荊州湘大駱駝飼料有限公司 徐運(yùn)杰吉首市畜牧水產(chǎn)局 周先文
釀酒副產(chǎn)品在豬生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用研究已有半個(gè)多世紀(jì),早期研究主要集中于干燥可溶性酒糟(DDS)、酒糟干顆粒(DDG)和可溶性酒糟干顆粒(DDGS)等釀酒副產(chǎn)品。 Gage 等(1961)認(rèn)為,釀酒副產(chǎn)品中存在一種未知生長因子,但是Conrad等(1961)報(bào)道,這種因子并不存在。近年來,國外有關(guān)DDGS配合豬日糧的營養(yǎng)價(jià)值、養(yǎng)分消化率和獨(dú)特性能的報(bào)道較多。本文就相關(guān)研究成果進(jìn)行了總結(jié)和論述,以期為生產(chǎn)實(shí)際提供參考。
Pedersen等(2007)檢測分析了幾種DDGS的養(yǎng)分濃度,以干物質(zhì)(DM)為基礎(chǔ),DDGS中總能(GE)含量平均是 5434 kcal/kg(表 1),比玉米的總能大,但是,DDGS的能量消化率小于玉米。以DM為基礎(chǔ),DDGS 的消化能(DE)和代謝能(ME)含量分別是4140 kcal/kg和3897 kcal/kg,與玉米的相似。有關(guān)DDGS的凈能(NE)值還沒有確定,有待進(jìn)一步研究。
發(fā)酵過程中,玉米、小麥等谷物中的淀粉大部分可轉(zhuǎn)換成乙醇,只有很小一部分殘留于DDGS中(見表2)。然而,玉米中的纖維不能轉(zhuǎn)換成乙醇,結(jié)果表明,玉米DDGS中大約含有35%的不溶性纖維和6%的可溶性纖維,這就是豬配合日糧中玉米DDGS含量不能太高,以免降低干物質(zhì)和其他養(yǎng)分消化利用率的原因之一。
表1 玉米和10種玉米DDGS的平均能量濃度
DDGS中磷的含量在0.6%~0.7%,且磷的ATTD大約是 59%(表 3),比玉米高(Pedersen等,2007)。Whitney等(2001)報(bào)道,相對于磷酸氫鈣中磷的生物學(xué)效價(jià)來說,DDGS中磷的ATTD相對其生物學(xué)效價(jià)的比值是70%~90%,因此,用DDGS配合豬日糧時(shí),有機(jī)磷的利用率將增加,無機(jī)磷的添加量將減少,從而可以降低成本。
表4列出39種玉米DDGS、1種高粱 DDGS以及2種小麥DDGS的平均氨基酸含量和氨基酸的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)回腸消化率(Pahm等,2008)。結(jié)果表明,即使是用同樣谷物生產(chǎn)的DDGS,但由于來源不同,氨基酸的消化也有差異,其中以Lys消化率的差異性最大。原因可能是Lys的熱損傷較大(Stein等,2006)。另外,DDGS中大多數(shù)氨基酸的消化率比玉米低10%左右,主要原因是DDGS中纖維的含量比玉米大。
表2 10種玉米DDGS的平均ATTD和碳水化合物濃度 %
表3 10種玉米DDGS的平均磷含量和磷消化率 %
Whitney等(2004)研究了玉米DDGS在斷乳仔豬中的應(yīng)用效果,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),對照組和25%DDGS試驗(yàn)組的生長性能沒有差異。同樣,用含10%DDGS (Linneen 等,2006)、22.5% ~ 30%DDGS(Barbosa等,2008)的日糧飼喂斷乳仔豬,對平均日增重(ADG)沒有影響,但降低了平均日采食量 (ADFI), 改善了料肉比 (G/F)。 Burkey等(2008)報(bào)道,21 d斷乳前的仔豬如果飼喂含有DDGS的日糧會(huì)影響生產(chǎn)性能,這與Spencer等(2007)的研究報(bào)道相反。 Feoli等(2008)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),30%高粱DDGS日糧負(fù)面影響了斷乳仔豬的生產(chǎn)性能,這與Senne等(1996)的報(bào)道一致。綜上所述,DDGS在斷乳仔豬配合日糧中的用量最好小于30%。
