孫琦 王益林
·論著·
胰腺腺鱗癌的影像與病理診斷分析
孫琦 王益林
目的探討胰腺腺鱗癌的影像及病理學(xué)特征,提高對該疾病的認(rèn)識和診斷水平。方法回顧性分析7例經(jīng)手術(shù)切除及病理證實的胰腺腺鱗癌患者的臨床資料,分析其影像和病理學(xué)特點。結(jié)果7例胰腺腺鱗癌發(fā)病年齡平均為57歲,腫瘤位于胰頭及鉤突部5例,胰體尾2例,瘤體直徑平均(3.5±1.5)cm,臨床主要表現(xiàn)為腹痛和黃疸。腺鱗癌的病理特征表現(xiàn)為實體部分由導(dǎo)管腺癌成分和鱗癌成分以不同比例混合而成,本組鱗癌成分占10%~60%。鱗癌占優(yōu)勢的胰腺腺鱗癌影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)為囊實性占位,本組有5例,且腫瘤體積越大,其中央囊性區(qū)直徑與瘤體直徑的比值就越大。囊性部分在增強(qiáng)前后均呈低密度,囊性區(qū)內(nèi)無分隔,囊周多伴有不規(guī)則小囊。實性結(jié)構(gòu)在平掃呈低或等密度,增強(qiáng)后動脈期輕度強(qiáng)化,門靜脈期明顯強(qiáng)化,本組有2例。伴有胰膽管擴(kuò)張5例,伴胰腺萎縮4例。結(jié)論鱗癌占優(yōu)勢的胰腺腺鱗癌有相對特征性的影像學(xué)和病理學(xué)表現(xiàn),對于早期診斷有重要意義。
胰腺腫瘤; 腺鱗癌; 體層攝影術(shù),螺旋計算機(jī); 臨床病理學(xué)
胰腺腺鱗癌(adenosquamous carcinoma)又稱胰腺黏液表皮樣癌(mucoepidermoid carcinoma)、胰腺棘皮癌(adenoacanthoma),是一種罕見的、預(yù)后極差的胰腺惡性腫瘤[1],組織學(xué)上由導(dǎo)管腺癌成分和鱗狀細(xì)胞癌成分混合構(gòu)成,目前國內(nèi)關(guān)于此類型腫瘤的報道較少。本文回顧性分析7例胰腺腺鱗癌患者的影像及病理學(xué)表現(xiàn)特點,旨在提高其術(shù)前診斷水平。
一、一般資料
2001年10月至2006年10月我院收治7例胰腺腺鱗癌患者,男性3例,女性4例;年齡44~70歲,平均57歲。腫瘤位于胰頭部3例,鉤突部2例,胰體尾部2例;瘤體直徑2~6 cm,平均(3.5±1.5)cm。5例患者以中上腹或左上腹疼痛不適為首發(fā)癥狀,2例以無痛性黃疸為首發(fā)癥狀;2例血CA19-9水平分別為240 μg/ml和>500 μg/ml,1例為56.68 μg/ml,血CEA水平均正常。
二、影像學(xué)檢查
所有患者均行CT檢查,其中1例又行MRI,2例又行內(nèi)鏡下逆行胰膽管造影(ERCP)。
三、病理學(xué)檢查
包括術(shù)中所見及手術(shù)切除標(biāo)本的顯微鏡下觀察。
一、胰腺腺鱗癌的影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)
CT顯示胰腺囊實性占位5例,囊性部分為低密度影,實性部分為中等密度,囊實分界欠清,囊周均伴隨低密度小囊。增強(qiáng)動脈期示實性部分輕度強(qiáng)化,囊實結(jié)構(gòu)分界變得清晰(圖1);增強(qiáng)門脈期示實性部分明顯強(qiáng)化,囊實分界明顯。囊性結(jié)構(gòu)在動脈期及靜脈期均未強(qiáng)化。CT示胰腺萎縮4例(圖2),鉤突增大1例(圖3),胰體占位1例。此外,位于胰頭及鉤突的5例腫瘤均伴胰管及肝內(nèi)外膽管擴(kuò)張(圖2);位于胰體尾的2例伴病灶遠(yuǎn)端胰管擴(kuò)張。
MRI檢查的1例示胰頭部腫塊伴肝內(nèi)外膽管擴(kuò)張;行ERCP檢查的2例均診斷為胰頭癌。
二、胰腺腺鱗癌的病理特征
術(shù)中見4例胰腺萎縮,質(zhì)地硬;2例有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移;2例有神經(jīng)侵犯;2例侵犯大血管;1例侵犯十二指腸;1例侵犯左側(cè)腎上腺包膜。5例腫瘤的切面見瘤體中央出血、壞死、液化的囊性區(qū),囊內(nèi)無分隔,囊周為數(shù)個小囊的實性區(qū);2例腫瘤切面呈完全實性區(qū)。
圖1 胰頭囊實性占位的CT平掃(a)及增強(qiáng)掃描圖(b)
圖2CT示胰腺萎縮、胰管及肝內(nèi)外膽管明顯擴(kuò)張;圖3CT示胰腺鉤突略增大
鏡下見腫瘤實性區(qū)由腺癌和鱗癌成分以不同比例混合而成,其中鱗癌成分占10%~60%。鱗癌細(xì)胞形成癌巢,癌巢中央可見同心圓狀的角化珠(癌珠),周圍癌細(xì)胞間可見細(xì)胞間橋(圖4);腺癌細(xì)胞呈不規(guī)則假復(fù)層排列形成大小不等、形狀不一、排列不規(guī)則的腺樣結(jié)構(gòu)(圖5);部分腫瘤中腺癌成分有向鱗癌分化趨勢,即細(xì)胞內(nèi)角化的界限不清。腫瘤低分化3例,中分化4例。胰腺切緣陽性1例。
