任務(wù)型“閱讀理解”題型講解

康俊民

題型一：短文排序型閱讀理解

這種題型的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)是：給出一篇約200~300詞的短文，并將各段落的順序打亂，要求考生根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)再將各段落按原有的順序排列，有時(shí)首段或尾段已給出。要想做好這種題目，我們就要從篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的層面上把握短文，弄清其大概結(jié)構(gòu)和各個(gè)段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系。

解這類題目時(shí)，應(yīng)首先注意首段的最后幾句所給出的線索，再通讀其余段落，留意各段中起暗示作用的詞語(yǔ)或句子及出現(xiàn)頻率較高的詞匯。這些可能是排序的關(guān)鍵所在。把各段落初步排序之后，再結(jié)合各段所給出的暗示以及上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)一步調(diào)整各段順序。最后把排好順序的短文通讀一遍，以從整體上對(duì)段落的順序進(jìn)行最后的確認(rèn)。

［試題演練］ 閱讀下列語(yǔ)段，把它們組成一篇連貫的短文。

(A) A fire-engine will arrive quickly. The firemen know what to do. They have long ladders to reach high windows.

(B) If you want to be a fireman，you must be strong and healthy. A fireman has to be able to carry heavy things. He has to be able to climb ladders and to work in high places. So he also has to be brave.

(C) They try their best to rescue the people who cant get out. If some people are hurt，they are taken to hospital in ambulances(救護(hù)車).

(D) When a fire begins，we must tell the fireman. Do you know how to do this？

(E) After all the people have been rescued，the firemen put out the fire. Sometimes this is very difficult because some people keep things in passages and on stairs. Then the firemen cant get past to fight the fire.

(F) Go to the nearest telephone and dial the number 119. When someone speaks，tell him about the fire. Speak slowly and clearly.

［答案及簡(jiǎn)析］ 這是一篇有關(guān)消防知識(shí)的短文。根據(jù)已給出的第一語(yǔ)段D，我們可以預(yù)測(cè)全文的內(nèi)容，并找出下列對(duì)火災(zāi)的處理方法：就近撥打119報(bào)警，消防車來(lái)滅火并救出受傷人員，再將其送到醫(yī)院。最后談到當(dāng)一名消防隊(duì)員應(yīng)具備的基本條件。根據(jù)這個(gè)步驟，我們可知正確的順序應(yīng)是： 1. F 2. A 3. C 4. E 5. B

題型二：填充式閱讀理解

這種題型的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)是：先給出一篇完整的短文，然后根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容改寫(xiě)成另一短文或轉(zhuǎn)換成若干個(gè)獨(dú)立的單句，并在其中挖出一些詞和短語(yǔ)；再要求考生在各個(gè)空白處填上一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或短語(yǔ)，使其能符合短文原意。

解這類題目時(shí)，首先要充分理解所給材料，然后再運(yùn)用分析、推理、判斷等方法，結(jié)合所學(xué)的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)，從詞形變化、同義詞、句式轉(zhuǎn)換、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)等多個(gè)角度確定應(yīng)填詞語(yǔ)。

［試題演練］ 首先閱讀下列短文，了解短文大意。

A school inspector(檢察官) was coming to visit a school. The school headmaster was afraid. He sent a boy to the station to see if the inspector was on the train and he told the boy to run back to school if the inspector arrived.

When the boy got to the station，he was very glad to meet his uncle there. He didnt see the inspector. The boy told his uncle the secret and he said the headmaster was waiting for the inspector.

The boy thought his uncle was coming to see his father. But his uncle came with him to his school. His uncle wanted to see the headmaster because he was the inspector.

根據(jù)以上短文的內(nèi)容，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，使其與短文原意相符。每空限填一詞。

The headmaster felt__1__when he heard a school inspector was coming to__2__the school. So a boy was sent to the station. He asked the boy to run__3__as soon as he__4__the inspector. The boy was so__5__when he saw his uncle at the station. His uncle didnt know__6__the boy was there__7__school time. From the boys words，he knew the headmaster was waiting__8__him. The man didnt go to the boys home，instead came__9__the boy to his school. The boy didnt know his uncle was just the__10__.

［答案及簡(jiǎn)析］ 短文的大意是：教育檢察官要去視察學(xué)校，校長(zhǎng)很害怕。于是他派一個(gè)孩子去看看車站上有沒(méi)有檢察官。這個(gè)孩子沒(méi)有看見(jiàn)檢察官，只見(jiàn)到了他的叔叔。他告訴他的叔叔他來(lái)車站的目的。他以為他的叔叔是來(lái)看他的爸爸的，而他的叔叔卻隨他去了學(xué)校。原來(lái)他的叔叔就是要來(lái)視察的檢察官。 Key： 1. afraid 2. visit 3. back 4. saw 5. happy/glad 6. why 7. at 8. for 9. with 10. inspector

題型三：表格式閱讀理解

這種題型的特點(diǎn)是：給出一段短文，后面用表格(圖表)的形式設(shè)計(jì)了一些問(wèn)題，要求考生填充表格，進(jìn)行解答。

解答表格式閱讀理解題時(shí)，或許可以直接從短文中找到問(wèn)題的答案，或許可以從原文提供的信息中找到問(wèn)題的答案?？忌鷳?yīng)切記，不同的語(yǔ)境，說(shuō)法不同，句式有異，不能照搬照抄，而應(yīng)該根據(jù)題干需要將文中所提供的信息重新進(jìn)行組織整理。要這樣做，有時(shí)有一定的難度。

［試題演練］ Hamsters(倉(cāng)鼠) are small and sweet and make ideal first pets for children. If you want to buy it，you will need a cage，bedding(寢具)，a water bottle and a food dish.

