摘要:本文對中學(xué)英語教學(xué)中常用介詞的用法進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的歸納,并對其用法異同作了比較詳盡的辨析。
關(guān)鍵詞:介詞;用法;辨析
在中學(xué)英語的教學(xué)中經(jīng)常會碰到表示Exception與Addition 含義的介詞,這些介詞為數(shù)眾多,其含義和用法多種多樣,如except,except for,excepting,with the exception of等。它們不僅是英語詞匯教學(xué)的一個(gè)難點(diǎn),也是英語詞匯測試的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)。學(xué)生經(jīng)常對其用法的異同感到困惑不解,其語義的微妙區(qū)別和語法結(jié)構(gòu)的特異之處也受到了英語語言學(xué)者和教師的普遍關(guān)注。本文在結(jié)合部分教師的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和搜集有關(guān)資料的基礎(chǔ)上,試圖對中學(xué)教學(xué)中最常見的except, in addition to,apart form 的用法異同作出較為詳盡的辨析。
一、表示Exception的常用介詞
表示Exception 的常用介詞有except,except for,excepting,with the exception of,but,apart from,aside from等。
1. Except
Except 意為“除去、除掉”, 表示與主要陳述的對象并不直接相關(guān)的唯一的人或物,即指“排除在外,并不包括在內(nèi)”。如:
(1) Everybody was invited to the party except me.除了我之外,每個(gè)人都被邀請去了晚會。
(2)He came here everyday except Sunday. 除去星期天他每天都來。
Except 的用法十分活躍,能充當(dāng)其賓語的詞有名詞(如例2)、代詞(如例1)還有副詞、介詞短語、不定式和從句等。如:
(3) He always studies hard except recently.(副詞)
(4)I usually goes to work on time except on rainy days.(介詞短語)
(5)The old lady desired nothing except to see her son.(不定式)
(6) He did nothing except clean her room. (不定式)
(7) He usually goes to work on time except when it rains. (從句)
(8) My books seemed to be everywhere except wherethey ought to be.
Except that+從句,表示排除部分或排除異于包括在內(nèi)者,即指某一個(gè)陳述具有例外情況。有時(shí)Except that+從句可以與except for 互相轉(zhuǎn)換。如:
(9) I know nothing about him except that he lives nextdoor.我只知道他住在隔壁,其余一無所知。
(10) Nobody said a thing except that one or two asked me if I was better.只要一兩個(gè)人詢問我是否好些,其余的人什么都沒說。
2.Except for
Except for 意為“除去……一點(diǎn)之外” 或 “要不是(因?yàn)橛校?,表示唯有一些人、物、想法等不能使你的陳述完全真?shí),用來從某一細(xì)節(jié)方面修正前面的概括。其后只能接名詞或名詞短語、代詞和從句。如:
(1)The article is good except for the spelling.除了拼寫,這篇文章還不錯(cuò)。
(2)She is a good student except for her carelessness.要不是因?yàn)榇中模€是個(gè)好學(xué)生。
Except for + 名詞可與except that+從句互換。如:
(3)This house is very beautiful except for a bit shortness. = This house is very beautiful except that it is a bit short.
(4) She is a good student except for her carelessness. = She is a good student except that she is careless.
3. Except 與 Except for 的區(qū)別
except 與except for的區(qū)別:except用于排除同類,except for用于排除部分或異類(即排除者不同于包括在內(nèi)者),不論其句子是肯定句還是否定句。如:
(1)We all agreed except him. ( we 和him均指人,是同類)
(2)The carpet is good except for its price.( the carpet 和its price分別指不同的事物,是異類)
4. Excepting
Excepting 意為“除……之外”,它只能用在句首或用在not,without,always等詞后面。在現(xiàn)代英語中,excepting 作介詞的用法已不常見,常用except代替。如:
(1)All the boys were late, not excepting Jim. 所有的男孩都遲到了,吉姆也不例外。
(2)Everybody must observe the rule not excepting the principal. 人人都得遵守規(guī)則,校長也不例外。
5. But
But 作介詞時(shí)意思為“除……以外,不包括”,與except的用法比較類似,尤其在every,any,no,everywhere,anything,nobody,all,none等不定代詞以及who等疑問詞后面更是如此。如:
(1)They are all wrong but/except me. 除我之外,他們?nèi)煎e(cuò)了。
(2) Who but/except Mary would do such a thing? 除了瑪麗還有誰愿意干這種事?
