名詞性從句

由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成的句子叫復(fù)合句。名詞性從句在復(fù)合句中起名詞的作用，它包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句，同位語從句四大類，在句中分別用作主語、賓語、表語和同位語。

一、引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞

二、主語從句

在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語的從句叫作主語從句。

A.為了強(qiáng)調(diào)主語從句的內(nèi)容，可將從句置于句首。

That you are leaving is a pity. 你要走，真遺憾。

What matters is how you live. 重要的是你如何生活。

Where he lives is not clear. 他住哪兒不清楚。

Who will stay makes no difference. 誰留下來都一樣。

Whether the football game will be played depends on the weather.

足球比賽是否舉行將視天氣而定。

點(diǎn)津坊

連詞that引導(dǎo)的主語從句位于句首時(shí)，that不可以省略，附加疑問句

用it。

That he has lost his watch is not true, is it?

他手表丟了不是真的，是嗎？

B.大部分主語從句都可以用it作形式主語

為了保持句子平衡，主語從句常用it作形式主語，將主語從句后置。用it作形式主語的主語從句結(jié)構(gòu)有如下幾種：

1.It is+名詞+that從句

Its a pity that we cant go. 很遺憾我們不能去。

It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. 英語正在被人們接受為一種國際語言，這是一個(gè)事實(shí)。

It is no wonder that he is not hungry; he has been eating sweets all day. 難怪他不餓，他整天在吃糖果。

2.It is+形容詞+that從句

It is certain that she will do well in her exam.

毫無疑問她考試成績會(huì)很好。

It is probable that he told her everything.

很可能他把一切都告訴她了。

Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week?

下周那位科學(xué)家將給我們作報(bào)告是真的嗎？

比 較

It is reported that there was a fire in the supermarket last night.

據(jù)報(bào)道超市昨晚失火了。(主語從句)

As is reported, there was a fire in the supermarket last night.

據(jù)報(bào)道超市昨晚失火了。(定語從句)

3.It+動(dòng)詞+that從句

It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.

看起來艾麗絲根本不會(huì)來參加晚會(huì)。

It happened that I was out that day.

碰巧我那天外出了。 (=I happened to be out that day.)

4.It is+過去分詞+that從句

It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing.

據(jù)說格林先生已經(jīng)到了北京。

It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit. 據(jù)報(bào)道中國又成功地發(fā)射了一顆人造地球衛(wèi)星。

5.其他情況

It doesnt matter whether she will come or not.

她是否來這無關(guān)緊要。

It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.

我們在哪里開會(huì)毫無區(qū)別。

It suddenly occurred to her that she had forgotten to lock the door.

她突然想到她忘記鎖門了。

6.當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)的主語從句出現(xiàn)在疑問句中時(shí)，宜用it作形式主語，而把主語從句后置。

Is it possible that they may complete the task ahead of time?

他們有可能提前完成任務(wù)嗎？

Does it matter much that he wont be able to come tomorrow?

他明天來不了很要緊嗎？

7.當(dāng)主語從句出現(xiàn)在感嘆句中時(shí)，宜用it作形式主語，而把主語從句后置。

How strange it is that the students are so quiet!

學(xué)生們這么安靜真奇怪！

What a shame it is that you cannot stay for dinner!

你不能留下來吃飯多可惜呀！

8.連接代詞what, whoever, whatever, whichever等引導(dǎo)的主語從句不宜用it作形式主語。

Is what he told us really true?

他所告訴我們的的確是真的嗎？

Whichever of you want to come to our party will be welcome.

你們中任何想來參加我們晚會(huì)的人都會(huì)受到歡迎。

C.使用虛擬語氣的主語從句

1.在It is suggested/ordered/requested/insisted…+that從句中，謂語部分用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”，should常被省略。

It is suggested that we (should) do the experiment a second time.

有人建議我們再做一次實(shí)驗(yàn)。

2.在It is important/natural/necessary…+that從句中，謂語部分常用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”，should常被省略。

It is important and necessary that we (should) keep the balance of nature. 我們要維持生態(tài)平衡，這是重要而且必不可少的。

3.在It is funny/strange/surprising/a pity/a shame/no wonder…+that從句中，有時(shí)謂語部分用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”，來表達(dá)說話者的感情色彩，此時(shí)should也可省略。

It is a pity that you (should) miss such a good chance.

