)果見表1.由表1可知,不論是活潑的親電試劑如磺酸酯、α-溴代乙酸乙酯還是活性小的親電試劑如氯乙醇、β-溴代酯及1-溴乙?;咸烟?、烷基溴都能獲得高產(chǎn)率的二烷基二硒醚.本方法不僅能夠在室溫下合成二烷基二硒醚,還可合成含官能團(tuán)如酯基及羥基的二烷基二硒醚,對于二(替加氟乙基)及二(四乙酰基半乳糖)二硒醚的制備,也具有高的收率.氯化銫催化氫氧化鉀促進(jìn)肼還原硒合成二烷基二硒醚過程如圖1所示.
圖1 氯化銫催化氫氧化鉀促進(jìn)肼還原硒合成二烷基二硒醚Fig.1 Synthesis of diaklyldiselenides by hydrazine reduction of selenium in the presence of potassium hydroxide catalyzed by chloride catalyzed
反應(yīng)機(jī)理如圖2所示.
圖2 氯化銫催化機(jī)理Fig.2 The catalytic mechanism of cesium chloride
由圖2可知,通過離子交換產(chǎn)生CsOH,在CsOH或KOH促進(jìn)下肼還原硒形成親核的硒負(fù)離子.CsOH參與的反應(yīng)形成Cs2Se2,KOH參與的反應(yīng)形成K2Se2,后者通過與CsCl離子交換轉(zhuǎn)化為Cs2Se2.Cs2Se2與RX進(jìn)行親核取代形成產(chǎn)物二硒醚,同時產(chǎn)生CsX,通過離子交換后,又形成CsOH.所以采用催化劑的CsCl就可實現(xiàn)上述反應(yīng),相轉(zhuǎn)移催化劑TBAI可以加速反應(yīng)進(jìn)行,4A分子篩可以吸收反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的水,推動反應(yīng)向正反應(yīng)方向移動.
我們考察了在沒有CsCl存在室溫反應(yīng)下,1a的收率僅為63%,加熱到100℃,收率可以達(dá)到90%.
本文采用氯化銫做催化劑,價格便宜的氫氧化鉀為促進(jìn)劑促進(jìn)肼還原硒合成二烷基二硒醚,此方法具有反應(yīng)條件溫和,收率高的優(yōu)點,為官能化二烷基二硒醚的合成提供了一條有效途徑.
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The Synthesis of Dialkyl Diselenides Promoted by Potassium Hydroxid Catalyzed by Cesium Chloride
YU Ai-he,ZHAO Wen-jie,LI Ning-bo,XU Xin-hua?
(College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Hunan Univ,Changsha,Hunan 410082,China)
The preparation of dialkyl diselenides by the reaction of tosylates with disodium diselenide derived from hydrazine reduction of selenium promoted by sodium hydroxide needs high temperature(100℃),and this method is only suitable for preparation of the diselenides without functional group.Cesium ion(Cs+)is bulky,and the electrostatic interaction between cesium ion(Cs+)and anion is very weak.So the anion attached to Cs+has strong alkality and nucleophilicity.The reaction proceeds more readily under mild reactive conditions using alkali of cesium as a catalyst because of the remarkable decline in activation energy.However,CsOH is very expensive compared to KOH.In this paper,according to the principle of ion exchange,using cesium chloride(CsCl)and TBAI as catalysts and dry DMF as solvent,hydrazine reduced selenium promoted by potassium hydroxide,followed by treatment with functional alkyl halide or tosylates at room temperature to afford corresponding diaryl diselenides in high yields.The method not only prepares diselenides containing functional group but has the advantages of mild conditions and high yields.
cesium chlorides;catalysis;dialkyl diselenide;hydrazine;selenium
O626.4
A
1674-2974(2011)06-0060-04*
2010-11-20
湖南省自然科學(xué)基金資助項目(2009NK3162)
喻愛和(1965-),男,湖南平江人,湖南大學(xué)訪問學(xué)者,湖南機(jī)電職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院副教授
?通訊聯(lián)系人,E-mail:xhx1581@yahoo.com.cn