面對“被動語態(tài)”不“被動”

俞江濤

英語動詞的語態(tài)主要分為兩種：即主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)強調(diào)主語是謂語動作的執(zhí)行者, 二者為主動關(guān)系。被動語態(tài)強調(diào)主語是謂語動作的承受者, 二者為被動關(guān)系。如：I have done the job.(主動關(guān)系) The job has been done. (被動關(guān)系)

一、被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成:

被動語態(tài)由助動詞be加及物動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。被動語態(tài)可以用于各種時態(tài), 高考主要考查以下八種：

1.一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)：am/is/are+過去分詞。例如：

The song is often sung by children.

2.一般過去時的被動語態(tài)：was/were+過去分詞。例如：

The house was built in 2000.

3.一般將來時的被動語態(tài)：will/shall be+過去分詞。例如：

Cars will be taken by railway to many parts of the country.

4.過去將來時的被動語態(tài)：would/should+be+過去分詞。例如：

Mr Li said that he would be invited to visit America before long.

5.現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)：am/is/are+being+過去分詞。例如：

The case is being investigated.

6.過去進行時的被動語態(tài)：was/were+being+過去分詞。例如：

Mr Li was in hospital. When we went to see him, he was being operated on.

7.完成時的被動語態(tài)：have/has/had+been+過去分詞。例如：

①The letters have been posted.

②He told me that the work had been finished.

8.帶情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)：情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞。例如：

①Nothing can be done about this.

②He should be praised by the teacher.

9.被動語態(tài)除常用be+過去分詞外, 還可用get+過去分詞。這種結(jié)構(gòu)多用在口語中, 高考?？?。例如：

①Hundreds of people get killed every year by traffic.

②The boy got hurt on his way to school.

二、用被動語態(tài)時的意義:

1.不知道或無必要指出行為、動作的執(zhí)行者（無須加by短語）。如：

①Football is played all over the world.

②Color TV sets are sold in that shop.

2.突出和強調(diào)行為或動作的承受者時。如：

①History is made by the people.

②The wounded soldiers have been saved by those people.

3.有時主語較長, 宜后置。如：Its said that they have won the game.

三、使用動詞被動語態(tài)時應(yīng)注意的事項：

1.短語動詞的被動語態(tài)要注意不可丟失其附加的介詞、副詞或短語。如：look at, laugh at, send for, call on, carry out, take care of等。 例如：

①The data is often referred to.

②My sister is taken care of by Grandma.

2.不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)。如：appear, belong, remain, happen, occur, escape, break out等。例如：

①The Anti-Japanese War was broken out in 1937. (錯誤)

The Anti-Japanese War broke out in 1937. (正確)

②At last, my dream was come true. （錯誤）

At last, my dream come true. (正確)

3.連系動詞用主動形式表達被動的含義。 如：

①表示感官的連系動詞, 如：smell, taste, sound, feel, look, seem等, 這類動詞只能用主動形式表達被動的含義。如: Mr Li looks quite young. 又如：His health seems to be better.

②表示持續(xù)狀態(tài)的動詞, 如stay, remain等,也不用于被動語態(tài), 它們的被動意義也要用主動的形式來表達。如：

Much work remains to be done. 又如：The window stayed open all the night.

③prove, turn out作連系動詞, 表“結(jié)果,證明”。例如：

This meeting proved/turned out to be a success.

這次會議證明是一次成功的會議。

4.說明商品,產(chǎn)品或工具自身所具有的性能或內(nèi)在屬性的動詞, 如sell(well/badly); wash(well/badly); write(well/badly); cut(well/badly)等, 這類動詞不用于被動語態(tài)（不表達此意時, 則另當別論）。如：

①The book sells well. 這本書賣得很好。

②This knife cuts well. 這把刀切起來很鋒利。

5.need, want, require以及be worth…之后的V-ing不用被動語態(tài), 要用主動的形式表達被動的含義。如：

①This book is well worth reading.

②The flower needs watering.

6.動詞不定式的被動語態(tài)要注意的問題。

（1）動詞不定式與被修飾的名詞構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系, 又和句子的主語構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系;在“主語+be+形容詞（如hard, easy, difficult, good, impossible, important等）+不定式”句型中,當主語是不定式的邏輯賓語時,不定式用主動形式表達被動意義。如：

①I have an important meeting to attend.

②The math problem is hard to work out.

（2）There be句型中,通常用不定式的主動形式表達被動的意義。如：

There is lots of difficulty to face in the future.

（3）有些動詞不定式的被動意義用主動形式表達是固定用法,如：to blame（應(yīng)受譴責）; to let（出租）等。如：

In this matter he seems to be in no way to blame.

在這件事情上, 看來他沒有什么責任。

7.一詞多義的動詞在用作某一特定的詞義時是不及物的, 不能用于被動語態(tài); 反之則可以用于被動語態(tài), 應(yīng)視具體情況而定。如decline做及物動詞時, 意為“拒絕; 謝絕”。如：The invation of the TV was declined by the famous singer. decline作不及物動詞時, 意為“衰退; 減弱; （物價等）下跌”。如：The prices are declining.

8.有些動詞形式上是被動的, 但含義上是主動的。例如：

①He was dressed in red at that time.

②The girl was lost in the forest.

③The boy was seated in the chair.

9.在使役動詞make以及感官動詞see, hear…等動詞被動形式后面出現(xiàn)的作主語補足語的不定式須加不定式符號“to”。 如：

The teacher made Jim answer it again.(主動)

Jim was made to answer it again. (被動語態(tài), 加to)

10.賓語為反身代詞時,不用被動語態(tài),只用主動形式,如：

The man introduces himself as Mr Li.

11..注意系表結(jié)構(gòu)和被動語態(tài)的區(qū)別。系表結(jié)構(gòu)表明主語的狀態(tài)或特征,不帶by短語,而被動語態(tài)是表明主語的一個被動動作,可以帶by短語。

The job was well done. (系表結(jié)構(gòu))

The job was well done by a skilled worker. (被動語態(tài))

鞏固練習(xí)：選擇最佳答案。

1. They consider the question hard ____.

A. to be answered B. to being answered

C. to answer D. answer

2. ____ this bicycle ____ to you?

A. Does; belong B. Is; belong

C. Has; been belonged D. Is; belonging

3. His idea, though good, needs ____ out.

A. being tried B. to try C. tried D. trying

4. ——Do you like the material?

——Yes, it ____ very soft.

A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt

5. ——Shall we begin now?

——Yes. All the preparations for the task ____, and you may start.

A. completed B. have been completed

C. had been completed D. complete

6. ——You could have asked your brother for help. He is good at math.

——Yes, a whole day ____.

A. will waste B. had wasted

C. was wasted D. would be wasted

7. Nothing ____ after the terrible fire which had been caused by

someone smoking in bed.

A. left B. was remained C. remained D. continued

8. The new dictionaries are very useful. They ____ well and ____

already.

A. sell; have been sold out B. sold; had sold

C. sell; sell out D. are sold; have been sold out

9. Why havent you finished your homework yet? You ____ to have

finished it last Sunday.

A. are supposed B. were supposed C. are supposing D. were supposing

10. Our team won the match, but one of the players ____ hurt in the match.

A. got B. gets C. are D. were

Key(3)