如何在書(shū)面表達(dá)中寫(xiě)出漂亮的長(zhǎng)句,是困擾很多同學(xué)的一個(gè)問(wèn)題。雖然有些同學(xué)很擅長(zhǎng)剖析長(zhǎng)句,但在考場(chǎng)上卻很難寫(xiě)出長(zhǎng)句來(lái)。筆者今天就介紹幾種方法,希望能幫助大家在書(shū)面表達(dá)中擴(kuò)句、寫(xiě)長(zhǎng)句。以一句非常簡(jiǎn)潔的簡(jiǎn)單句為例:
The dictionary contains information. ①
方法一:添加插入語(yǔ)
插入語(yǔ)多半用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi),用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話者對(duì)主句所表達(dá)意思的態(tài)度。插入語(yǔ)可能是一個(gè)詞、一個(gè)短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)句子,分類如下:
★ 常用作插入語(yǔ)的副詞:indeed、surely、 obviously、frankly、naturally、fortunately、strangely、 briefly等;
★ 常用作插入語(yǔ)的短語(yǔ):strange to say、 needless to say、 most important of all、 worse still、as a matter of fact等;
★ 常用作插入語(yǔ)的分詞短語(yǔ):strictly speaking、generally speaking、judging from等;
★ 常用作插入語(yǔ)的不定式短語(yǔ):to be sure、to sum up、to tell the truth等;
例句①插入插入語(yǔ)后可寫(xiě)成:To be sure(固然), the dictionary contains information. ②
方法二:添加形式主語(yǔ)從句
添加形式主語(yǔ)從句是常用的一種寫(xiě)長(zhǎng)句的方法。我們先來(lái)看一下形式主語(yǔ)從句是如何構(gòu)成的。
大家先來(lái)看一個(gè)例句:
(That the system is important) is obvious.
這句話的主語(yǔ)由一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句來(lái)充當(dāng),主語(yǔ)看起來(lái)過(guò)長(zhǎng),容易造成“頭重腳輕”的感覺(jué)。所以,我們習(xí)慣于用it來(lái)代替原來(lái)的主語(yǔ),而把句子真正的主語(yǔ)(即邏輯主語(yǔ))放在句子的最后。這句話可改為:It is obvious that the system is important.
“It is obvious that”在這里就是形式主語(yǔ)從句。這種句型在高考題中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn),比較常用的有如下幾種類型:
★It + be動(dòng)詞 + 形容詞 + that:It's obvious that;It's apparent that;It's undoubted that; It's undeniable that;It's noticeable that等;
★It + be動(dòng)詞 + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 + that:It's said that;It's believed that;It is widely accepted that;It is universally acknowledged that;It's estimated that等;
★It + 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 + that:It must be admitted that;It must be stressed that;It cannot be denied that;It can be foreseen that等;
★ 其他:It is often the case that;It goes without saying that等。
例句②插入形式主語(yǔ)從句后可寫(xiě)成:To be sure, it must be admitted that the dictionary contains information. ③
方法三:添加形容詞或短語(yǔ)
在名詞前添加形容詞或短語(yǔ)能增強(qiáng)句子的生動(dòng)性。大家在平常的學(xué)習(xí)中可以注意多積累一些寫(xiě)作高頻詞匯,準(zhǔn)備一本多樣用詞本,會(huì)讓我們一勞永逸。寫(xiě)作中常用到的形容詞或詞組舉例如下:
★ 更,越來(lái)越……
a / an / the increasing / growing / climbing number / amount of
★ 重要的,關(guān)鍵的
vital、 crucial、indispensable
★ 很多,許多
plenty of、a great deal of、a large / considerable number / amount of、a wealth of、a flood of
★ 明顯的
obvious、evident、self-evident、apparent
例句③插入形容詞和短語(yǔ)后可寫(xiě)成:To be sure, it must be admitted that the newly-published dictionary contains a great deal of clear, valuable and effective information. ④
方法四:添加后置定語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)從句
在名詞后添加后置定語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)從句可以使句子更為生動(dòng)、具體和清晰。而定語(yǔ)從句也有多種寫(xiě)作方式,能豐富寫(xiě)作風(fēng)格、提高語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力。其中非限定性定語(yǔ)從句是寫(xiě)作中擴(kuò)句的神秘武器,它可以將兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句輕松轉(zhuǎn)變成邏輯清晰的主從句形式。例如:
1. Online learning can avoid unnecessary distraction. It means that students can really focus on their course.
寫(xiě)成帶有非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的形式為:Online learning can avoid unnecessary distraction, which means that students can really focus on their course. (在線學(xué)習(xí)能避免不必要的注意力分散問(wèn)題,這就意味著學(xué)生們能真正把注意力集中于他們的課程當(dāng)中。)
2. The number of mobile phone users increased surprisingly from 2001 to 2009. It can be seen from the bar chart.
寫(xiě)成帶有非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的形式為:As can be seen from the bar chart, the number of mobile phone users increased surprisingly from 2001 to 2009. (從圖中可以看出,手機(jī)用戶的人數(shù)從2001年至2009年增長(zhǎng)驚人。)
例句④插入定語(yǔ)從句后可寫(xiě)成:To be sure, it must be admitted that the newly-published dictionary, which is the best seller in Shanghai Bookmall, contains a great deal of clear and valuable information about human activities.
通過(guò)以上幾種方法,一個(gè)漂亮的長(zhǎng)句就呈現(xiàn)在大家面前了。當(dāng)然,擴(kuò)句和寫(xiě)長(zhǎng)句的方式還有很多,包括利用連詞合并句子、強(qiáng)調(diào)句式等等。相信通過(guò)練習(xí)這些方法,大家能輕松寫(xiě)出長(zhǎng)句,在考場(chǎng)上發(fā)揮自如。
作者簡(jiǎn)介:
王雪孺,上海新東方學(xué)校VIP學(xué)習(xí)中心中學(xué)全科個(gè)性化輔導(dǎo)教師,教授中考英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作、高考英語(yǔ)翻譯與寫(xiě)作等課程。英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)碩士、曾以全國(guó)第一的成績(jī)代表中國(guó)參加了2008年賽扶(SIFE)世界杯,獲得世界八強(qiáng)。