趣解“閱讀理解”

曹　晨

閱讀理解是各類英語試題中占分最多的一種題型，對考生英語得分的高低起著舉足輕重的作用，有人甚至提出“得閱讀者得天下”，可見我們需要十分地重視閱讀理解題型的訓練與提高。要提高閱讀理解能力，除了必須具備較大的詞匯量和較廣的知識面之外，還要在閱讀速度和閱讀方法上追求突破。

常見的閱讀理解答題步驟有兩種：P-Q-P和Q-P-Q。P-Q-P即學生們常用的先看文章(passage)后看試題(questions)，然后再逐一查找原文細節(jié)的解題方法，這種方法過于按部就班，解題速度偏慢。第二種方法Q-P-Q要求學生先看測試題，然后帶著問題在原文中找答案，這種方法針對性強，省時，但不少學生由于基礎較差，在未讀原文的情況下不能清晰的理解測試題題干和題干后設計的各選項，因而對這種方法淺嘗輒止，很快又回歸到第一種解題方法。

正確而有效的解題方法是先帶著“主旨大意題”瀏覽全文確定文章大意，然后帶著“細節(jié)理解題”和“推理判斷題”再讀原文，鎖定細節(jié)題的做題依據，針對難以解答的題目仔細梳理上下文，根據一定的解題技巧對所有題目作出解答。為了幫助大家記住正確的解題步驟，本文將閱讀理解答題步驟趣味性地解讀為“閱”、“讀”、“理”、“解”幾個步驟。

一、閱——把握大意

先借助“主旨大意題”(如果有的話)把握全文大意。常見的“中心大意題有：①What is the article mainly about? ②What would be the best title for the passage? ③What is the subject discussed in the text? ④This passage is mainly about_____. ⑤From the passage we know _______.等等。很多文章一開始就展示其主題思想，或者先出現(xiàn)一段“引子”，然后語氣一轉，以however/but等詞引出文章的中心?？忌鷳人僮x文章的第一段和最后一段，找到可能的主題思想(在第二遍細讀時仍需對照確認)。

二、讀——細讀全文

在初步了解文章大意的基礎上閱讀文章后的其他測試題，帶著這些“細節(jié)理解題”和“推理判斷題”細讀原文，從文章中找出答題依據。

三、理——理清關系

對于第二遍細讀后仍不能搞清的測試題尤其是“推理判斷題”需要仔細推敲上下文，弄清作者的寫作目的和情感態(tài)度，要站在作者的角度而不是考生本人的角度思考問題。

四、解——正確作答

通過前面三個步驟的閱讀思考學生應該已經能夠解答大多數測試題，但仍然會有個別試題考生難以作出最后的判斷，有些試題考生可能作出了錯誤的判斷。因此，考生要掌握一些基本的閱讀理解做題技巧。

1．在做“主旨大意題”的時候，如果開頭沒有表達文章的中心，可嘗試找出每段的主題句，把注意力放在每一段的第一句或最后一句上，或者在閱讀中基本了解每段的中心，然后進行總結概括。

2．在做“細節(jié)理解題”的時候，要注意原文細節(jié)與正確選項之間往往會進行同義替換，出題者一般不會用與原文完全相同表達法作為正確的選項。

3．學會做“生詞猜測題”。要根據生詞前后的相關信息進行推理，常見的猜測生詞的方法有“詞語定義法”、“同義關系法”、“上下文分析法等等。

下面舉2008年高考英語試題全國卷1的C篇作一簡要說明。

It is often necessary to release a fish, that is, set it free after catching, because it is too small, or you just dont want to take it home to eat. In some cases, releasing fish is a good measure that will help keep fish variety and build their population size. The Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (DGIF) encourages fishermen who practice catch-and-release fishing to use a few simple skills when doing so. The advice provided below will help make sure that the fish you release will survive (存活) to bite again another day.

－When catching a fish, play it quickly and keep the fish in the water as much as possible.

Dont use a net in landing the fish and release it quickly to prevent it from dying.

－Hold the fish gently. Do not put your fingers in its eyes. Dont wipe the scales (魚鱗) off the

fish because it might cause it to develop a disease and reduce its chance of survival

－Remove your hook (魚鉤) quickly. If the hook is too deep or hooked in the stomach, cut the line

and leave the hook or the hook left inside will cause no serious problem to the fish.

－Take good care of the fish a moving it gently in water. Release the fish when it begins to struggle and is able to swim.

－Do not hold fish in a bucket or some other containers and later decide to release it. If you are going to release a fish, do so right away.

With a little care and by following the suggestions given above, you can give the released fish a better chance of survival.

64. People sometimes set a fish free after catching it because they_________.

A. dont want it to die B. hope it will grow quickly

C. dont want to have it as food D. want to practice their fishing skills

65. Which of the following will probably make a fish ill?

A. Taking the hook off it. B. Removing its scales.

C. Touching its eyes.D. Holding it in your hand.

66. A proper way to release a fish is to_________..

A. move it in water till it can swim B. take the hook out of its stomach

C. keep it in a bucket for some time D. let it struggle a little in your hand

67. What is the purpose or the text?

A. To show how to enjoy fishing. B. To persuade people to fish less often.

C. To encourage people to set fish free. D. To give advice on how to release fish.

【解題思路和步驟】

1．首先瀏覽四條測試題，確定第67題為“中心大意題”。根據文章第一段“It is often necessary to release a fish”和下文中圍繞如何放魚所提出的五條建議初步確定D項為文章的寫作目的。

2．根據64、65、66三條細節(jié)測試題確定在細讀全文時要特別關注涉及“人們有時抓到魚后放魚的原因”、“什么可能讓魚生病”以及“放魚的正確方法”等細節(jié)。根據第一句“It is often necessary to release a fish, that is, set it free after catching, because it is too small, or you just dont want to take it home to eat.”，第二條建議中的“Dont wipe the scales (魚鱗) off the fish because it might cause it to develop a disease and reduce its chance of survival.”和第四條建議中的“Release the fish when it begins to struggle and is able to swim.”逐條確定64、65、66的正確選項為C、B、A。

3．要識別正確選項與原文之間的同義替代關系，如65題題干部分“make a fish ill”對應于原文的“cause it to develop a disease and reduce its chance of survival”，B選項“Removing its scales”對應于原文的“wipe the scales (魚鱗) off the fish”。

4．解題應融入各個步驟之中，本文強調的是“先帶著主旨大意題確定文章大意，再帶著細節(jié)理解題理解全文”，考生不可機械套用這“四步曲”。帶著目的閱讀短文，考生會驚喜地發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的閱讀速度提高了，平時讀文章不能理解大意和細節(jié)，帶著問題閱讀反而能理解清楚了。