100853 解放軍總醫(yī)院肝膽外科 陳永衛(wèi) 董家鴻(審校)
肝切除過程中入肝血流阻斷方法的探討
100853 解放軍總醫(yī)院肝膽外科 陳永衛(wèi) 董家鴻(審校)
目的 對肝切除過程中實施肝門血流阻斷方法進行深入探討。方法 通過檢索中國醫(yī)院知識倉庫全文數(shù)據(jù)庫、MEDLINE相關(guān)文獻對肝門血流阻斷的方法進行分類,并客觀評估每種方法的利弊。結(jié)果 Pringle法是最早應用于肝切術(shù)手術(shù)時控制肝斷面失血量的方法,此法簡單、易行,也是目前臨床應用最廣泛的一種方法,但是時間不宜過長,否則會對肝臟產(chǎn)生嚴重的缺血再灌注損傷,尤其對肝臟本身存在基礎病變的患者;全肝血流阻斷有很好的手術(shù)中控制失血量的效果,但是缺血再灌注損傷應引起重視;半肝血流阻斷和保留肝動脈的半肝血流阻斷方法一定程度上減輕了肝臟缺血再灌注損傷,但是只能應用于手術(shù)操作位于一側(cè)半肝的患者,應用范圍受到一定局限;肝段血流阻斷法對腫瘤較小且局限于一個肝段或相鄰幾個肝段的手術(shù)操作是一種理想的阻斷方法,但是由于操作復雜,定位困難,只能在一些醫(yī)療條件較好,且具備熟練解剖知識的高年資外科醫(yī)生中開展。結(jié)論 實施肝門血流阻斷,控制肝斷面失血量是肝臟手術(shù)中的一項重要技術(shù),目前臨床應用的肝門控制方法各有利弊,探索一種既有較好的止血效果,又最大限度的減少因阻斷對肝臟產(chǎn)生損傷和對全身血流動力學影響的入肝血流阻斷方法,仍然需要深入的研究和探討。
肝蒂;阻斷方法;肝切除術(shù)
肝臟是一個血供豐富的內(nèi)臟器官,肝切除過程中肝創(chuàng)面出血是影響手術(shù)及術(shù)后患者恢復的重要因素。自1908年P(guān)ringle提出通過阻斷肝蒂的入肝血流方法來減少肝臟手術(shù)時出血的方法后,醫(yī)學研究者又提出多種改良方法,很大程度上提高了肝臟手術(shù)的安全性,促進了復雜肝臟手術(shù)的開展[1-3]。然而,這些阻斷方法不可避免地會對殘留肝臟造成缺血再灌注損傷,因此,肝臟耐受阻斷的時間有一定限度,目前大量研究的重點集中在通過不斷改進阻斷方法來減輕缺血再灌注損傷,以達到延長肝臟耐受阻斷時限的目的[4-10]。下面作者對肝切除過程中入肝血流的阻斷方法的演進及目前研究現(xiàn)狀進行回顧性總結(jié)。
1908年格拉斯格皇家醫(yī)院的外科醫(yī)生Pringle提出阻斷肝蒂入肝血流以減少肝臟手術(shù)中肝創(chuàng)面出血的方法[11],至今已有100多年歷史,目前仍然為許多臨床醫(yī)生采用,是一種應用最廣泛的控制切肝時出血的措施,特點是操作簡便易行,少時實用[12],幾乎可用于各種類型的肝切除術(shù)[13]。但是,阻斷入肝血流會對肝臟產(chǎn)生明顯的熱缺血再灌注損傷,特別是對肝實質(zhì)本身存在脂肪變和肝硬化等病變患者,更應該嚴格控制阻斷累計時間,否則術(shù)后發(fā)生急性肝衰竭的風險明顯增加[14]。另外,肝蒂阻斷時間過長影響了腸道血液回流,會引起腸道黏膜屏障損害和腸道細菌移位,引起全身內(nèi)毒素血癥[15],甚至引起急性肺損傷[16]及胰腺功能損害[17]等多個器官的功能不全。對于肝腫瘤患者有研究表明肝臟缺血再灌注損傷可能增加腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的風險[18]。
全肝血流阻斷方法的提出是伴隨無血肝切除理念而產(chǎn)生的,又稱為無血肝切除術(shù)。1978年Huguet首次報告應用該方法成功完成較困難的肝切除術(shù)14例[19]。該法阻斷血管的順序為:腹主動脈(隔下位置)、肝十二指腸韌帶、肝下下腔靜脈和肝上下腔靜脈,開放的順序與阻斷順序相反。阻斷過程中會引起暫時性血流動力學改變,部分病人無法耐受[20]。Stephen等人在99例肝大部切除時常規(guī)應用這種方法,發(fā)現(xiàn)有門脈高壓的肝硬化患者死亡率較高[21]。有研究表明阻斷腹主動脈會引起下肢和腹腔內(nèi)臟缺血、缺氧,甚至脊髓缺血,阻斷開放后所產(chǎn)生的酸性代謝產(chǎn)物和腸道內(nèi)毒素進入循環(huán)會造成多臟器功能損害。另外,合并有肝硬化的患者,往往腹后壁有靜脈曲張,游離腹主動脈易出血。之后,對此法進行多次改良,如不阻斷腹主動脈的方法,保留腔靜脈通暢的方法,體外靜脈轉(zhuǎn)流下全肝血流阻斷法等,這些方法雖然能達到較好的肝臟手術(shù)的止血效果,但是有操作復雜,對肝臟缺血再灌注損傷明顯,對全身血流動力學影響較大等缺點,目前臨床應用較少。
