如何利用上下文進(jìn)行完形填空信息推斷

許佩芬

眾所周知，完形填空是考查考生利用上下文語境邏輯推斷空檔處未知信息的試題，因此利用正向推斷法、逆向推斷法和正向逆向聯(lián)合推斷法可以巧妙解答完形填空題。本文結(jié)合2008年高考英語試題全國卷II完形填空題介紹如何利用上下文進(jìn)行完形填空信息推斷。

From the time each of my children started school, I packed their lunches. And in each lunch, I_21_a note. Often written on a napkin(餐巾), it might be a thank-you for a

_22_moment, a reminder of something we were happily expecting, or a bit of_23_for the coming test or sporting event.

In early grade school they_24_their notes. But as children grow older, they become self-conscious(有自我意識(shí)的), and_25_

he reached high school, my older son, Marc, informed me he no longer_26_my daily notes. Telling him that he no longer needed to

_27_them but I still needed to write them, I_28_until the day he graduated.

Six years after high school graduation, Marc called and asked if he could move

_29_for a couple of months. He had spent those years well, graduating from college,

_30_two internships (實(shí)習(xí)) in Washington D.C., and_31_, becoming a technical assistant in Sacramento._32_short vacation visits, however, he had lived away from home. With his younger sister leaving for college, I was_33_happy to have Marc back. Since I was_34_making lunch for his younger brother, I_35_one for Marc, too. Imagine my_36_when I got a call from my 24-year-old son,_37_his lunch.

“Did I do something_38_? Dont you love me_39_, Mom?” were just a few of the questions he threw at me as I_40_asked him what was wrong.

“My note, Mom,” he answered. “Wheres my note?”

21. A. carried B. found

C. included D. held

22. A. difficult B. special

C. comfortable D. separate

23. A. congratulation B. improvement

C. explanation D. encouragement

24. A. loved B. answered

C. wrote D. examined

25. A. lately B. by the way

C. by the time_ D. gradually

26. A. received B. understood

C. enjoyed D. collected

27. A. copy B. read

C. take D. send

28. A. held up B. gave up

C. followed D. continued

29. A. out B. home

C. to college D. to Sacramento

30. A. organizing B. planning

C. comparing D. completing

31. A. hopefully B. finally

C. particularly D. certainly

32. A. Because of B. Instead of

C. Except for D. As for

33. A. especially B. immediately

C. equally D. generally

34. A. once B. again

C. still D. even

35. A. packed B. fetched

C. bought D. filled

36. A. fear B. surprise

C. anger D. disappointment

37. A. waiting for B. worrying about

C. caring for D. asking about

38. A. wrong B. funny

C. strange D. smart

39. A. any more B. enough

C. once more D. better

40. A. interestingly B. bitterly

C. politely D. laughingly

一、利用正向推斷法推斷空檔處未知信息

正向推斷法要求考生利用上文已知信息推斷下文未知信息，當(dāng)然這兒所指的上文已知信息并不僅僅是靠近空檔的上文已知信息，也包括離空檔較遠(yuǎn)的甚至文章開頭的上文已知信息?？忌鷳?yīng)認(rèn)真閱讀分析空檔處上文內(nèi)容，弄清事實(shí)與細(xì)節(jié)，并思考其如何向下文發(fā)展，從而推斷下文未知信息。例如：

第22空應(yīng)填special，因?yàn)榻柚衔腶 thank-you可知，需要向?qū)Ψ奖硎靖兄x的時(shí)刻一定是特殊時(shí)刻。第26空應(yīng)填enjoyed，因?yàn)橛缮衔牡?4空的loved和其后的But可以推出Marc不再喜歡母親每天寫條子給他。第31空應(yīng)填finally，因?yàn)樯衔膆ad spent those years well, graduating from college, completing two internships都是Marc求學(xué)的過程，因此該空應(yīng)填finally表示求學(xué)的結(jié)果。第33空應(yīng)填especially，因?yàn)橛缮衔腤ith his younger sister leaving for college可知，作者內(nèi)心比較寂寞，因此兒子回家住特別讓她感到高興。第35空應(yīng)填packed，因?yàn)橛墒拙渲械膒acked their lunches可知，作者給子女準(zhǔn)備午餐是一件很自然的事。第40空應(yīng)填laughingly，因?yàn)樯衔腗arc所問內(nèi)容確實(shí)讓人感到好笑。

