定語從句典型錯誤知多少？

定語從句是高中英語的重要語法項目之一，也是歷年高考的熱點(diǎn)。除在單項填空中對定語從句進(jìn)行考查外，短文改錯也經(jīng)?？疾槎ㄕZ從句?，F(xiàn)通過舉例說明，對同學(xué)們在學(xué)習(xí)定語從句時易犯的典型錯誤歸納如下。

和關(guān)系詞有關(guān)的錯誤

1. 關(guān)系詞的缺失

例1:在巴黎住了五十年之后，他回到了幼年生活過的那個小鎮(zhèn)。

誤:After living in Paris for fifty years， he returned to the small town he grew up.

正:After living in Paris for fifty years， he returned to the small town where he grew up.

析:先行詞the village和定語從句之間缺少關(guān)系詞，謂語動詞grew up為不及物動詞，所以應(yīng)在先行詞the village后面加上關(guān)系副詞where。

2. 關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的混淆

例1:我還記得我在北京度過的日子。

誤:I still remember the days when I spent in Beijing.

正:I still remember the days (which/that) I spent in Beijing.

析:定語從句引導(dǎo)詞的選擇關(guān)鍵是要看先行詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)什么成分，或是定語從句中缺少什么成分。如果從句缺少主語、表語、賓語，則引導(dǎo)詞通常為which、that、who、whom、as;如果缺少定語，則用關(guān)系代詞whose;如果缺少狀語，則用關(guān)系副詞when、where、why。分析例句我們可以知道，從句中缺少謂語動詞spent的賓語，故應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞which 或that來引導(dǎo)定語從句。

例2:父親在6月4日回來了，那天是我的生日。

誤:Father came back on June 4th when was my birthday.

正:Father came back on June 4th， which was my birthday.

析:先行詞在定語從句中作主語或賓語，要用關(guān)系代詞that或which;作時間狀語，要用關(guān)系副詞when。本句中先行詞作從句的主語，且從句為非限定性定語從句，故應(yīng)將when改為which。

例3:我仍然記得我初到北京那天的情景。

誤:I still remember the day on when I first came to Beijing.

正:I still remember the day when/on which I first came to Beijing.

析:應(yīng)刪去on或?qū)hen改為which。因為when本身是關(guān)系副詞，不能與介詞連用。

3. 關(guān)系代詞的誤用

(1) 應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞的地方誤用了人稱代詞

例1:金先生腿受重傷，被送進(jìn)了醫(yī)院。

誤:Mr. King， his legs were badly hurt， was taken to hospital.

正:Mr. King， whose legs were badly hurt， was taken to hospital.

析:應(yīng)將his 改為whose。因為用關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句的地方誤用了人稱代詞。

例2:格林夫婦有兩個女兒，她們都是大學(xué)生。

誤:The Greens have two daughters， both of them are college students.

正:The Greens have two daughters， both of whom are college students.

析:誤用人稱代詞them代替關(guān)系代詞，使例句變成了沒有連詞連接的兩個簡單句。

(2) 從句中出現(xiàn)了和關(guān)系代詞重復(fù)的成分

例:我邀請的朋友中有幾個沒有來。

誤:Some of the friends that I invited them didn't come.

正:Some of the friends that I invited didn't come.

析:應(yīng)刪去them，因為引導(dǎo)定語從句的that已經(jīng)代替them充當(dāng)了從句的賓語，若從句中再出現(xiàn)them就會造成從句句子成分重復(fù)。

(3) 應(yīng)和介詞結(jié)合使用的關(guān)系代詞前面缺介詞或介詞使用不當(dāng)

例1:剛才和我說話的那個人是經(jīng)理。

誤:The person whom I spoke just now is the manager.

正:The person to whom I spoke just now is the manager.

析:關(guān)系代詞whom要代替“the person”，作從句的賓語，但從句中的spoke是不及物動詞，必須加介詞to才可帶賓語。

例2:1999至2003年，馬克就讀于這所大學(xué)，在此期間他學(xué)習(xí)非常努力，并當(dāng)了學(xué)生會主席。

誤:Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003， in which time he studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Student Union.

正:Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003， during which time he studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Student Union.

