編者按:
環(huán)境污染一直是人類(lèi)所面臨的最嚴(yán)峻問(wèn)題之一,科學(xué)家們致力與研究在促進(jìn)社會(huì)進(jìn)步發(fā)展的
同時(shí)又不會(huì)給環(huán)境帶來(lái)負(fù)面影響的技術(shù)。微生物燃料電池就是其中一種,下面我們來(lái)看看它
究竟有什么傳統(tǒng)電池所無(wú)法比擬的優(yōu)勢(shì)。
Currently, most energy production generates carbon dioxide, a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming and local pollution. At the same time that carbon dioxide concentrations are rising in the atmosphere, fueling higher temperatures, burgeoning population growth of humans and livestock is producing ever-increasing amounts of organic pollution and waste. Now researchers at the Center for Biotechnology at the Biodesign Institute of Arizona State University are working on a way to solve both problems using bacteria to convert organic wastes into a source of electricity.
目前,大多數(shù)能源產(chǎn)品會(huì)產(chǎn)生二氧化碳,它是溫室氣體主要來(lái)源,加劇了全球氣候變暖和當(dāng)?shù)匚廴?。與此同時(shí),二氧化碳在大氣中越來(lái)越集中,濃度不斷上升,導(dǎo)致溫度升高,迅速增長(zhǎng)的人口以及牲畜產(chǎn)生的有機(jī)污染和廢物也與日俱增?,F(xiàn)在亞利桑那州立大學(xué)生物設(shè)計(jì)研究所的生物技術(shù)中心研究人員正致力于研究一種方法來(lái)解決這兩個(gè)問(wèn)題,利用微生物把有機(jī)廢棄物變?yōu)殡娏?lái)源。
Bruce Rittmann, Director of the Center for Environmental Biotechnology at the Biodesign Institute, and his team of researchers are developing microbial fuel cells (MFC) that can oxidize organic pollutants and create electricity from pollution.
生物設(shè)計(jì)研究所的環(huán)境生物技術(shù)中心主任布魯斯#8226;瑞特曼和他的同事們正在研究一種微生物燃料電池,它能夠通過(guò)氧化有機(jī)污染物將其轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殡娔堋?/p>
\"We have to tremendously reduce our use of fossil fuels,\" said Rittmann at his lab at the Biodesign Institute. \"Someday we will run out of fossil fuels and perhaps more importantly, someday the environmental impact these fuels will catch up with us. Global warming is a real threat, but fossil fuel combustion also causes local pollution. We need to stop burning things as much as possible.\"
瑞特曼在他的生物設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)室說(shuō):“我們要大幅減少使用化石燃料?!?“總有一天,我們會(huì)耗盡化石燃料,更重要的是,有朝一日環(huán)境的沖擊將對(duì)我們產(chǎn)生惡劣影響。全球變暖是一個(gè)真正的威脅,而且化石燃料燃燒對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)匾苍斐闪宋廴尽N覀円M可能的停止焚燒東西。”
Rittmann says the advantage of the microbial fuel cells is they take renewable organic materials and capture the energy value within them.
瑞特曼認(rèn)為微生物燃料電池的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于它們利用可再生的有機(jī)物質(zhì)并抓住其中的能量?jī)r(jià)值。
\"I call it 'energy within group',\" explained Rittmann. \"There are plenty of organic materials, especially waste materials, around that have energy value. The problem is the energy is in an inconvenient form. There are piles of energy we can't use. We need to convert it into a form of energy we can deal with, something society can use as a reliable energy source.\"
“我稱(chēng)之為‘組內(nèi)能源’?!比鹛芈忉屨f(shuō),“有很多有機(jī)材料,尤其是廢棄物,周?chē)泻芏嗄芰?。?wèn)題在于,能源本身的構(gòu)成形式不便釋放能量。一堆堆的能量,我們卻不能使用。因此,我們需要把它變成一種我們可以處理的、社會(huì)可以利用的可靠能源?!?/p>
Rittmann says microorganisms can convert organic material into one of three energy sources: methane, hydrogen, or electricity. \"Using the microbial fuel cell we can get energy value out of organic stuff and convert it into electricity,\" he said.