注意:but 短語不能放在句首。如:
(3) No one saw him but me. = No one but me saw him.
但不能說But me no one saw him.
6. But 與 Except 的區(qū)別
在表示被排除的情況是介詞短語形式時(shí),只用except,不用but。如:
(1) This window must not be opened except in emergency. 這扇窗子除緊急情況外,一律不得打開。
except 的意味比but強(qiáng),強(qiáng)調(diào)除去的部分。如:
(2) We all went but you. 語氣重在all.
(3) We all went except you. 語氣重在you.
(4) I have finished all my exercises but one. 我只差一題就做完了。
(5) I have finished all my exercises except one. 我還剩一題沒做。
在下列情況下只用but,不能用except替換。
A. but+形容詞
(6) She was anything but pleased. 她很不高興。
B. but與nothing連用,表示“只不過”、“完全是”的含義。
(7) Imperialism is nothing but a paper tiger.帝國主義不過是紙老虎。
C. but one(或two,three,etc)與first,last,next等連用時(shí)
(8) Please read the last but two paragraph for us.請朗讀倒數(shù)第三段。
7. But for 與 except for的區(qū)別
But for 的意思與 except for相同,都表示“除去……一點(diǎn)之外” 或 “要不是(因?yàn)橛校钡暮x。它們的區(qū)別是:except for用于直陳語氣,but for用于虛擬語氣。如:
(1) Mary is a very good girl,except for her carelessness.
(2) Mary would be a very good girl,but for her carelessness.
8. Apart from
Apart from 用于否定句中其含義=except。 如:
(1) I know nothing about her apart from her age.除了年齡,我對她一無所知。
(2) Apart from being too large, it just doesn’t suit me.除了太大,它對我也不合適。
二、表示Addition的常用介詞
表示Addition的常用介詞有besides,in addition to,apart from,aside from 等。
1. Besides
Besides 作介詞并用于肯定句時(shí),其意思為“除……之外,還有……”。有“外加”之意。其位置很靈活,可在句首、句中、句尾。如:
Besides English,I know Spanish. 除了英語之外,我還懂西班牙語。
2. Besides 與except 的區(qū)別
在肯定句中besides 與except 的主要區(qū)別就是看是否將這兩個(gè)詞之后的內(nèi)容包括在內(nèi)。包括了就用besides不包括就用except。試比較:
(1) Five others were late besides me. (共有6人遲到了,我包括在內(nèi))
(2) Nobody was late except me.(只有我一人遲到了,我不包括在沒遲到的人之內(nèi))
用于否定句中 besides和except 的意思相同,表“除……之外(不再有,再沒有,再也不)”的含義。如:
(3) I know nothing besides/except what I have told you.除了已對你說過的以為,我別無所知。
3. In addition to
In addition to 是介詞短語,其含義同besides, 后接名詞或動名詞。如:
In addition to English, you’d better learn another.
4. Apart from
Apart from 意思是“除……之外”、“撇開……來說”,其含義同besides。該詞主要表示整個(gè)情況中的例外,常指小的、不重要的事:說話者想要暫時(shí)撇開某一話題、爭論,而提起稍不明顯、沒考慮到的事情。后接名詞或動名詞。如:
(1) Apart from sport,my other interest outside class is music.除了體育,我在課余的另一愛好就是音樂。
(2) Apart from being fun,swimming is a very useful skill.除了好玩,游泳還是一項(xiàng)有用的技能。
本文著重辯析了中學(xué)英語階段常見的表示Exception 和Addition的7個(gè)介詞的用法異同。由于這些介詞在語義方面區(qū)別微妙,用法特異,一些詞匯和語法專著也是見仁見智、不盡相同。綜上所述,只需掌握Exception 和Addition介詞的語義區(qū)別,就能較好地掌握這些介詞,從而做到雜而不亂、運(yùn)用自如。
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(衡陽市職業(yè)中專)