真遺憾,你竟然失去這么好的機(jī)會(huì)。

三、表語從句

表語從句放在連系動(dòng)詞之后，充當(dāng)復(fù)合句中的表語。

A.可接表語從句的連系動(dòng)詞

可接表語從句的連系動(dòng)詞有be, look, seem, sound, appear等。

China is no longer what she used to be.

今日的中國不再是過去的中國了。

The question remains whether they will be able to help us.

問題還是他們能否幫我們。

It appears that he has a taste for music.

看來他對音樂有一定的鑒賞力。

At that time, it seemed as if I couldnt think of the right word anyhow. 當(dāng)時(shí)，我似乎怎么也想不出一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)淖盅蹃怼?/p>

B.as, as if/though引導(dǎo)的表語從句

He looked just as he had looked ten years before.

他看起來還與十年前一樣。

It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.

聽起來好像有人在敲門。

C.because, why引導(dǎo)的表語從句

I think it is because you are talking too much.

我想這是因?yàn)槟阍捳f得太多。

Thats because he didnt understand me. 那是因?yàn)樗麤]有理解我。

（Thats because…強(qiáng)調(diào)原因）

Thats why he got angry with me. 那正是他對我生氣的原因。

（Thats why…強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果）

注意

what引導(dǎo)的主語從句表示結(jié)果或名詞reason作主語時(shí)，后面的表語

從句表示原因時(shí)要用that引導(dǎo)，一般不宜用because。

The reason why I was sad was that he didnt understand me.

我難過的原因是他沒有理解我。

What cost him his life was that he was too careless.

使他喪命的原因是他太粗心了。

D.使用虛擬語氣的表語從句

在表示“建議、勸告、命令等”含義的名詞后的表語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞需用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”表示，should可省略。常見的名詞有：advice,suggestion, order, proposal, insistence, plan, idea等。

My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow.

我的建議是我們明天一早就出發(fā)。

His proposal was that they(should) challenge the other classes to a friendly competition.

他的提議是向別的班級發(fā)起挑戰(zhàn)，進(jìn)行一場友誼競賽。

四、賓語從句

在復(fù)合句中用作動(dòng)詞賓語或介詞賓語的從句叫賓語從句。

A. 作動(dòng)詞的賓語

He told us（that） he felt ill.他對我們說他感到不舒服。

Do you know whose dictionary it is? 你知道這是誰的字典？

He has informed me when they are to discuss the work plan.

他已經(jīng)通知我他們將什么時(shí)候討論工作計(jì)劃。

Give a reading list to whoever comes.

給所有來的人一份閱讀書目。

注意：

doubt（懷疑）的肯定句接if/whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，但否定句和疑問

句接that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。

I doubt whether/if he will succeed. 我懷疑他是否會(huì)成功。

I do not doubt that he can recite the poem.

我相信他能把這首詩背下來。

Do you doubt that he will win? 你不相信他會(huì)獲勝嗎?

B.作介詞的賓語

He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.

他對那天發(fā)生的事感到很不快。

I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要說什么。

Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it. 你是否成功將主要取決于你做什么和怎樣做。

They were praised or criticized according to how they had done their work. 他們受表揚(yáng)還是受批評是根據(jù)他們的工作好壞而定。

注意：

that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句只用在少數(shù)介詞后，如：except, in, but等。此時(shí)，

that不能省略。

I know little about him except that he lives downstairs.

我對他知之甚少，只知道他住在樓下。

He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to

reading. 他和他的同學(xué)們不同的地方在于他把業(yè)余時(shí)間用在閱讀上。 C.作形容詞的賓語

I am not sure what I ought to do. 我不能確定我該做什么。

Im afraid (that) you dont understand what I said.

恐怕你沒領(lǐng)會(huì)我說的意思。

Im surprised (that) I didnt see all that before.

我好奇怪，我以前沒見過那一切。

D.用it作形式賓語的情況

1.和it作形式主語一樣，我們常用it來作形式賓語，把真正的賓語從句放在句末，這種情況尤其經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在帶復(fù)合賓語的句子中。

We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.