瑞特曼說(shuō)微生物可將有機(jī)物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)換成三個(gè)能源:甲烷、氫氣或電能。“利用微生物燃料電池,我們可以從有機(jī)物中得到能量?jī)r(jià)值并把它轉(zhuǎn)化為電能?!?/p>
The microbial fuel cell is powered by bacteria growing as a biofilm on a conductive solid surface serving as an electrode in a bath of organic waste. The microorganisms oxidize the organic pollutants - for example pig manure - \"transferring the electrons to the electrode, into an electrical circuit, and eventually to oxygen at the cathode.\" The current of electrons flowing through circuit are electrical energy, explains Rittmann.
微生物燃料電池是將細(xì)菌生長(zhǎng)作為動(dòng)力,如同導(dǎo)電固體表面的生物膜作為電極沉浸在一堆有機(jī)廢棄物中。微生物氧化有機(jī)污染物——例如豬糞——“將電子轉(zhuǎn)移到電極,通過(guò)電路最終在陰極轉(zhuǎn)化為氧氣?!?瑞特曼解釋說(shuō),電路中的電子流就是電能。
\"The microbial fuel cell takes advantage of the microbes' ability to oxidize almost anything that is organic,\" he added.
“微生物燃料電池利用微生物的能力幾乎可以氧化一切有機(jī)物?!彼a(bǔ)充說(shuō)。
Rittmann says the microbial fuel cell offers several advantages over conventional hydrogen-based fuel cells.
瑞特曼表示,微生物燃料電池具備很多傳統(tǒng)氫燃料電池所沒(méi)有的優(yōu)勢(shì)。
\"Most fuel cells are currently limited to using just hydrogen derived from fossil fuel as its energy source. This isn't solving the full problem since we're still using fossil fuels to generate the hydrogen,\" said Rittmann. \"Microbial fuel cell can solve the entire problem, converting organic waste directly into energy. Further, because biological fuel cells operate at room temperature there is no need to waste energy on heating or use expensive catalysts like platinum. Finally since there's no combustion involved, biological fuel cells produce no pollution - in fact they actually help reduce pollution since organic pollution is their fuel source\"
“大部分燃料電池,目前只限于將來(lái)自化石燃料的氫作為能源。這不能解決全部問(wèn)題,因?yàn)槲覀冞€在使用礦石燃料產(chǎn)生氫氣?!比鹛芈f(shuō),“微生物燃料電池可以解決所有問(wèn)題,把有機(jī)廢物直接轉(zhuǎn)化為能源。此外,由于生物燃料電池可以控制室溫因此沒(méi)有必要將能源浪費(fèi)在取暖或者使用像鉑這樣昂貴的催化劑。最后,因?yàn)檫^(guò)程中沒(méi)有發(fā)生燃燒,生物燃料電池不產(chǎn)生污染——事實(shí)上他們有助減少污染,因?yàn)檫@些有機(jī)污染物就是其燃料來(lái)源。”
Rittmann says commercialization is still some time away and more research is needed to scale the technology for industrial applications. Nevertheless, he says that have a lot of potential.
瑞特曼說(shuō),將其商品化仍需一段時(shí)間,而且需要更多的研究來(lái)攀登技術(shù)工業(yè)應(yīng)用這個(gè)高峰。不過(guò),他認(rèn)為這個(gè)項(xiàng)目潛力很大。
\"Microbial fuel cells are all natural. They operate at natural temperatures using simple naturally occurring microorganisms to convert waste into energy. It's the ultimate sustainable energy system.\"
“微生物燃料電池都是自然的。他們?cè)谧匀粶囟认逻M(jìn)行,利用簡(jiǎn)單的天然微生物把廢物轉(zhuǎn)化為能量。這是最終的可持續(xù)能源系統(tǒng)。”
Source: http://news.mongabay.com/2006/1026-rittmann.html
Notes:
1. catch up with…
該短語(yǔ)有兩個(gè)意思“趕上某人”和“對(duì)某人產(chǎn)生壞的影響”。文中取其第二個(gè)意思。
例句:
After a short period of break, I chose a short cut to catch up with my fellows.
