唐增鳳
動詞不定式是由“to+do”構(gòu)成的,其中to稱為不定式符號,其后的動詞可帶有賓語,狀語等。動詞不定式在句中可作主語、賓語、表語、定語和狀語等,不定式的用法不但是一個(gè)重要的語法項(xiàng)目,同時(shí)也是各類考試題中的考查熱點(diǎn)。現(xiàn)將其各類用法歸納講析如下:
一、動詞不定式的各種形式
1、動詞不定式的否定形式:由“not+to do”構(gòu)成。如:Tell him not to shut the window。
2、動詞不定式的被動形式:由“to be+done”構(gòu)成。如:Little Jim should love t0 be taken to the theatre thisevening,
3、動詞不定式的進(jìn)行時(shí)形式:由“to be+doing”構(gòu)成。如:
When I came in,he pretended to be reading,
4、動詞不定式的完成形式:由“to have+done”構(gòu)成。如:
I would love to have gone to the party last night buiI had to work extra hours to finish a report,
二、動詞不定式的功用
1、作主語。不定式作主語一般位于句首,謂語用單數(shù)。如:
To learn a foreign language is difficult,
為了平衡句子,通常把不定式作主語改為it作形式主語,即:It's+n./adj.+for./of ab.+to do.如:
Is it necessary to complete the design beforeNational Day?
2、作表語。不定式常用在系動詞be,seem,appear,get,remain等后作表語。如:
Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the oldcouple,but it remains to be seen whether they willenjoy it,
3、作賓語。
(1)能直接接不定式做賓語的動詞有:offer learn pianpromise,agree,prepare,decide,refuse,manage,demand,pretend等。如:
We agree to meet here,but so far she hasntturned up yet,
(21動詞+疑問詞+不定式。這類動詞有:decide,findout,forget,remember,understand,wonder等。如:
Ive worked with children before,so I know what to expect in my new job,
(3)不定式作介詞賓語。介詞except/but之后接不定式時(shí),如果介詞前有動詞do,那么不定式不帶to。如:
She has no choice except to wait for the news,
The man can do everything but speak French,
(4)有些動詞后既可接不定式也可接動名詞,但含義不同。如:go on doing sth,繼續(xù)做同一件事,go on todo sth,接著干另外一件事;stop doing sth,停止干某事,stop to do sth.,停下來去干某事;forget doing sth,忘記干了某事,forget to do sth,忘記要干某事;cant helpdoing sth,禁不住干某事,cant help to do sth,不能幫助干某事……
4、作賓語補(bǔ)足語(主語補(bǔ)足語)。
(1)有些動詞可接帶to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。這類動詞有:Warm,ask,allow,permit,order,tell,advise,expect,invite,encourage,persuade等。如果這些動詞用于被動語態(tài),原來的賓語補(bǔ)足語就轉(zhuǎn)化為主語補(bǔ)足語。如:
Mrs Smith warned laer daughter never to drive afterdrinking,
(2)有些動詞可接不帶to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。這類動詞有:have,make,1et,see,hear,listen to,lookat,watch,notice,observe等。這類動詞用于被動語態(tài)后,用作主語補(bǔ)足語的不定式不能省略不定式符號to。如:
They knew her very well,They had seen her grow up,
Jone was made to wash the truck for a week as apunishment,
5、作定語。
(1)當(dāng)被修飾的動詞是不定式的邏輯賓語時(shí),不定式用主動形式;若不定式是不及物動詞,與所修飾的詞有意義上的動賓關(guān)系,其后應(yīng)加一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。如:
After he considered the problem,she got a tall boxto stand on,
(2)不定式可用在the first,the second以及the last,theonly和最高級等后面作定語。如:
e likes to listen to Mr Lis lessons,so she isalways the first to come and the last to leave,
6、作狀語。不定式作狀語主要用來表示目的,有時(shí)也表示結(jié)果和原因。為了強(qiáng)調(diào)目的,有時(shí)可把不定式放在句首,有時(shí)在不定式前加in order或so as。如:
Tom kept quite about the accident so as not to losehisiob。