Hamsters must be kept indoors——they are not hardy enough for the great outdoors in Europe. The cage should not be situated in a very cold room，either，or there is a risk that your hamster may start to hibernate(冬眠) in winter. You will need some bedding for the floor of the cage. Bedding that is too dusty，can cause serious health problems. A water bottle will prevent the water from spilling all over the cage. A food dish will also help to keep the food clean，although most hamsters will remove the food and store it in some secret place，often in their bed.

Hamsters are vegetarian，and require a mixture of seeds and grains. You can buy hamster mix but be careful that the mix is not too rich in fattening sunflower seeds，or is too gentle and lacking the full range of vitamins. Its best to feed your hamster in the evening when he starts to wake up.

The best age to buy a hamster is at 4 weeks，when they should be fully weaned(斷奶). Adult hamsters are sometimes seen offered for sale，but they may have bad behavioural(行為的) characters，or may be difficult to train.

閱讀短文，完成下列表格：

［答案及簡(jiǎn)析］ 這篇短文介紹了倉(cāng)鼠的習(xí)性、飼養(yǎng)方法等。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，能從短文中為表格中的問(wèn)題找到答案。對(duì)第一個(gè)問(wèn)題，我們可在第一段的最后找到明確的答案，即： A cage，bedding，water bottle and a food dish. 對(duì)第二個(gè)問(wèn)題“在哪兒飼養(yǎng)它？”，我們可以從第二段的第一句找到明確的答案，即： Indoors. 短文中說(shuō)“倉(cāng)鼠籠子在冬天不能放在很冷的地方，因?yàn)樗鼤?huì)在那里開(kāi)始冬眠”。由此我們可以推斷出，倉(cāng)鼠在冬天很冷的時(shí)候冬眠。即第三個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案為： Hibernate. 短文中說(shuō)“寢具不干凈，倉(cāng)鼠會(huì)生病”。因此，第四個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案為： Because it can keep hamster healthy. 第五個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案很明顯為： In the bed. 對(duì)于第六個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案，我們可以直接在第三段的第一句話中找到，即： A mixture of seeds and grains. 根據(jù)第三段的最后一句，我們可知第七個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案為： In the evening. 根據(jù)第四段的第一句我們可知，第八個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案為： At four weeks.

題型四：?jiǎn)柎鹗介喿x理解

這種題型的特點(diǎn)是：給出一段文字，然后根據(jù)這段文字設(shè)計(jì)五個(gè)問(wèn)題，要求考生寫(xiě)出正確答案(有時(shí)可簡(jiǎn)答)。有時(shí)答句已給出，只在句中留有空格。

命題人設(shè)置的問(wèn)題基本上以特殊疑問(wèn)句或一般疑問(wèn)句為主。解答這類題目時(shí)，要求考生在不脫離原文的基礎(chǔ)上，或利用所提供的信息，或借助一定的常識(shí)去分析、推理、鑒別、抓關(guān)鍵詞，或通過(guò)動(dòng)詞的恰當(dāng)時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、人稱變化等相關(guān)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，最終找出答語(yǔ)來(lái)。

［試題演練］ Do you want to stay safe and have fun while youre on the Internet？You can do just that if you follow our tips.

1. Always have good manners and be polite when talking to someone else online.

2. Ask your parents to spend time with you while online so that you can show them some of the neat things you can find online.

3. Only use Internet when your parents tell you its OK，and only for as long as you are supposed to.

4. Dont give out personal information like your address，telephone number or school name to anyone unless you have permission from your parents.

5. Never meet with a key pal unless your parents go with you or you have their permission to go alone.

6. Dont break copyright rules by taking words，pictures or sound from someone elses Web site without their permission.

7. Dont answer any e-mail messages you get if they are strange，mean or upsetting to you，and tell your parents or teachers right away.

根據(jù)以上短文內(nèi)容，回答下列問(wèn)題：

1. Who are supposed to go online together with you，your classmates，your teachers，your parents，or your good friends？

2. Is it good for you alone to meet your key friends？

3. What should you do if you received a strange e-mail？

［答案及簡(jiǎn)析］ 本文提出了安全上網(wǎng)的七條建議?？忌梢葬槍?duì)后面的問(wèn)題，一個(gè)一個(gè)地進(jìn)行突破。第一小題是一個(gè)選擇疑問(wèn)句。第二條建議就說(shuō)，上網(wǎng)時(shí)，“要求你的父母陪著你，以便……”，故答案為： Your parents. 第二小題是個(gè)一般疑問(wèn)句。第五條建議就是說(shuō)“不要去見(jiàn)你的key friends，除非你的父母陪著你去或者允許你單獨(dú)去”，故答案為： No，it isnt. 第七條的建議是教你如何處理陌生人的郵件，故第三小題答案為： Dont answer (open) it，tell your parents or teachers right away.

綜觀上述各種題型，我們可以看出，任務(wù)型“閱讀理解”的重點(diǎn)是考查考生的分析理解和邏輯推理的能力，同時(shí)考查考生的科學(xué)常識(shí)和生活常識(shí)。任務(wù)型“閱讀理解”題所選文章，題材多樣，體裁不一。這要求考生平時(shí)要廣泛閱讀，注意觀察事物、注意知識(shí)積累。