稍作休息之后,為了趕上同伴我選擇了一條捷徑。
例句:
Don't smoke in front of your kids or it will catch up with them.
不要在孩子面前抽煙,否則會(huì)對(duì)他們產(chǎn)生不好的影響。
2. transferring
在文中指電子轉(zhuǎn)移到電極一端。
詞義辨析:
transfer和transform
從前綴來(lái)看,兩個(gè)詞都以“trans-”開(kāi)頭,都有轉(zhuǎn)換的意思。
transfer 指的是工作調(diào)動(dòng)、轉(zhuǎn)學(xué)、搬遷、改換路線等外在的改變或轉(zhuǎn)移,物體自身并未發(fā)生變化。
例句:
The head office of our company has transferred to Beijing.
我們公司的總部已經(jīng)搬到了北京。
而transform是指物體本身的形狀、形態(tài)、外觀發(fā)生改變??梢詫⒃~拆開(kāi)看成“trans-”改變,“form”形式、形態(tài)。
例句:
A little paint will soon transform my old house.
只需刷一點(diǎn)漆就能讓我的老房子大為改觀。
3. current
該詞做形容詞意為“現(xiàn)行的、目前的”,也可作為名詞使用,意為“電流、水流等”。文中取其名詞釋義。
例句:
We have a great determination to overcome the current difficulties.
我們有極大的決心來(lái)克服目前的困難。
例句:
Fortunately I switched the current off otherwise it would be a tragedy.
幸虧我切斷了電流,否則就會(huì)是個(gè)悲劇。
Links:
1. Bruce Rittmann
布魯斯#8226;瑞特曼
布魯斯#8226;瑞特曼教授是美國(guó)國(guó)家工程院院士,曾獲華盛頓大學(xué)土木工程專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)士學(xué)位、環(huán)境工程專(zhuān)業(yè)碩士學(xué)位及斯坦福大學(xué)環(huán)境工程專(zhuān)業(yè)博士學(xué)位,曾任伊利諾大學(xué)Urbana-Champaign分校土木工程系教授,美國(guó)西北大學(xué)環(huán)境工程教授,2005年被亞利桑那州立大學(xué)以優(yōu)厚的條件和高薪作為人才引進(jìn),現(xiàn)任亞利桑那州立大學(xué)土木與環(huán)境工程系教授、生物設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)院環(huán)境生物技術(shù)中心主任。主要研究方向?yàn)椋猴嬘盟幚?、危險(xiǎn)有機(jī)化學(xué)品處置與管理、微生物群落中的分子技術(shù)、生物膜反應(yīng)動(dòng)力學(xué)、生物地球化學(xué)模型等。
2. hydrogen-based fuel cell
氫燃料電池
氫燃料電池發(fā)電的基本原理是電解水的逆反應(yīng),把氫和氧分別供給陰極和陽(yáng)極,氫通過(guò)陰極向外擴(kuò)散和電解質(zhì)發(fā)生反應(yīng)后,放出電子通過(guò)外部的負(fù)載到達(dá)陽(yáng)極。
氫燃料電池與普通電池的區(qū)別主要在于:干電池、蓄電池是一種儲(chǔ)能裝置,是把電能貯存起來(lái),需要時(shí)再釋放出來(lái);而氫燃料電池嚴(yán)格地說(shuō)是一種發(fā)電裝置,像發(fā)電廠一樣,是把化學(xué)能直接轉(zhuǎn)化為電能的電化學(xué)發(fā)電裝置。另外,氫燃料電池的電極用特制多孔性材料制成,這是氫燃料電池的一項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵技術(shù),它不僅要為氣體和電解質(zhì)提供較大的接觸面,還要對(duì)電池的化學(xué)反應(yīng)起催化作用。
20世紀(jì)60年代,氫燃料電池就已經(jīng)成功地應(yīng)用于航天領(lǐng)域。往返于太空和地球之間的“阿波羅”飛船就安裝了這種體積小、容量大的裝置。進(jìn)入70年代以后,隨著人們不斷地掌握多種先進(jìn)的制氫技術(shù),很快,氫燃料電池就被運(yùn)用于發(fā)電和汽車(chē)。