二、利用逆向推斷法推斷空檔處未知信息

逆向推斷法要求考生利用下文已知信息反向推斷上文未知信息，當(dāng)然這里所說的下文已知信息不但指離空檔較近的下文信息，還指離空檔較遠(yuǎn)的甚至文章結(jié)尾處的下文信息。當(dāng)利用上文已知信息無法正確推斷下文未知信息時(shí)不能著急，應(yīng)沉著冷靜地閱讀下文，看下文哪些事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)是上文未知信息的延伸和發(fā)展，并由此推斷空檔處的未知信息。例如：

第23空應(yīng)填encouragement，因?yàn)橛上挛膖he coming test or sporting event可知，孩子們將要參加的考試和體育運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目是需要家長給以鼓勵(lì)的場(chǎng)合。第25空應(yīng)填by the time，因?yàn)橄挛膆e reached high school體現(xiàn)的是informed me的時(shí)間。第27空應(yīng)填read，因?yàn)橛上挛腷ut I still needed to write them可以推出該空表示“讀”。第28空應(yīng)填continued，因?yàn)橄挛膗ntil the day he graduated體現(xiàn)了母親在繼續(xù)給Marc寫條子。第29空應(yīng)填home，因?yàn)橛傻?2空后面的he had lived away from home可以推出此時(shí)Marc想回家住。第30空應(yīng)填completing，因?yàn)橄挛膖wo internships是Marc在工作之前必須完成的兩個(gè)任務(wù)。第32空應(yīng)填I(lǐng)nstead of，因?yàn)橛上挛膆e had lived away from home可以推出該空表示“沒有”。第36空應(yīng)填surprise，因?yàn)橛上挛腗arc所問作者的問題可知，作者沒有料到Marc會(huì)問這些問題。第37空應(yīng)填asking about，因?yàn)橄挛腗arc講話的內(nèi)容都是一般疑問句。第38空應(yīng)填wrong，因?yàn)橛赡┚淇芍?，作者沒有給Marc寫條子，因此Marc認(rèn)為自己做錯(cuò)了什么事。第39空應(yīng)填any more，因?yàn)槟赣H沒有給自己寫條子讓Marc擔(dān)心其不愛他了。

三、利用正向逆向聯(lián)合推斷法推斷未知信息

不少情況下空檔處未知信息既不能單獨(dú)由上文正向推斷而出，又不能單獨(dú)由下文反向推斷而出，需要考生利用其上文和下文已知信息聯(lián)合推斷。考生應(yīng)認(rèn)真閱讀分析上下文，看哪些細(xì)節(jié)與事實(shí)與空檔有因果關(guān)系，并由此推斷空檔處未知信息。例如：

第21空應(yīng)填included，因?yàn)榉治錾衔腁nd in each lunch和下文a note之間的邏輯關(guān)系可以推出該空表示“包括”。

第24空應(yīng)填loved，因?yàn)橛缮衔淖髡咴跅l上寫的內(nèi)容可知，條上寫的是讓孩子們高興的事，因此孩子們應(yīng)該喜歡這些條子。由下文But和27空后面的but I still needed to write them也可以推出該空表示“喜歡”。

第34空應(yīng)填still，因?yàn)橛墒拙淇梢酝瞥鲆郧白髡呔驮诮oMarc的弟弟準(zhǔn)備午餐，由下文可知作者此時(shí)也在給他準(zhǔn)備午餐，因此該空表示“仍然”。