3.1 DDGS對生長性能的影響 Cromwell等(1983)報(bào)道,20%玉米DDGS日糧對生長育肥豬的生長沒有影響,而40%玉米DDGS日糧降低了平均日增重。Linneen等 (2008)用 15%玉米DDGS日糧飼喂50~76 kg生長豬,與對照組比較,ADG、ADFI和G/F沒有差異。這與Gralapp等(2002)用0%、5%、10%玉米DDGS日糧飼喂88~105 kg肥育豬和 Jenkin等(2007)用19%玉米DDGS日糧飼喂30~60 kg生長豬的研究結(jié)論相同。生長肥育豬全程飼喂20%玉米DDGS日糧(Augspurger等,2008)或 30%玉米 DDGS日糧(Cook等,2005),對生長性能沒有影響。 相反,F(xiàn)u等(2004)和 Weimer等(2008)報(bào)道,生長肥育豬的ADG和ADFI與日糧中玉米DDGS的含量(0~30%)呈負(fù)相關(guān)。Hinson等(2007)試驗(yàn)也發(fā)現(xiàn),日糧中0~20%的玉米DDGS線性降低了生長育肥豬的ADG和ADFI。Xu等(2010)報(bào)道,日糧中10%~30%的玉米DDGS不影響22~115 kg豬的 ADG,但是 ADFI和 G/F線性降低 (P<0.01)。 關(guān)于高粱 DDGS (Feoli等,2008)和小麥DDGS(Lan等,2008)對生長肥育豬的影響與玉米DDGS相似。
3.2 DDGS對胴體品質(zhì)的影響 關(guān)于DDGS對屠宰率的影響報(bào)道不一。Senne等(1996)研究表明,飼喂高粱DDGS增加了屠宰率。Fu等(2004)和Stender等(2008)報(bào)道,玉米DDGS對屠宰率沒有影響,但 Cook 等(2005)和 Linneen 等(2008)報(bào)道,小麥DDGS和玉米DDGS降低了屠宰率。原因可能是DDGS中纖維較高。另外,DDGS對背膘厚、脂肪Ⅰ價(jià)、脂肪酸價(jià)和瘦肉率等胴體品質(zhì)的影響,不同的研究者有不同的報(bào)道,具體原因有待深究。Madsen等(1992)報(bào)道,玉米 DDGS和高粱DDGS中含有較高的多不飽和脂肪酸(PUFA),特別是C18∶2亞油酸,因此,胴體脂肪硬度與日糧中DDGS的含量呈反比。Hill等(2008)報(bào)道,宰前3~4周停喂玉米DDGS可減少其對胴體脂肪硬度的影響,降低脂肪Ⅰ價(jià)。Xu等(2010)系統(tǒng)研究了玉米DDGS對豬胴體品質(zhì)的影響,結(jié)果表明,日糧中10%~30%的玉米DDGS極顯著降低了屠宰率和脂肪硬度,但無脂瘦肉率顯著增加。小麥DDGS對脂肪硬度和Ⅰ價(jià)的影響還鮮有報(bào)道,與玉米DDGS和高粱DDGS比較,小麥DDGS中脂肪的含量更低,因此,對胴體脂肪的影響更小。
表4 DDGS中氨基酸和粗蛋白質(zhì)的含量和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)回腸消化率 %
3.3 DDGS對養(yǎng)分消化率的影響 Urriola等(2010)采用T形瘺管技術(shù)研究了 30%玉米DDGS日糧對初始體重為 (38.0±1.6)kg生長豬的養(yǎng)分消化率的影響, 結(jié)果表明,Lys、GE、ADF、NDF和TDF的消化率降低,盲腸食糜和糞便中的揮發(fā)性脂肪酸的含量與DDGS的飼喂時(shí)間呈正相關(guān)。
早期研究表明,懷孕母豬飼喂40%~80%的玉米DDGS日糧對產(chǎn)仔率、采食量、母豬增重、產(chǎn)仔數(shù)和產(chǎn)仔窩重沒有影響 (Thong等,1978)。Wilson等(2003)研究證明,日糧中50%的玉米DDGS對懷孕母豬沒有負(fù)作用。Grieshop等(2001)報(bào)道,提高懷孕母豬日糧的纖維濃度有利于增加產(chǎn)仔數(shù)。因此,懷孕母豬日糧中DDGS的配比應(yīng)是多少,飼喂多長時(shí)間才能增加產(chǎn)仔數(shù),是一個(gè)值得研究的課題。此外,有研究表明,哺乳母豬日糧中玉米DDGS的含量至少要達(dá)到20%,但是,如果在懷孕期沒有飼喂玉米DDGS,產(chǎn)后立即添加玉米DDGS會(huì)影響采食量(Wilson等,2003)。Greiner等(2008)研究報(bào)道,日糧中0~30%的玉米DDGS不影響泌乳母豬的采食量、背膘厚、仔豬增重、斷乳前死亡率和斷乳到發(fā)情的間隔時(shí)間,甚至發(fā)情間隔有縮短的趨勢。Song等(2007)研究結(jié)果表明,用玉米DDGS日糧飼喂泌乳母豬,對乳成分、N消化率和N殘留沒有影響,但血液尿素氮含量更低。
總之,DDGS是一種較優(yōu)質(zhì)的飼料原料,在不影響生產(chǎn)性能和胴體質(zhì)量的情況下,其在不同階段豬日糧中的適宜用量如下:(1)斷乳前仔豬料中最好不用;(2)在斷乳仔豬料中的用量不超過30%;(3)在生長肥育豬料中的用量不超過20%,且在出欄前3~4周停用;(4)在懷孕母豬料中用量最高可達(dá)50%;(5)在哺乳母豬料中的用量不高于30%。此外,關(guān)于DDGS對腸道健康、糞便、卵巢發(fā)育和母豬排卵的影響還需更深入的研究和探討。
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