英語虛擬語氣用法易錯點分析

郭華東

虛擬語氣在近幾年高考中均是重點考察項目，它表示一種與現(xiàn)實相反的假設，從時間上來看，可以分別表示和過去，現(xiàn)在，將來相反。一般通過謂語動詞的時態(tài)變化來表示各種虛擬情況。高考英語主要考察的虛擬語氣知識點中，有一些常見的基本知識同學們都已經(jīng)掌握住了。比如虛擬語氣在if條件句和主句中的一般用法，在wish后的賓語從句中的用法等等。除了這些比較容易掌握的知識點以外，以下幾個方面是同學們在高考英語考試中容易失誤的地方，應該加以注意。

一、主語從句的以下兩個句式中，虛擬語氣的用法：

1, It be + 形容詞 + that +… ( should ) …

用于這個句式的形容詞有：necessary, good, important, right, wrong, better, strange, surprising, proper, natural, funny等等。

如：

It is necessary that we (should) return the book to the library on time.（我們及時將書歸還給圖書館是十分必要的。）

It is strange that he (should) have done things like that. （真奇怪，他竟然出做那樣的事情。）

例題分析：

It is important that the teacher____________students achievement in the course they chose.

A. will confirmB. confirmC. would confirmD. must confirm

分析：答案為B，句意為“教師充分肯定學生在所選課程中獲得的成績是十分重要的”。這是一個含有形容詞important的主語從句的句式，該從句的謂語動詞要用should + do的形式，should可以省略，所以答案是B。

2, It be + 過去分詞 + that +… ( should ) …

用于該結構中的過去分詞是表示“命令，建議，要求”等動詞的過去分詞。 如：ordered, desired, suggested, proposed, required等。

這種句式表示的是事實，表示說話人對于此事實感到驚奇、不相信、理應如此等的意思。此時，可以用虛擬語氣。即：主語從句的謂語用should加上動詞原形。should此時可以省略。

如：

It was ordered by the officials that no soldiers (should) go into the building.（長官下了命令任何士兵都不可以進入這座大樓。）

It was proposed that the sports meeting (should) not be put off. （有人建議不要推遲運動會的日期）

例題分析：

It has been suggested that Ann________the house.

A. can sellB. sells C. sellD. sold

分析：答案為C。句意為“有人建議Ann賣掉這所房子”。 這是一個含有過去分詞suggested的被動語態(tài)和主語從句的句式，所以該主語從句的謂語要使用should + do的形式，should可以省略，所以答案是C。

二、如果賓語從句之前的謂語動詞suggest 和 insist 不表示“建議”和“堅持要某人做某事”的意思的時候，該賓語從句就不能用虛擬語氣。

如：

These footprints suggested that somebody had been here. (這些腳印表明有人來過這里。)

He insisted that he didnt take other peoples bag.（他堅持說他沒有拿別人的包）

例題分析：

The man insisted that he________the money.

A should not takeB would not takeC had not takenD not take

分析：答案為C。句意為“這個男人堅持說他沒有拿別人的錢”。在題干中，insist的意思是“堅持說”所以其后面賓語從句的謂語不可以使用虛擬語氣。

三、虛擬語氣用于定語從句中。這種虛擬語氣常用于句型It is ( high/about) time + (that)… 定語從句的謂語動詞用一般過去時形式（注意：be動詞無論各人稱一律用were）或者should +動詞原形(注意：此時should不可省略) …”

如：

It is (about) time that I should pick (picked) up my daughter.（是該我開車去接我女兒的時候了。）

It is high time that we were going.（我們該出發(fā)了。）

例題分析：

It is time that the government________measures to protect the rare birds and animals.

A takesB took C has takenD taking

分析：答案為B。句意為“是該政府采取措施保護那些稀有鳥類和獸類的時候了”。屬于 “It is ( high/about) time (that) +…” 定語從句句型，所以該定語從句的謂語用虛擬語氣，用謂語動詞的過去式。

四、虛擬條件句的倒裝。虛擬條件句的從句部分如果含有were, should 或者had， 可以將if 省略，再把were，should 或者 had 移到從句句首，從而構成倒裝。但要注意，在虛擬條件狀語從句部分， 省略連詞的倒裝形式的句首不能用動詞的縮略形式。 比如：可以說Were I not to do, 不能說Werent I to do.

如：

If they were here now, they would help me.

=Were they here now, they would help me.（如果他們現(xiàn)在在這里他們就會幫助我了。）

If you had come here earlier, you would have got the chance to meet him.

=Had you come here earlier, you would have got the chance to meet him. （如果你早來一點，你就能有機會見到他了。）

If it should rain, the crops would be saved.

=Should it rain, the crops would be saved.（天如果能下雨的話，莊稼就會得救了。）

例題分析：

____, he would have passed the exam.

A if he were to studyB if he studied hard

C had he studied hard D should he study hard

分析：答案為C。句意為“如果他以前學習努力了，他就已經(jīng)通過這次考試了”。答案A，B，D都是表示和將來事實情況的虛擬，從句意來看，應該表示和過去事實情況的虛擬， 所以應該用過去完成時態(tài)，并且此時符合倒裝的條件，可以倒裝，所以答案選C。

五、虛擬語氣用于if only（要是...就好了） 引導的感嘆句和as if/though（好像）, even if/though（即使）引導的表語從句或狀語從句中。如果從句表示的動作發(fā)生在過去，就用過去完成時；若指的是現(xiàn)在狀況，則用一般過去時；指將來狀況，則用過去將來時。

如：

If only I were a bird!（我要是一只飛鳥就好了。）

If only I had taken his advice!（要是我采納了他的建議就好了。）

He did it as if he were an expert.（他做起這件事情來就好象是一位專家。）

Even if she were here, she could not solve the problem.（即使她現(xiàn)在在這兒，她也解決不了這個問題。）

例題分析：

Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only Iyour advice!