析:“From 1999 to 2003”表示一個時間段，應(yīng)用介詞during?！敖樵~ + 關(guān)系代詞”中的介詞，選用時應(yīng)從以下五個角度去考慮:由與先行詞的搭配關(guān)系而定;由與定語從句謂語動詞的搭配而定;由整句話的意義而定;由與形容詞的搭配而定;若表示“所屬”或“部分與整體”的關(guān)系，則用of。

和先行詞有關(guān)的錯誤

1. 先行詞判斷錯誤

例1:這只風(fēng)箏是你父親昨天為你做的嗎?

誤:Is this kite your father made for you yesterday?

正:Is this kite the one (that) your father made for you yesterday?

析:若把this看作kite的修飾語，短語this kite為主句的主語，這時很明顯主句缺表語(即定語從句的先行詞)，所以應(yīng)該加上代詞the one。如果我們把this看作代詞，作句子的主語，那么kite應(yīng)為句子的表語，但此時kite前缺定冠詞the。故本句還可改為:Is this the kite (that/which) your father made for you yesterday?

例2:你還記得在美國發(fā)生可怕的交通事故的晚上嗎?

誤:Do you remember one night in America where a terrible traffic accident took place?

正:Do you remember one night in America when a terrible traffic accident took place?

析:一般來說，先行詞后面緊跟關(guān)系詞，再跟定語從句。但有時在先行詞和關(guān)系詞之間會插入其他成分，此時正確判定先行詞便很關(guān)鍵。在本句中先行詞是one night而不是America，故先行詞應(yīng)用when而不是where。

2. 先行詞的單復(fù)數(shù)判斷錯誤

例1:做完了的同學(xué)可以離開教室。

誤:Those who has finished may leave the classroom.

正:Those who have finished may leave the classroom.

析:應(yīng)將has改為have。因為who代替的是those，表復(fù)數(shù)，所以從句的謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

例2:這是中國境內(nèi)向北流的河流之一。

誤:This is one of the rivers in China which flows northward.

正:This is one of the rivers in China which flow northward.

析:應(yīng)將flows改為flow。因為which代替的是rivers而不是one，是復(fù)數(shù)概念，所以定語從句的謂語動詞也應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

例3:他是那些男孩中唯一一個要去參加會議的。

誤:He is the only one of the boys who are to attend the meeting.

正:He is the only one of the boys who is to attend the meeting.

析:應(yīng)將are改為is。因為當(dāng)one之前有定冠詞the修飾時，定語從句修飾的是“the one”，而不是boys，所以從句的謂語動詞不能用復(fù)數(shù)，而應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。

其他錯誤

1. 非限定性定語從句與限定性定語從句混淆

例:他們昨晚看了一部講述美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)故事的電影。

誤:They saw a film last night， that tells about the American Civil War.

正:They saw a film last night that(which) tells about the American Civil War.

析:限定性定語從句和主句之間一定不能用逗號隔開，而非限制性定語從句則必須和主句用逗號隔開。同時，that肯定不引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句。

2. 定語從句和并列句混淆

例:他們昨晚看了一部影片，影片講述的是關(guān)于美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的故事。

誤:They saw a film last night， and which tells about the American Civil War.

正:They saw a film last night， and it tells about the American Civil War. 或They saw a film last night， which tells about the American Civil War.

析:有連詞and，后面的句子為并列句，則it用來代替前面film，故將which改為it;沒有and，則后面的句子為非限定性定語從句，則去掉and，可用which。

3. 定語從句和強(qiáng)調(diào)句型混淆

例:大火是發(fā)生在廚房的。

誤:It was in the kitchen where the fire broke out.

正:It was in the kitchen that the fire broke out.

析:應(yīng)將where改為that。強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的常見結(jié)構(gòu)為:It be + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分 + that 從句。去掉“it be”和that后，剩余部分能還原為一個完整的句子;而where引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾限制的則是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞(如spot、place、house、school、factory、station等)，而不是介詞短語。試比較:

It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcast began. (強(qiáng)調(diào)句)

It was 1920 when regular radio broadcast began. (定語從句)

作者簡介:

孫小峰，英語教育碩士，現(xiàn)為甘肅省定西市中華路中學(xué)英語教師，曾在多家教育性雜志發(fā)表多篇文章。