非病灶的胰腺組織內(nèi)見胰腺小葉萎縮,小葉周圍纖維組織增生、炎細(xì)胞浸潤,呈慢性胰腺炎改變。
圖4鱗癌細(xì)胞形成癌巢,中央見同心圓狀的角化珠(HE ×400)圖5腺癌細(xì)胞呈不規(guī)則假復(fù)層排列形成腺樣結(jié)構(gòu)(HE ×200)
三、病理學(xué)特征與CT表現(xiàn)的關(guān)系
CT表現(xiàn)為囊實性占位的5例,組織學(xué)上均以鱗癌成分占優(yōu)勢,腫瘤直徑越大,其囊性區(qū)域直徑與瘤體直徑比值就越大;CT表現(xiàn)為實質(zhì)性占位或中央稍低密度的2例均以腺癌成分占優(yōu)勢。CT表現(xiàn)與腫瘤分化程度及腫瘤分期之間無明顯關(guān)系。
腺鱗癌常見于腺癌好發(fā)的部位,如胃、腸管、子宮等[2-4],也可見于食管、肛門、陰道等鱗癌好發(fā)的部位[5-7]。胰腺腺鱗癌臨床罕見,約占所有胰腺外分泌腫瘤的0.9%~3.8%[8-9]。其組織病理學(xué)特點是在同一腫瘤組織中既有導(dǎo)管腺癌成分又有鱗狀細(xì)胞癌成分。以往有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,鱗癌成分至少需占30%以上才能診斷胰腺腺鱗癌[10]。目前認(rèn)為只要在常規(guī)病理切片或穿刺活檢中發(fā)現(xiàn)鱗狀細(xì)胞癌成分即可診斷為胰腺腺鱗癌[1]。Madura等[10]報道,胰腺腺鱗癌好發(fā)于60歲左右男性,大多位于胰頭部,臨床癥狀與胰腺癌相似,可表現(xiàn)為腹痛、食欲減退、體重減輕和無痛性黃疸等,本組7例與文獻(xiàn)報道基本相符。
胰腺腺鱗癌的診斷大多是通過術(shù)后病理證實。術(shù)前診斷相當(dāng)困難,本組無一例術(shù)前診斷為胰腺腺鱗癌。Murakami等[11]報道,術(shù)前ERCP抽吸胰液行細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查有助于胰腺腺鱗癌的診斷。Lozano等[12]認(rèn)為,內(nèi)鏡超聲(EUS)或CT引導(dǎo)下細(xì)針穿刺細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查可以明確診斷胰腺腺鱗癌,但可能會導(dǎo)致腫瘤腹腔內(nèi)種植轉(zhuǎn)移和胰漏的發(fā)生,因此并不值得推薦。Nabae等[13]報道,若影像學(xué)檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)胰腺巨大浸潤性生長的瘤體,其中央出現(xiàn)囊性壞死區(qū)則提示胰腺腺鱗癌可能。腫塊中央伴有囊性區(qū),其病理學(xué)基礎(chǔ)[14]考慮為:(1)鱗癌的倍增時間僅為腺癌的一半左右,生長速度快,容易因血供不足而出現(xiàn)液化壞死;(2)鱗癌細(xì)胞多呈實體巢狀排列,中央乏血供,易發(fā)生退行性變出現(xiàn)壞死、液化及囊性變。而腺癌以腺管狀或篩狀排列,間質(zhì)及血供豐富,這可能是實性部分在CT增強(qiáng)后表現(xiàn)強(qiáng)化的病理基礎(chǔ)。本組5例(71%)CT表現(xiàn)為瘤體中央囊性低密度區(qū),組織病理均以鱗癌占優(yōu)勢,且腫瘤直徑越大,其囊性區(qū)域直徑與瘤體直徑的比值就越大。因此在瘤體體積較小時即出現(xiàn)中央囊性壞死區(qū)對于早期術(shù)前診斷腺鱗癌有重要意義。
結(jié)合文獻(xiàn)[13-14],我們認(rèn)為胰腺腺鱗癌的CT特征有:(1)腫瘤為囊實性,實性在平掃呈低或等密度,增強(qiáng)動脈期輕度強(qiáng)化,門靜脈期明顯強(qiáng)化,囊性部分在增強(qiáng)前后均呈低密度;(2)囊性區(qū)周圍多有不規(guī)則“衛(wèi)星”小囊;(3)囊性區(qū)內(nèi)無分隔;(4)伴有胰膽管擴(kuò)張,部分伴胰腺萎縮;(5)胰外侵犯和血管浸潤多見。
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2010-05-31)
(本文編輯:呂芳萍)
Imagingandpathologicdiagnosisofadenosquamouscarcinomaofpancreas
SUNQi,WANGYi-lin.