1987年日本的Makuuchi提出了半肝血流阻斷方法,以達到減輕肝臟缺血再灌注損傷和內(nèi)臟充血的目的[22]。半肝阻斷保留了健側(cè)半肝的正常入肝血流,離斷或阻斷患側(cè)半肝的入肝血流,避免健側(cè)肝臟缺血再灌注損傷,防止門脈系統(tǒng)淤血,保持血流動力學穩(wěn)定,為從容進行手術(shù)爭取了時間[23]。國內(nèi)黃穎烽等對肝癌患者采用半肝阻斷和Pringle法進行切肝對比,認為半肝血流阻斷明顯優(yōu)越于Pringle法,術(shù)后肝功能恢復快,并發(fā)癥減少[24-25]。而Juan Figuera等研究表明對于正常肝臟,半肝血流阻斷和Pringle法無明顯差別,對于肝臟本身存在肝硬化、脂肪變等病變時半肝血流阻斷法能減輕肝細胞損害[26]。但是,這種阻斷方法由于需要解剖左右肝門,增加了手術(shù)時間和手術(shù)難度,更重要的是存在損傷并行膽管引起膽漏的風險[27],同時由于未阻斷的健側(cè)入肝血流增加,會增加保留側(cè)肝橫斷面20%的血流量,引起肝斷面出血量增多[28],甚至引起肝斷面嚴重出血[29]。
2005 中國醫(yī)科大學戴朝六等提出了保留肝動脈的半肝血流阻斷技術(shù)。從入肝血流的流量分布和血氧含量的差異知正常肝臟70%~75%的血液供應來自于門靜脈,而供氧40%~60%來自于動脈血。因此,我們稱門靜脈入肝血流為功能性供血,動脈血為營養(yǎng)性供血,根據(jù)此特點,戴朝六等提出保留健側(cè)半肝的動脈,阻斷門靜脈,并完全阻斷患側(cè)肝門,以達到減少術(shù)中出血,又能保證健側(cè)的需氧量[30]。穆振國等報告該法優(yōu)于全肝入肝血流阻斷,對防治術(shù)后肝衰有重要意義[31]。但是,由于完全阻斷了門靜脈的入肝血流,對肝臟及腸道仍然存在熱缺血再灌注損傷,而且隨著外科手術(shù)技術(shù)的不斷進步,許多高難度、復雜手術(shù)的開展,如肝門部腫瘤、擴大半肝切除技術(shù)等,均無法實施半肝血流阻斷,因此,半肝血流阻斷方法的應用存在一定的局限性。
Castaing D等1989年提出超聲引導下肝段內(nèi)門脈血流阻斷技術(shù)[32],即在超聲引導下將氣囊導管插入病灶所在肝段門靜脈,后用生理鹽水注滿球囊,使球囊擴張阻斷相應分支,并門脈管道注入亞甲藍,在染色肝實質(zhì)的背景下更清楚地辨別分段,便于精確地進行肝段或聯(lián)合肝段切除。區(qū)金銳等認為該法優(yōu)越于半肝阻斷法[33]。肝段血流阻斷法體現(xiàn)了一種精準外科手術(shù)的理念,它可以最大限度地減少預留肝臟的缺血損傷,并且可以準確切除需要切除的肝段。但是,該法操作復雜,手術(shù)者需要具備很高的手術(shù)技能和對肝臟內(nèi)管道走行的準確解剖手法,是一種高難度手術(shù),只有高年資外科醫(yī)生才能完成。
隨著對熱缺血再灌注理論研究的不斷深入,發(fā)現(xiàn)間斷阻斷入肝血流的時間越短,對肝臟的缺血再灌注損傷越輕微,基于此觀點Ozmen MM等于2003年提出保留肝動脈間斷阻斷門靜脈的入肝血流阻斷法,其研究認為每次阻斷時間不超過10 min,間斷開放10 min,術(shù)后對肝臟損傷輕微,與連續(xù)阻斷組相比有明顯統(tǒng)計學差異[34]。Nagano H等于2009年在文獻中闡述了相同阻斷方法[35]。其缺點主要是術(shù)中需要反復阻斷開放門靜脈,開放時為減少出血需要停止手術(shù),并需壓迫肝創(chuàng)面,這樣延長了手術(shù)時間,臨床應用較繁瑣,此方法目前尚限于動物實驗,未見臨床應用報道。
從肝門血流阻斷方法的演進過程來看,從最初的簡單的完全阻斷肝門技術(shù),到逐漸探索一種既有較好的肝切除時的止血效果,又最大限度地減少因阻斷對肝臟產(chǎn)生損傷和對全身血流動力學影響的入肝血流阻斷方法,100多年來,肝門阻斷方法幾經(jīng)改良更新,取得很大的發(fā)展和進步,但是仍然沒有一種近于完美的肝門阻斷方法。隨著近些年各種止血設備和器械的研發(fā),如超聲止血刀、微波止血刀、刮吸止血刀等對肝臟手術(shù)的止血取得很好的效果,部分肝切除手術(shù)甚至不需要進行入肝血流的阻斷,將這些止血技術(shù)和入肝血流的阻斷方法進行相互補充融合,對肝門阻斷方法的改進及探索新的肝門阻斷方法必然產(chǎn)生重大影響。