A followB would follow C had followedD have followed

分析：答案為C。句意為“你瞧瞧我現(xiàn)在尷尬的處境，要是當時我聽從你的建議就好了”。這是if only所引導的感嘆句,句子意思和過去相反。所以答案選C。

It looks as if they __ __ the truth, but in fact they are not.

A are telling B tell C toldD were telling

分析：答案為D。句意為“看起來他們好像正在講述事實真相，但是，事實上他們并沒有”。這是as if所引導的表語從句,句子意思和現(xiàn)在相反。所以答案選D。

Even if you________them the right, they________it well.

A. gave,didnt performB. had given,wouldnt have performed

C. give,havent performedD. will give,wont perform

分析：答案為B。句意為“即使你當時賦予他們這項權利，他們也不會很好地行使的”。這是even if所引導的狀語從句,句子意思和過去相反。所以答案選B。選項D不是虛擬語氣的形式，所以不能選。

六、虛擬語氣用于含蓄虛擬條件句中。含蓄條件句是指句中沒有明顯的虛擬條件句，而是利用其他的手段來暗示存在虛擬條件。但是這些含蓄虛擬條件句往往都可以轉化為if引導的虛擬條件句。常常用于表示含蓄虛擬條件句的手段有介詞或介詞短語，如：but for, but that, without, in case of, under more favorable condition 等。連詞如：but, otherwise, unfortunately 等之類的轉折連詞，如：

But for the help of the soldiers, people in the area could not be living a happy life today.（若不是這些士兵的幫助，這個地區(qū)的人民今天就不會正在過著這么幸福的生活。）

You didnt take my advice, otherwise you would be a member of our club now.（你當時沒有聽從我的建議，否則你現(xiàn)在就是我們俱樂部的一個成員了。）

例題分析：

Without electricity, human life ____quite different today.

A is B will be C would have beenD would be

分析：答案為D。句意為“如果沒有電能，當今人類的生活將是另一番樣子”。這是含有利用介詞短語的手段來暗示存在虛擬條件的主從復合句，主句要用虛擬語氣，并且所表達的意思和現(xiàn)在事實相反，因此選擇答案D。

突破訓練：

1. It is demanded that the exam ____ before eleven.

A. must finishB. would be finished

C. be finishedD. must be finished

2. He is talking so much about America as if he ____ there.

A. had beenB. has been C. was D. been

3. The young man insisted that he ____ nothing wrong and ____ free.

A. did; setB. had done; should be set

C. do; be setD. had done; must be set

4. Without the air to hold some of the suns heat, the earth at night ____, too cold for us to live.

A. would be freezing cold C. will be freezing coldly

B. would be frozen cold D. can freeze coldly

5. It is important that we ____ wild animals.

A. will protectB. should protect

C. shall protect D. are protecting

6. It is necessary that the problem ____ at once.

A. solvesB. should solve

C. should be solved D. will be solved

7. It is strange that he ____ interest in much of his research.

A. should have lostB. would lose

C. had lost D. will lose

8. ____I be free tomorrow, I could go with you.

A. could B. shouldC. might D. must

9. ___to do the work, I should do it some other day.

A. If were IB. I wereC. Were I D. Was I

10. ____your letter, I would have writer back two days ago.

A. If received B. Should I receive

C. Had I received D. If I could have received

11. He treats me as though ____ his own son.

A. I am B. I would be C. I was D. I were

12. Its time we ____ to bed.

A. must goB. will go C. went D. have gone

13. If only I ____ my watch.

A. hadnt lostB. havent lost

C. didnt loseD. dont lose

14. We ___ the work on time without your help.

A. hadnt had finishedB. didnt have finished

C. couldnt have finished D. cant have finished

15. If only I ____ as young as you are.

A. being B. am C. be D. were

答案與解析:

1, C主語從句的句型中虛擬語氣的用法

2,Aas if/though,引導的表語從句或狀語從句的用法

3,B在第一個空中，insist 的意思是“堅持說或認為”不能用虛擬語氣，后一個空表“堅持要某人做某事”應該用虛擬語氣

4, A 含蓄虛擬條件句，主句所表示的意思和現(xiàn)在事實相反，并且應該用現(xiàn)在分詞freezing有主動的意味，表示事物性質，

5,B 參看本文主語從句的句型中虛擬語氣的用法

6,C 參看本文主語從句的句型中虛擬語氣的用法

7,A 參看本文主語從句的句型中虛擬語氣的用法

8,B 虛擬條件句倒裝，should 提到句首， 另外三個選項不能用于虛擬條件句

9,C虛擬條件句倒裝，were 提到句首

10,C虛擬條件句倒裝，had 提到句首

11,D參看本文as if/though,引導的狀語從句的用法，從句和現(xiàn)在事實相反

12,C 虛擬語氣用于定語從句句型“It is ( high/about) time (that) +…”定語從句的謂語動詞用一般過去時形式（be動詞無論各人稱一律用were）或者should +動詞原形(注意：此時should一般不可省略) …”

13,A 虛擬語氣用于if only 引導的感嘆句，所表示的意思和過去事實相反

14,C含蓄虛擬條件句， 主句所表示的意思和過去事實相反，

15,D虛擬語氣用于if only 引導的感嘆句，所表示的意思和現(xiàn)在事實相反