DepartmentofGeneralSurgery,CenterHospitalofMinhangdistrict,Shanghai201100,China
WANGYi-lin,Email:linglingwangyi@126.com
ObjectiveTo explore the pathological and imaging features of adenosquamous carcinoma(ASC) of pancreas.MethodsBoth clinical data and imaging findings in seven cases with pathologically proved ASC of pancreas were analyzed retrospectively.Imaging features were compared with pathological results.Results1)The disease mainly occurred in people around 55 years,among the 7 cases ,5 located in the pancreatic head, 2 in the body and tail, with abdominal pain and jaundice as the chief complaint.2)Pathologically, the solid part of the tumor was made up of ductal adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma components,with a different rate, while the cystic part was made up of necrosis,liquefaction.3)the imaging of 5 cases with ASC of pancreas in which squamous carcinoma components predominate shows solid and cystic tumors of pancreas, furthermore the ratio of central cystic diameter and the whole tumor diameter increase with the the volum of the tumor.4) There is no partitioning in the cystic part of the tumor,with a few irregular microcyst around it.5)The tumor shows a pattern of infiltrative growth,associated dilatation of the common bileduct or pancreatic duct in all cases, pancreatic atrophy in part.6)Squamous carcinoma components of the tumor was the pathologic basis for the formation of the solid and cystic structure in imaging.ConclusionsASC of pancreas is a rare aggressive subtype of pancreatic adenocarcinoma with a worse prognosis than the usual type of ductal adenocarcinoma,although symptoms similar to pancreatic ductal carcinoma.Cases of ASC of pancreas in which squamous carcinoma components predominate have certain characteristic imaging and pathologic features,which is important to early diagnosis.
Pancreatic neoplasm; Adenosquamous carcinoma; Tomography, spiral computed; Clinical pathology
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2010.06.016
201100 上海,上海市閔行區(qū)中心醫(yī)院普外科
王益林,Email:linglingwangyi@126.com