我們認(rèn)為小王昨天沒來很奇怪。

He has made it clear that he will not give in.

他已表明他不會(huì)屈服。

2.由于that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句一般不可以直接作介詞的賓語，因此當(dāng)介詞后面需要用that從句作賓語時(shí)，必須使用it作形式賓語。

You may depend on it that I shall always support you.

你可以放心我會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)支持你的。

Ill see to it that your problem will be dealt with immediately.

我保證你的問題會(huì)立即得到處理的。

3.在take, hide, see to, insit on, depend on等動(dòng)詞以及一些表示“好、惡”的動(dòng)詞（enjoy, hate, like, love, dont mind, resent等）之后，形式賓語it可直接跟賓語從句。

I take it that hes not interested in the book.

我猜想他對這本書不感興趣。

She hid it that she was married. 她隱瞞了她已婚的事實(shí)。

I dont like it when you look at me like that!我不喜歡你那樣看我。

4.it不能作由連接代詞 whoever, whomever, whosever, whatever, whichever引導(dǎo)的賓語從句的形式賓語。

You may do whatever you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。

Ill take whichever book interests me. 我愿買任何讓我感興趣的書。

We are ready to offer help to whoever needs it.

我們樂意幫助任何需要幫助的人。

E.賓語從句的語序

和其它名詞性從句一樣，賓語從句必須使用陳述語序，不能用疑問語序。

How can I get to the station? Can you tell me?

→Can you tell me how I can get to the station?

你能告訴我怎樣去車站嗎？

What does he like? I wonder.

→I wonder what he likes. 我想知道他喜歡什么。

“Where were you born?” He asked me.→He asked me where I was born. 他問我出生的地方。

比較：

He asked me what was the matter.

他問我出了什么事。(the matter=wrong)

He asked me what the matter was. 他問我那是什么物質(zhì)。

F.賓語從句中的時(shí)態(tài)

1. 在一般情況下，賓語從句中時(shí)態(tài)要和主句相一致，尤其是主句為過去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)。

He said that he had lived in Beijing since liberation.

他說自解放以來他一直住在北京。

He made it quite clear that he preferred to learn English.

他明確地表示他更喜歡學(xué)英語。

2. 有時(shí)，賓語從句中時(shí)態(tài)也可以和主句不一致。

You cant imagine how they were excited when they won the first place in the game. 你無法想像他們獲得比賽第一名時(shí)是多么的興奮。

Can you make sure where you have put the gold ring?

你能確定你把金戒指放哪兒了嗎？

3. 客觀真理和自然規(guī)律的內(nèi)容在賓語從句中時(shí)態(tài)保持不變。

Mike asked whether the earth moves around the sun.

邁克問地球是否繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。

Columbus proved that the earth is round.

哥倫布證明了地球是圓的。

G.關(guān)于that的省略

一般情況下，賓語從句中的that是可以省略的。但在下列幾種情況下，that一般不可省略。

1.用于某些固定短語中。

Peter is a good student except that he is sometimes careless.

彼得是個(gè)好學(xué)生，只是有時(shí)粗心。

2.并列連詞and連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上賓語從句時(shí)，and前面的that可以省略， and后面的that不能省略。

Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.

大家都會(huì)看出所發(fā)生的事情,并知道Tom害怕了。

My uncle says (that) he has served here for twenty years and that he is going to retire next month.

我叔叔說他在這兒工作已二十年了，下個(gè)月即將退休。

3.that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句位于句首時(shí)，that不可省略。

That he ever said such a thing I simply dont believe.

我簡直不相信他曾說過這樣的話。

4.主句謂語動(dòng)詞與that從句之間有插入語，that不可省略。

He said that, if he could manage it, he would come for dinner.

他說，如果他安排得好的話，他會(huì)來吃晚飯的。

5.賓語從句中有其他從屬連詞時(shí)，that不能省略。

He told me that if it was necessary they would work all night.

他告訴我，如果需要的話，他們就干個(gè)通宵。

H.賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移

在I think, I consider, I believe, I suppose, I expect, I fancy等后的賓語從句，如有否定意思，一般要把否定詞前移到主句的謂語上，從句的謂語用肯定形式。

I dont think he can do it better than me. 我想他不會(huì)干得比我好。

I dont believe they have finished their work yet.

