高考熱點(diǎn)追蹤——分詞用法淺談

吳　銘

在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中，分詞是一個(gè)相當(dāng)重要的語(yǔ)法內(nèi)容。作為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，它也是高考年年必考的"重頭戲"。但是從學(xué)生的答題情況來(lái)看，結(jié)果卻不容樂(lè)觀。針對(duì)這種情況，本人在這里略做淺談，希望能對(duì)同學(xué)們的學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助。

首先，分清現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別是決定用何種詞形的重要依據(jù)。下面我們且先來(lái)看看這兩種分詞形式的區(qū)別：

現(xiàn)在分詞:

1）現(xiàn)在分詞和與其相關(guān)的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成一種"主謂關(guān)系"，即"主動(dòng)態(tài)"。與現(xiàn)在分詞相關(guān)的名詞或代詞要依分詞在句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分的不同而不同。如：分詞若在句中充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)或是狀語(yǔ)，那么句子的主語(yǔ)就是分詞的"相關(guān)詞"。分詞若在句中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)，那么被它所修飾的詞就是"相關(guān)詞"；分詞若作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，那么賓語(yǔ)就是"相關(guān)詞"。

過(guò)去分詞:

過(guò)去分詞和與其相關(guān)的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成一種"動(dòng)賓關(guān)系"，即"被動(dòng)態(tài)"。這里所說(shuō)的"與過(guò)去分詞的相關(guān)詞"的所指與"現(xiàn)在分詞中講的所指"一樣。

2）現(xiàn)在分詞表示"主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行"，過(guò)去分詞表示"被動(dòng)和完成"(不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞不表示被動(dòng)，只表示完成)。分詞在句中可以作表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。

一、分詞作表語(yǔ)

（1） 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)，相關(guān)詞（即句子的主語(yǔ)）與分詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系/主謂關(guān)系；過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)，相關(guān)詞（即句子的主語(yǔ)）與分詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。例如，

This book is well written . (被動(dòng))

The little girl looks so charming .（主動(dòng)）

愛(ài)心提示：及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)，與句子主語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，既表示被動(dòng)，又表示完成。不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)只表示動(dòng)作的完成。例如：

The window is broken . 窗戶破了。

The stick is burnt. 木棒燃燒過(guò)了

（2）現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞起形容詞或副詞作用?，F(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)主要是表示主語(yǔ)本身的性質(zhì)、特征；含義為 “令人……”的含義；而過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)則多表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)，常譯為“感到……”

The situation is encouraging .（令人鼓舞的）

The soccer fans were delighted.（感到高興的）

其他例子有：

amazing , amazed ; annoying , annoyed ; boring , bored ; confusing , confused ; surprising surprised ; terrifying , terrified ; disappointing , disappointed ; frightening , frightened 等。

典型例題

---I'm very _______with my own cooking .It looks nice and smells delicious.(2002北京春招)

---Mm , it does have _______ smell .

A. pleasant ;pleased B pleased ;pleased

C. pleasant ;pleasant D .pleased ;pleasant

思路分析:答案選D。當(dāng)過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí),常常修飾人,含義為“感到……”表示某人處于某一種精神狀態(tài)。故最佳答案為D項(xiàng).

二、 分詞作定語(yǔ)

單個(gè)分詞作定語(yǔ)，分詞一般寫在被修飾詞之前；分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，分詞放在被修飾詞之后?，F(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)，主要說(shuō)明"正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作"或是"主動(dòng)" 。過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)，主要說(shuō)明"業(yè)已完成的動(dòng)作"或是"被動(dòng)" 。

We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions.

China belongs to developing countries .

The girl standing by her mother looked very timid.

The concert given by their friends was a success。

典型例題

1. Prices of daily goods _______through a computer can be lower than store prices.(2002北京春)

A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying

思路分析:答案選B。此題考查過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)的用法.我們可以把bought through還原成一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句:Prices of daily goods that /which are bought through a computer……

2. The Olympic Games, _______in 776 BC , did not include women players until 1912.( 1992 NMET)

A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing

思路分析:答案選C 。根據(jù)句中的逗號(hào)和句意可知，_______in 776 BC 在句中作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾前面的The Olympic Games 。the Olympic Games與play之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故排除A、D項(xiàng)。B項(xiàng)是不定式的被動(dòng)式,表示"未來(lái)",也可排除，因此,C項(xiàng)是對(duì)的.它相當(dāng)于一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句which were first played.

3. The trees ___ in the storm have been moved off the road.（2008年湖南）

A. being blown down B. blown down C. blowing down D to blow down

思路分析:答案選B。本題考查過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)的用法.我們可以把blown down還原成一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句:The trees that /which were blown down in the storm have been moved off the road .

(3)分詞作狀語(yǔ)

分詞在句子中作狀語(yǔ)，使用何種分詞，要取決于相關(guān)詞（即句子主語(yǔ)）與分詞的關(guān)系：主謂關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞，動(dòng)賓或被動(dòng)關(guān)系用過(guò)去分詞。

Walking in the street , I saw my good friend .

Not knowing her phone number, I wrote her a letter .

Surrounded by his students , the professor sat there cheerfully .

典型例題

1. _________ more time , he will make a first-class tennis player .（2003北京）

A Having given B To give C Giving D Given

思路分析：答案選D 。本句話的意思為：如果多給他些時(shí)間，他會(huì)成為一流球員。分詞在句中作條件狀語(yǔ)，句子主語(yǔ)he與give 之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，即動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故用given 。

2. Alice returned from the managers office , ________ me that the boss wanted to see me at once .（2004 NMET）

A having told B tells C to tell D telling

思路分析：答案選D。由句中的逗號(hào)及句意可知，分詞在句中作伴隨狀語(yǔ)，句子主語(yǔ)Alice與tell之間是主謂（主動(dòng)）關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞。

3._______ in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.(2008安徽卷)

A. To walk. B. Walking C. Walked D. Having walked

思路分析：答案選B。由句意可知，分詞在句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，句子主語(yǔ)he與walk之間是主謂（主動(dòng)）關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞。

(4)分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)

分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果其相關(guān)詞（即賓語(yǔ)）與分詞構(gòu)成"主謂關(guān)系"，用現(xiàn)在分詞；如果構(gòu)成"動(dòng)賓關(guān)系"，則用過(guò)去分詞。常用分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：find , feel , get , have , hear , keep , notice , see , watch等。

I saw my sister climbing the wall.

He has his bike repaired .

典型例題：

1. The speaker raised his voice but still couldn't make himself_______.(1991 NMET)

A. hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heard

思路分析: 答案選D 。 make oneself done是慣用法.此時(shí)done作oneself的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)himself 與hear之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，即動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故用過(guò)去分詞。本題的意思是"使自己的聲音被聽到",故答案為D.

2. Jenny hopes that Mr Smith will suggest a good way to have her handwriting _________ in a short period .

A improved B improving C to improve D improve

思路分析: 答案選A 。have something done 是慣用法。在本題中賓語(yǔ)her handwriting與improve 之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用過(guò)去分詞。

3. To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English _____ as much as we can.（2008江蘇）

A. speak B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak

思路分析: 答案選C 。賓語(yǔ)English與speak之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，即動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故用過(guò)去分詞。本題的意思是"為了學(xué)好英語(yǔ)，我們應(yīng)該盡可能多的尋找機(jī)會(huì)聽人們說(shuō)英語(yǔ)"。