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Objective Deeply investigate hepatic blood flow occlusion methods used during hepatectomy.Methods Classify hepatic blood flow occlusion methods by retrieving Full-text database of China Hospital Know ledge Database and MEDLINE-related literatures and objectively assess advantages and disadvantages of each method.Results Pringle method was the firstmethod controlling blood loss of liver sections used in hepatectomy.Thismethod was simple and easy.Also,it is currently the most-w ide clinical application method.However,the time can't be too long,or it will cause serious ischemia-reperfusion injury to liver,especially for patients with inherent basis liver lesion.Total hepatic blood flow occlusion has good effect on blood loss control during hepatectomy,but ischemia-reperfusion injury should be taken seriously;blood flow occlusion of half liver and half hepatic blood flow occlusion retaining hepatic artery reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury to liver to certain extent,but they can only be used for patients that surgical operation is carried out at the half liver on one side.The application range is subject to certain limitations.Blood flow occlusion method of hepatic segment is a good occlusion method for surgical operation that tumor is smaller and confined to one hepatic segment or adjacent hepatic segments.But as complex operation and difficult positioning,it only can be carried out by surgeons with good anatomical know ledge and many-year qualification in some hospitals with bettermedical conditions.Conclusion It is an important technology in hepatectomy to carry out hepatic blood flow occlusion and control blood loss of liver sections.Currently,clinically-used controlmethods have various advantages and disadvantages.It is required to further research and investigate for exploring one hepatic blood flow occlusion method that has better hemostatic effect and can minimize the damage of occlusion to liver and influence of occlusion on systemic hemodynamics.
Hepatic pedicle;Occlusion method;Hepatectomy
1005-619X(2011)03-0196-03
國家傳染病防治科技重大專項基金(項目編號:2008ZX10002-26)
2010-11-04)
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