我相信他們還未完成他們的工作。

I dont suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不會(huì)在意的，是嗎？

提示：

在下列情況下，賓語從句不用“否定轉(zhuǎn)移”：

1. think等動(dòng)詞前有副詞或表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的“do”

I really expect he wont fail the examination.

我真希望他能通過考試。

I do think that he is not fair. 我確實(shí)認(rèn)為他是不公正的。

2. think等動(dòng)詞和其他動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成并列謂語

I think and hope that he wont cheat at cards.

我想，也希望他打牌不會(huì)作弊。

3. think等動(dòng)詞作為插入語

His decision is not wise, I think. 我覺得他的決定并不明智。

I.使用虛擬語氣的賓語從句

1.在suggest, insist, order, demand, request, require, command, propose, desire等表示“建議、命令、要求、欲望”等含義的動(dòng)詞后面的賓語從句中，用虛擬語氣，即should+動(dòng)詞原形，should常被省略。

He suggested that we (should) have a further discussion about the final decision. 他建議我們對最后的決定作進(jìn)一步討論。

She insisted that they (should) show her their passports.

她堅(jiān)決要求他們向她出示護(hù)照。

2.在wish后面的賓語從句中需要用虛擬語氣，表示與事實(shí)相反或難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。

How I wish I had learned more! 我多么希望我以前多學(xué)一些??！

He wishes he would have another chance to go abroad.

他希望能再有一次出國的機(jī)會(huì)。

J.含有賓語從句復(fù)合句的反意疑問句

1.反意疑問句一般與主句一致。

He said they were going to help me, didnt he？

他說過他們要幫我，不是嗎？

She told you that the mat was her own work, didnt she?

她告訴過你這個(gè)墊子是她親自做的，是嗎？

2.當(dāng)主句的主語為第一人稱，謂語動(dòng)詞是think, believe, consider, imagine, suppose, hope 等詞時(shí)，反意疑問句應(yīng)與賓語從句保持一致。這時(shí)特別要注意否定轉(zhuǎn)移的問題。

I suppose youre serious, arent you? 我想你是當(dāng)真的，不是嗎？(不可用dont I)

I dont suppose hes serious, is he？ 我想他不是當(dāng)真的，是嗎？ (不可用do I)

提示：

如果主語是第二、第三人稱，則疑問句部分與主句一致，且不存在否

定轉(zhuǎn)移的問題。

You dont think we can speak English, do you?

你認(rèn)為我們不會(huì)說英語，對嗎？

He thinks hes got the right answer, doesnt he?

他認(rèn)為自己找到了正確的答案，是嗎？

五、同位語從句

同位語從句用于對前面的名詞作進(jìn)一步解釋，說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容。同位語從句一般由that引導(dǎo)，但也可以由whether 以及連接代詞和連接副詞引導(dǎo)。

A.同位語從句一般跟在名詞后面

同位語從句一般跟在名詞fact, hope, idea, news, doubt, suggestion, information, opinion, decision, discovery, truth, promise, statement, problem, rule等后面。

They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.

對你生病這件事，他們都很焦慮。

Where did you get the idea that I could not come?

你在哪兒聽說我不能來？

I have no idea whether hell come or not. 我不知道他是否來。

We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. 到哪兒去度暑假，這個(gè)問題我們還沒有決定。

It is a question how he did it. 那是一個(gè)他如何做了此事的問題。

There is no doubt that we will win. 毫無疑問我們會(huì)贏的。

注意：

當(dāng)含有同位語從句的主句謂語部分過短時(shí)，可以把謂語動(dòng)詞提前，

使同位語從句與名詞隔開，以避免頭重腳輕的現(xiàn)象。

Word came that Mr President would come and inspect our school

himself. 有消息說總統(tǒng)先生將親自來視察我們學(xué)校。

B.使用虛擬語氣的同位語從句

在一些表示“建議、命令、要求”的名詞后的同位語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”表示，should可省略。

This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible. 盡快解決這個(gè)問題，這是我們唯一的請求。

He made the suggestion that we (should) go by train.

他建議我們坐火車去。