被動語態(tài)的掃描

劉　躍

A 知識歸納

英語動詞有兩種語態(tài)，即主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。如：

We should plant many trees on the mountains.

我們應該在山上種許多樹。

Many trees should be planted on the mountains.

應該在山上種許多樹。

被動語態(tài)由“助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構成。人稱、數和時態(tài)的變化通過助動詞be的變化來體現(xiàn)。本單元學到的是含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)，其結構為“情態(tài)動詞+助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞”。如：

Teenagers should be allowed to go out with their friends.

應該允許青少年和朋友們外出。

介詞by+動作的執(zhí)行者構成的by介詞短語，在句中作狀語。如不強調執(zhí)行者，很多時候可以省略by介詞短語。如：

People all over the world enjoy it now.

現(xiàn)在全世界的人都喜歡(這一運動)。

=Now it is enjoyed by people all over the world.

現(xiàn)在(這一運動)受到全世界人的喜歡。

We clean the windows every day. 我們每天都擦窗戶。

=The windows are cleaned every day(by us). 窗戶每天都擦。

He needs three more men to do the work.

他還需要三個人來做這件事。

=Three more men are needed to do the work.

還需要三個人做這件事。

Mother cooks meals at home. 在家里媽媽做飯。

=Meals are cooked by Mother at home. 在家里飯是媽媽做的。

B 延伸拓展

在什么情況下要用到被動語態(tài)呢？一般來說，被動語態(tài)的句子常見的有下面的幾種情況：

1.不知道或沒有必要說出動作的執(zhí)行者是誰或者大家都清楚動作的執(zhí)行者是誰時，常用被動語態(tài)。如：

The children should be allowed to go to the movies with friends on Friday nights.

孩子們應當被允許星期五晚上和朋友們一起去看電影。

2.強調動作的承受者，而不是動作的執(zhí)行者時，常用被動語態(tài)。如：

Tables can be made of stone. 桌子可由石頭做成。

A lot of teachers are needed in the west part of China.

在中國西部需要大量的教師。

C 綜合提高

含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)句子變?yōu)榉穸ň鋾r，應該在情態(tài)動詞后面加not(而不是在be動詞后面加not)。如：

Waste paper should not be thrown here. 廢紙不應該扔在這里。

Teenagers should not be allowed to get their hair colored.

青少年不應該被允許染發(fā)。

那么含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)句子如何變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧淠兀亢芎唵?，將情態(tài)動詞移到句首即可。如：

Should it be done by Li Ming? 這件事應該由李明做嗎？

Should I be allowed to choose my own clothes?

我應該被允許選擇自己的衣服嗎？

含有情態(tài)動詞的主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，要把主動語態(tài)中的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)中的主語；主動語態(tài)中的謂語動詞變?yōu)椤扒閼B(tài)動詞+助動詞be+過去分詞”；主動語態(tài)中的主語變?yōu)榻樵~by的賓語，放在句尾(如果不強調動作的執(zhí)行者，by短語?？墒÷?。如：

Parents should allow fourteen-year-olds to choose their own clothes.

父母應該允許十四歲的少年選擇他們自己的服裝。

→Fourteen-year-olds should be allowed to choose their own clothes(by parents).

[注]allow用于被動語態(tài)時，不能用it作形式主語，如不能說：

Its not allowed to smoke here. 而要說：

People are not allowed to smoke here. 或Smoking is not allowed here. 此處禁止吸煙。

被動語態(tài)專項練習：

選擇填空

1. In some countries, tea ____ with milk and sugar.

A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served

2. Great changes ____ in my hometown since 1980.

A. have been taken place B. took place

C. have taken place D. were taken place

3. The new type of car is going to ____ in three years.

A. turn out B. be turned out

C. has turned out D. have been turned out

4. The woman murdered her friend and ____ to ____.

A. was sentenced, death B. sentencing, die

C. sentenced, death D. sentenced, die

5. ——Do you like the skirt?

——It ____ soft.

A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt

6. Are you still here? You were here an hour ago. Who ____ for?

A. are you waiting B. did you wait

C. were you waiting D. do you wait

7. ____ to know Professor Zhang.

A. He said B. I said C. He is said D. It says

8. ——I want to sit at the table near the window.

——Sorry, ____ already.

A. it took B. it takes

C. it is taking D. it has been taken

9. The letter ____ three days ago and it ____ yesterday.

A. had post, had arrived B. was posted, arrived

C. posted, arrived D. had been posted, was arrived

10. He told me that the final examination ____ next Thursday.

A. is given B. will be given

C. would have given D. would be given

11. Water ____ into ice.

A. will changed B. must be changed

C. should change D. can be changed

12. Plays ____ twice a month in that theatre.

A. put on B. are put on

C. was put on D. often put on

13. The birds ____ fly away last Saturday.

A. let to B. is let to C. was let D. were let to

14. A strange sound ____ yesterday evening.

A. was heard B. hears C. heard D. is heard

15. A beautiful bike ____ him by his classmates.

A. sent to B. will sent to

C. was sent to D. will be sent for

16. Miss Chen ____ just ____ to speak at the meeting.

A. has…been asked B. has been…asked

C. have been…asked D. have…been asked

17. Meat ____ out in this shop. We can ____ now.

A. have been sold, get nothing B. has been sold, get nothing

C. has been sold, get some D. have been sold, get some

18. The new play ____ in theatre now. Why dont you go in and see it?

A. is being shown B. is showing

C. is shown D. shows

19. Can you tell ____?

A. when did it happen B. when was it happened

C. when it happened D. when it was happened

20. ____ the job ____ by Lucy or by John? Tell me the truth, please.

A. Has…finished B. Has…being finished

C. Is…finish D. Has…been finished

Key:1.B 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.A 7.C 8.D 9.B 10.D 11.D 12.B 13.D 14.A 15.C 16.A 17.B 18.A 19.C 20.D